Or
A proof theory: a set of rules for deducing the entailments of a set of sentences.
Or
A Science of reasoning
Or
In its first meaning, a logic is a collection of closely related artificial languages. There
are certain languages called first-order languages, and together they form first order
logic. (By : Dr Wilfrid Hodges)
Different types of logics are there, but here I have concentrated bit on first order
logic
In first-order logic, variables refer to things in the world and you can quantify over
them. That is, you can talk about all or some of them without having to name them
explicitly.
E.g. monkey, 3
2. Connectives. Same as in PL: not (~), and (^), or (v), implies (=>), if and only if
(<=>)
Quantifiers
E.g. (∀x) masters-student(x) => smart(x) means "All masters students are
smart."
We rarely use universal quantification to make blanket statements about
every individual in the world: (∀x) masters-student(x) ^ smart(x) meaning
that everyone in the world is a masters student and is smart.
•Switching the order of universal quantifiers does not change the meaning:
(∀x)(∀y)P(x,y) is logically equivalent to (∀y)(∀x)P(x,y). Similarly, you can
switch the order of existential quantifiers.
References:
Slides of our class and some other external sources
http://wilfridhodges.co.uk/