AP Bio Chapter 12 Questions

1) Chromosomes are made up of chromatin, which is made up of DNA and proteins. When
chromosomes are in pairs, they are called sister chromatids. The place they are connected
is called the centromere, which is where the kinetochore forms.

2) The phases of the cell cycle are G1, S, G2, and Mitosis. In G1, the cell grows and does
whatever it needs to do. In the S phase, the DNA is replicated. In G2, the cell grows some
more and the chromatin may become visible. Centrioles also appear and are beginning to
show signs of the mitotic spindle. In Mitosis, there are five phases prophase,
prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis is where the cell splits up its
genetic information in order to create two new daughter cells.
3) The chromosome is made up of two sister chromatids who carry identical genetic
information.
4) Mitosis allows for the repair, renewal, or regrowth of cells in an organisms body.
5) In prophase, the chromatin in the nucleus forms chromosomes and the spindle is in its
aster form. In prometaphase, the nuclear membrane disappears. In metaphase, the
chromosomes of sister chromatid pairs line up in the middle and kinetochore
microtubules connect to their kinetochore. In anaphase, the chromosomes break apart into
separate sister chromatids and move along the spindle fibers. In telophase, the
chromosomes turn back into chromatin and two new membranes begin to form around
the separate groups.
6) The mitotic spindle is made up of two centrosomes. The centrosomes are made up
microtubules and centrioles, its star-like shape called an aster. The microtubules grow
and some almost connect to those from the centrosome at the opposite end
(non-kinetochore), while others connect to the kinetochore of each sister chromatid so
they can be separated and move along the microtubules.
7) After Mitosis, in cytokinesis, actin microfilaments fold along the furrow of the almost
separated daughter cells. This completely separates them. Now there are two cells! In
plants, the golgi apparatus sends vacuoles to the middle of the cell, which then fuse to
form a cell disc. This creates the two new cells.