Chapter 1 - Double Integrals

Multiple Integration
Chapter 1 :
Double Integrals
OUTLINE :
1.1
The Definition and Formations of Double

Integrals
1.2
1.3
Properties of Double Integrals

Fubinis Theorem for Calculating Double
Integrals
1.4
Over Rectangle Regions

Over General Regions
Over Rectangle Regions

Over General Regions
Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

Khadizah Ghazali : SM30803
1.1 The Definition and Formations of

Double Integrals
In this chapter, we will extend the idea of a

definite integral to double integrals of
functions of two variables.
First, lets recall the basic facts concerning

definite integrals of functions of a single
variable.
Definite Integral - Review
If we divide an interval into subintervals of the

same width, then we form the Riemann Sum
n
f ( x ) x
*
i
i 1
If we take the limit of this then we obtain the

definite integral
n
lim f ( x ) x f ( x) dx
n
i 1
*
i
In the special case where f(x) 0, the Riemann

sum can be interpreted as the sum of the areas of
the approximating rectangles.
Then, a f ( x ) dx represents the area

under the curve y = f(x) from a to b.
Formations of Double Integrals Over

Rectangle Regions
In a similar manner, we consider a function

f of two variables defined on a closed and
bounded rectangle
R = [a, b] x [c, d]
= {(x, y) R2 | a x b, c y d}
and we first suppose that f(x, y) 0.
The graph of f is a surface with equation

z = f(x, y).
Let S be the solid that lies above R and

under the graph of f, that is,
S = {(x, y, z) R3 | 0 z f(x, y), (x, y) R}
Our goal is to
find the volume
of S.
To define a double integral, we

perform the following steps:
The first step is to divide the rectangle R

into sub-rectangles.
We divide the interval [a, b] into m subintervals

[xi1, xi] of equal width x = (b a)/m.
Then, we divide [c, d] into n subintervals

[yj1, yj] of equal width y = (d c)/n.
Next, we draw lines parallel to the coordinate axes

through the endpoints of these sub-intervals.
Thus, we form the sub-rectangles
Rij = [xi1, xi] x [yj1, yj]
= {(x, y) | xi1 x xi, yj1 y yj}
each with area A = x y
Lets choose a sample point (xij*, yij*) in each Rij.
Then, we can approximate the part of S

that lies above each Rij by a thin rectangular box
(or column) with:
Base Rij
Height f (xij*, yij*)
The volume of this box is the height of the box

times the area of the base rectangle: f(xij *, yij *) A
10
We follow this procedure for all

the rectangles and add the volumes
of the corresponding boxes.
Thus, we get an approximation to the total

volume of S:
m
V f ( x , y ) A
i 1 j 1
*
ij
*
ij
11
This double sum means that:
For each sub-rectangle, we evaluate f at the chosen

point and multiply by the area of the sub-rectangle.
Then, we add the results.
Our intuition tells us that the approximation

becomes better as m and n become larger.
So, we would expect that:
V lim
m , n
f ( x , y
i 1 j 1
*
ij
*
ij
) A
12
The Definition of Double Integrals
The double integral of f over the rectangle

R is:
Notation for the double integral.
f ( x, y) dA
R
lim
m , n
f ( x , y
i 1 j 1
*
ij
*
ij
) A
if the limit exists; in this case we say f is

integrable over the rectangle R.
13
Example 1.1:
Estimate the volume of the solid that lies
above the square R = [0, 2] x [0, 2] and
below the elliptic paraboloid z = 16 x2 2y2.
Divide R into four equal squares and choose

the sample point to be the upper right corner
of each square Rij.
Sketch the solid and the approximating
rectangular boxes.
14
Solution :
The squares are shown here.
The paraboloid is the graph

of f(x, y) = 16 x2 2y2
The area of each

square is 1.
15
Approximating the volume by the Riemann

sum with m = n = 2, we have:
2
V f ( xi , y j ) A
i 1 j 1
f (1,1) A f (1, 2) A
f (2,1) A f (2, 2) A
13(1) 7(1) 10(1) 4(1)
34
V 34
16
That is
the volume of
the approximating
rectangular boxes
shown here.
We get better
approximations to
the volume in
Example 1.1 if we
increase the number
of squares.
17
The figure shows how, when we use 16,

64, and 256 squares,
The columns start to look more like the actual solid.

The corresponding approximations get more
accurate.
18
The Definition and Formations of

Double Integrals Over General Regions
For double integrals, we want to be able to integrate

a function f not just over rectangles but also over
regions D of more general shape.
19
We suppose that D is a bounded

region.
This means that D can be enclosed in

a rectangular
region R as
shown.
20
Extended Region, R
D
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
We consider
only rectangles
that are
completely in the
region D.
21
Extended Region, R
22
In the case where f(x, y) 0,

we can still interpret
f ( x, y ) dA
as the volume of the solid that lies above D

and under the surface z = f(x, y) (graph of f).
23
Geometric Interpretation of the Double

Integral
(I)
If f is continuous and f (x,y) 0 for all

point (x,y) belong to R, then
f ( x, y )dx dy
is the volume of the solid bounded by

surface z = f (x,y) (below) and region R
(above).
24
f(x,y)
y
R
25
(II) If f is continuous and f (x,y) < 0 for all point

(x,y) belong to R, then
f ( x, y)dx dy 0
R
is the volume of the solid bounded (below

the xy-plane) by region R (below) and
surface z = f (x,y) (above).
26
y
R
x
f(x,y)
27
Geometric Definition of the Double

Integral
f ( x, y)dx dy Volume
R
f ( x, y)
28
Integrability Theorem
If
f is a function of two
variables that is continuous in
a closed region R, then it is
also integrable over R.
Continuous functions are
integrable.
29
But, if we consider the following functions;

z
2
f ( x, y ) 0
1
0 x b, 0 y p
0 x b, y p
0 x b, p y d
The function is
not continuous
at the line
segment
The staircase function is integrable on R

because its discontinuities occur along a line
segment.
30
1.2 Properties of Double Integrals

Four Elementary Properties of the Double
Integral:
The R referred to is a basic region. The functions f
and g are assumed to be continuous on R.
I. Linearity
cf ( x, y)dA c f ( x, y)dA
A
[ f ( x, y) g ( x, y)]dA f ( x, y)dA g ( x, y)dA

A
A
A
31
II. Comparison
a) If f(x,y) 0 for all (x,y) in R, then
f ( x, y)dA 0
R
b) If f(x,y) g(x,y) for all (x,y) in R, then
f ( x, y)dA g ( x, y)dA
R
c) If M f(x,y) N for all (x,y) in R, then

M 1dA f ( x, y )dA N 1dA
R
32
III. Additivity:
If is broken up into a finite number of non-overlapping

basic regions 1, . . . , n, then
f x, y dx dy f x, y dx dy
f x, y dx dy
n
33
IV. Mean-value condition:

There is a point (x0, y0) in R for which
f x, y dA f x , y area of R
0
We call f (x0, y0) the average value of f on R.
1dA dA area of R
R
34
Example 1.2:
Proof the following theorem:
If f a function of two variable and is
integrable over closed region R with c any
constant number, then
cf
(
x
,
y
)
dA
c
f
(
x
,
y
)
dA
35
Solution:
Known that
f ( x, y) dA
R
lim
m , n
f ( x
i 1 j 1
*
ij
, y ) A __(*)
*
ij
since f is integrable.
36
Therefore,
m
*
*
cf
(
x
,
y
ij ij ) A
cf ( x, y) dA lim
R
m , n
i 1 j 1
m
m
nn
**
**
cf
(
x
,
y
)
dA
lim
c
f
(
x
,
y
ijij ijij ) A
m,,nn
ii11 jj11
m nn
m
**
**
(*)
f ( xijij , yijij ) A , from (*)
R cf ( x, y) dA c mmlim
,,nn
ii11 jj11
cc ff ((xx,, yy)) dA
cf
(
x
,
y
)
d
A
dA
R
RR
37
The Evaluation of Double Integrals By

Repeated Integrals
Symmetry in Double Integration
Suppose that R is symmetric about the y-axis.
If f is odd in x [ f (x, y) = f (x, y)], then
f x, y dx dy 0
R
If f is even in x [ f (x, y) = f (x, y)], then
f x, y dx dy 2
R
f x, y dx dy
right half
of R
Suppose that R is symmetric about the x-axis.

If f is odd in y [ f (x,y) = f (x, y)], then
f x, y dx dy 0
R
If f is even in y [ f (x,y) = f (x, y)], then
f x, y dx dy 2
R
f x, y dx dy
upper half
of R
38
1.3 Fubinis Theorem for Calculating

Double Integrals
Evaluating double integrals using limits of

Riemann sums is tedious and rarely done.
Luckily, there is a practical method that

reduces a double integral to two single (onevariable) integrals.
39
A theorem published in 1970 by Guido

Fubini (1879-1943) says that the double
integral of any continuous function over a
rectangle can be calculated as an iterated
integral in either order of integration.
Thus, we can evaluate a double integral by

integrating with respect to one variable at a time.
Fubinis Theorem also says that we can calculate
the double integral by integrating in either order
(when we calculate a volume by slicing, we may use
either planes perpendicular to the x-axis or planes
perpendicular to the y-axis).
40
Fubinis Theorem
Fubinis theorem on a rectangular region if
R ( x, y): a x b, c y d , then
db
bd
f ( x, y)dxdy f ( x, y)dydx
R f ( x, y)dA
ca
ac
y
Express double
integrals as Iterated
integrals
d
R
c
a
x
41
Calculating Double Integrals over

Rectangular Region : Type I
Consider :
A(x)
Interpret the f ( x, y ) dA
R
as the volume V of the solid
is the area of a cross-section in the

plane through x perpendicular to the x-axis.
A(x)
42

Rectangular Region : Type II
Consider :
A( y)
is the area of a cross-section in the

plane through y perpendicular to the y-axis.
43
d b
b d
c a
a c
f ( x, y)dA f ( x, y)dxdy f ( x, y)dydx

R
y
fixed
fixed
Iterated integrals
c
x
a
44
Example 1.3:
1
( x y )dxdy ( x y )dx dy
0 0
00
1 1
2 1
( x y)

dy
2 0
0
1
(1 y ) 2 y 2

dy
2
0
1
(1 y )2 y 2
dy
2
0
1
(1 y )2
y2
dy dy
2
2
0
0
1
3 1
3 1
(1 y ) y

6 0 6 0
23 1 1
1
6
6
45
Example 1.4:
Compute 3x 4 y dx dy
2
Where R is the rectangle 1 x 2 and 2 y 4

4
2
2
dy
f
(
x
,
y
)
dxdy
3
x
4
y
dx
R
2 1
2
4
3
x 4 yx dy
2
1
7 4 y dy
4
7y 2y
60 22 38
2
46
Example 1.5:
Evaluate y sin( xy)dA , where R [1,2] [0, ]
R
47
Solution 1 : If we first integrate with respect to x,

we get
y sin( xy )dA y sin( xy )dxdy
[ cos( xy )] dy
x2
x 1
( cos 2 y cos y )dy
sin 2 y sin y 0 0
1
2
48
Solution 2 : If we first integrate with respect to y, then
y sin( xy )dA y sin( xy )dydx
1x yd (cos( xy )) dx
1
1
1 [ x y cos( xy ) |0 x 0 cos( xy )dy]dx
2
1
1
1 [ x cos(x) x 2 sin( xy ) |0 ]dx
2
sin( x )
1 [ x 2
2
sin( x )
dx
x2
cos(x )
x
]dx
cos(x )
2
sin( x )
sin( x )
dx x
x2
1
dx
sin( x )
dx
x2
2
sin( x )
x
1
49
Note that :
If f ( x, y ) g ( x)h( y ) on R [a, b] [c, d ] , then
b
g
(
x
)
h
(
y
)
dA
g
(
x
)
dx
h( y ) dy
50
Example 1.6:
If R [0, 2 ] [0, 2 ] , then
sin x cos ydA sin xdx cos ydy
[ cos x] [sin y ]
1 1 1
51

General Regions : Type I
The region R is bounded by line
x = a, line x = b and smooth curve
y = g1(x) and y = g2(x)
52
1)
Evaluating a
double integral,
type I :
Find
2)
Find
53
Type I Examples
54

General Regions : Type II
The region R is bounded by
line y = c, line y = d and
smooth curve x = h1(y)
and x = h2(y)
55
Evaluating a double
integral, type II :
Find
1)
2)
56
Fubinis theorem on any region

Type I
Type II
x1 h1 ( y )
b
b y2
y2 g 2 ( x)
y1 g1 ( x)
a y1
x
d x2
f ( x, y)dA f ( x, y)dydx
R
x2 h2 ( y )
f ( x, y)dA f ( x, y)dxdy
R
c x1
b y2
y2 b
d x2
x2 d
a y1
y1 a
c x1
x1 c
f ( x, y)dydx f ( x, y)dydx f ( x, y)dxdy f ( x, y)dxdy

57
Example 1.7:
Evaluate
(
x
3
y
)
dA
where
D {( x, y ) | -1 x 1, 2 x y 1 x }
2
58
( x 3 y)dA
D
1 x 2
3 2
2 ( x 3 y )dydx xy y
dx
-1 2 x
-1
2 2 x2
1
3
2
2
2 2
2 2
x 1 x - 2 x 1 x - 2 x dx
-1
2
1
3
3 4
3
3
2
4
x x - 2 x 3 x x - 4 x dx
-1
2
2
1
1 x 2
1 5
3
1
1 2 1 4 3
3
x - x x x - x 1- 2
4
2
2 1 2
2
2
59
Example 1.8:
Sketch the region of integration and write
an equivalent double integral with the
order of integration reversed:
60
Sketch: the region R

y
y = ex
x=2
y=1
x
2
61
Consider the change of x and y as
62
Example 1.9:
Evaluate the following
integrals using iterated
integrals type II
63
Region R
y
x=4y@y=4-x
4
x=0
x
4
64
65
Example 1.10:
Evaluate
f ( x, y)dA
R
(i)
f ( x, y ) 4 x y; R ( x, y ) : y 2 x 2 y , 0 y 2
(ii) f ( x, y ) y; R is the region bounded x 0, x ,

y 0 and y sin x
(iii) f ( x, y ) xy 2 ; R is the closed triangular region with the
vertices (0,0), (3,1) and (-2,1)
66
(i) The region R is illustrate d as

y
y2
x y2
x 2y
x
y0
67
y 2 x2 y
(4 x y)dA (4 x y)dxdy 2 x
R
y 0 x y 2
xy
x2 y
x y 2
dy
{[2(2 y ) 2 2 y 2 ] [2( y 2 ) 2 y 3 ]}dy

0
2
(6 y 2 y 3 2 y 4 )dy
0
2
3 y
2y
36
2 y

4
5 0 5
68
(ii)
The region R is illustrate d as

x y sin x
y dA
R
x 0
sin x
y
y 0y dydx 0 2 dx
0
2
sin 2 x
dx
2
0
y
y sin x
R
1
(1 cos 2 x)dx
40
1 x sin 2 x
x0
y0
69
(iii)
The region R is illustrate d as

y
y 1
x 2 y
x 3y
y0
y 1 x 3 y
3
x 3 y
x y
dy
xy dA xy dxdy
2 x 2 y
R
y 0 x 2 y
0
2
y
y
5y
1
2
2
(9 y 4 y )dy
dy
2
2
2 0 2
0
0
1
70
Example 1.11:
Find the volume of the solid bounded by
x 2 y 2 9 , y z 4 and z 0.
The solid is described as
z 4 y
x2 y 2 9
R
z 0
71
Solution :
The base of the solid is the region R :
y
y 9 x2
R
3
x 3
x3
y 9 x2
72
Thus, the volume V is given by

V (4 y )dA
R
2
x 3 y 9 x
(4 y ) dydx
x 3 y 9 x 2
y 9 x2
y
4 y
2 y
3
3
dx
9 x2
8 9 x dx
2
73
Now let x 3 sin t , dx 3 costdt . Hence

3
V 8 9 x 2 dx 8
3
72
/2
9(1 sin 2 t ) (3 cos tdt )
/2
/2
/2
/ 2
/2
2
cos
tdt 36
(cos 2t 1)dt
/2
sin 2t
36
t
2
/ 2
sin sin( )
36

36
2 2
2
2
74
1.4 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates
In Mathematics II we explores polar

coordinates and saw that in certain situations
they simplify problems considerably.
The same is true when it comes to integration

over plane regions.
It is because, integrals sometimes easier to

evaluate if we change to polar coordinates.
75
The region of integration in this problem

is an example of a polar rectangle.
76
Review Polar Coordinates [Math II]

Polar coordinates
0r
0 2
P(r , )
x r cos
y r sin
r x y
2
y
x
tan 1
77
Formations of Double Integrals in Polar

Coordinates
Suppose that we want to evaluate a double integral

f ( x, y ) dA , where R is one of the regions shown
here;
R {(r , ) | 0 r 1,0 2 }
R {(r , ) |1 r 2,0 }
78
In either case, the description of R in terms of

rectangular coordinates is rather complicated
but R is easily described by polar coordinates.
Recall from this figure that the polar coordinates
(r, ) of a point are related to the rectangular
coordinates (x, y) by the equations
r2 = x2 + y2
x = r cos
y = r sin
79
Polar Rectangle
The regions in the first figure are special

cases of a polar rectangle
R = {(r, ) | a r b, }
shown here.
80
To compute the double integral
f ( x, y) dA
R
where R is a polar rectangle, we divide:
The interval [a, b] into m subintervals [ri1, ri]

of equal width r = (b a)/m.
The interval [ ,] into n subintervals [j1, i]
of equal width = ( )/n.
Do the following partition (called polar partition)
81
Then, the circles r = ri and the rays = i

divide the polar rectangle R into the small
polar rectangles shown here.
82
Polar Sub-rectangle
The center of the polar subrectangle

Rij = {(r, ) | ri1 r ri, j1 i}
has polar coordinates
ri* = (ri1 + ri)
j* = (j1 + j)
83
We compute the area of Rij using the fact that

the area of a sector of a circle with radius r
and central angle is r2.
Subtracting the areas of two such sectors,
each of which has central angle = j j1,
we find that the area of Rij is:
Ai r r
1 2
2 i
1 2
2 i 1
(ri r )
2
1
2
2
i 1
12 (ri ri 1 )(ri ri 1 )
ri r
*
84
We have defined the double integral f ( x, y ) dA

R
in terms of ordinary rectangles.
However, it can be shown that, for

continuous functions f, we always obtain
the same answer using polar rectangles.
The rectangular coordinates of the center

of Rij are (ri* cos j*, ri* sin j*).
So, a typical Riemann sum is:
i 1 j 1
f (ri cos , ri sin ) Ai f ( ri* cos *j , ri* sin *j ) ri* r

*
*
j
*
j
i 1 j 1
85
If we write g(r, ) = r f(r cos , r sin ),

the Riemann sum can be written as:
m
g (r ,
*
i 1 j 1
*
j
) r
This is a Riemann sum for the double integral
g (r , ) dr d
86
Thus, we have:
f ( x, y ) dA lim
m , n
m , n
i 1 j 1
m
lim
f ( ri* cos *j , ri* sin *j ) Ai
*
*
g
(
r
,
i j ) r
i 1 j 1
g (r , ) dr d
f (r cos , r sin ) r dr d
87
Relation :
Cartesian Coordinates-Polar Coordinates.
If f is continuous on a polar rectangle R

given by 0 a r b, , where
0 2, then
f ( x, y ) dA
Be careful not to forget the additional factor r on the right side

88
A classical method for remembering

the formula is shown here.
The infinitesimal polar rectangle can be thought of

as an ordinary rectangle
y
with dimensions
dr
r d and dr.
dA
rd
So, it has area

dA = r dr d.
dA (dr) (rd ) rdrd
89
What we have done so far can be extended

to the more complicated type of region
shown here.
90
If f is continuous on a polar region

of the form
D = {(r, ) | , h1() r h2()}
then
f ( x, y ) dA
h2 ( )
h1 ( )
91
In particular, taking f(x, y) = 1, h1() = 0,

and h2() = h() in the formula, we see that
the area of the region D bounded by = ,
= , and r = h() is:
A( D) 1 dA
h ( )
r dr d
1
2
h ( )
r
2
0
2
[h( )]2 d
92
Area
If f (r, ) = 1, then the area is
A dA
R
g2 ( )
g1 ( )
r dr d
93
Volume
z = f (r,)
V
dV
z = f (r,)
R
dV f (r , )dA
V f (r , )dA
dA
g 2 ( )
g1 ( )
f (r , ) r dr d
94
Example 1.12:
Sketch the regions R of integration and

evaluate the following integrals.
(i)
(ii)
95
(i) Region R
y
x
1
3
r
96
(i)
97
(ii) Region R
= 2
r = 1-sin
98
(ii)
Using Identity Trigo.
99
Example 1.13:
Using double integrals in polar
coordinates, find the area of the
region bounded by r = sin3 in
first quadrants.
100
Region R
Change in r :
r = 0 r = sin 3
r = sin3
Change in :
Sin 3 = 0 3 = n
=/3
= n/3
101
Area
Using Identity Trigo.
102
Area
103
Example 1.14:
Evaluate
where R is region as
x2 + y2 = 1
x2 + y2 = 4
y=x
104
Notice that ,
such that
105
106
Example 1.15:
Using double integrals, find the area of the
following figure:
Notice that :
r = 4cos3
= / 6 , n=1
107
Solution:
108
Solution:
109
Example 1.16:
Using polar coordinates, evaluate
110
Region R :
=/2
y = 1-x2
1
111
Solution:
112
Example 1.17:
Evaluate
(3x 4 y
) dA
where R is the region in

the upper half-plane bounded by
the circles x2 + y2 = 1 and x2 + y2 = 4.
113
Solution :
The region R can be described as:
R = {(x, y) | y 0, 1 x2 + y2 4}
In polar coordinates,
it is given by:
1 r 2, 0
114
Hence,
2
(3
x
4
y
) dA
(3r cos 4r sin ) r dr d

2
(3r cos 4r sin ) dr d

2
[r cos r sin ]
3
r 2
r 1
115
3
4
2
r 2
(3
x
4
y
)
dA
[
r
cos
r
sin
]
r 1 d
(7 cos 15sin ] d
2
[7 cos 152 (1 cos 2 )] d

0
15 15
7 sin
sin 2
2
4
0
15
2
116
Example 1.18:
Find the volume of the solid bounded
by the plane z = 0 and the paraboloid
z = 1 x2 y2.
117
If we put z = 0 in the equation of

the paraboloid, we get x2 + y2 = 1.
This means that the plane intersects

the paraboloid in the circle x2 + y2 = 1.
So, the solid lies under the paraboloid

and above the circular disk D given by
x2 + y2 1.
118
In polar coordinates, D is given by

0 r 1, 0 2.
As 1 x2 y2 = 1 r2, the volume is:
V (1 x y ) dA
2
(1 r
) r dr d
D
2
d (r r ) dr
3
r
r
2
2 4 0 2
2
119
Had we used rectangular coordinates

instead, we would have obtained:
V (1 x y ) dA
2
1 x 2
1 1 x
(1 x y ) dy dx
2
This is not easy to evaluate because

it involves finding (1 x2)3/2 dx
120
Example 1.19:
Use a double integral to find the area
enclosed by one loop of the fourleaved rose r = cos 2.
121
Solution :
From this sketch of the curve, we see that

a loop is given by the region
R = {(r, ) | /4 /4, 0 r cos 2}
122
So, the area is:
A( R) dA
/4
cos 2
/4 0
/4
/4
r dr d
2
[ 12 r 2 ]cos
d
0
/4
1
2
1
4
1
4
/4
/4
/4
cos 2 d
2
(1 cos 4 ) d
1
4
sin 4 /4
/4
8
123
Example 1.20:
Use the polar coordinates to solve Example 1.11.
The solid and its base is described as
y
r 3
R
3
124
Solution :
Thus, the volume V is given by
V (4 y )dA (4 r cos )rdrd
R
2 r 3
(4 r cos )rdrd
0 r 0
2 3
2
(4
r
r
cos )drd
0 0
r 3
2 r
2r 3 cos d
r 0
3
(18 9 cos )d 18 9sin
36
125

Chapter 1 - Double Integrals

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Chapter 1 - Double Integrals

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Multiple Integration

The Definition and Formations of Double

Properties of Double Integrals

Over Rectangle Regions

Over Rectangle Regions

Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

1.1 The Definition and Formations of

In this chapter, we will extend the idea of a

First, lets recall the basic facts concerning

Khadizah Ghazali : SM30803

Definite Integral - Review

If we divide an interval into subintervals of the

If we take the limit of this then we obtain the

Khadizah Ghazali : SM30803

In the special case where f(x) 0, the Riemann

Then, a f ( x ) dx represents the area

Khadizah Ghazali : SM30803

Formations of Double Integrals Over

In a similar manner, we consider a function

The graph of f is a surface with equation

Let S be the solid that lies above R and

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To define a double integral, we

The first step is to divide the rectangle R

We divide the interval [a, b] into m subintervals

Then, we divide [c, d] into n subintervals

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Next, we draw lines parallel to the coordinate axes

Khadizah Ghazali : SM30803

Then, we can approximate the part of S

The volume of this box is the height of the box

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We follow this procedure for all

Thus, we get an approximation to the total

Khadizah Ghazali : SM30803

This double sum means that:

For each sub-rectangle, we evaluate f at the chosen

Our intuition tells us that the approximation

So, we would expect that:

Khadizah Ghazali : SM30803

The Definition of Double Integrals

The double integral of f over the rectangle

Notation for the double integral.

if the limit exists; in this case we say f is

Khadizah Ghazali : SM30803

Divide R into four equal squares and choose

The squares are shown here.

The paraboloid is the graph

The area of each

Khadizah Ghazali : SM30803

Approximating the volume by the Riemann

The figure shows how, when we use 16,

The columns start to look more like the actual solid.

Khadizah Ghazali : SM30803

The Definition and Formations of

For double integrals, we want to be able to integrate

Khadizah Ghazali : SM30803

We suppose that D is a bounded

This means that D can be enclosed in

Khadizah Ghazali : SM30803

Khadizah Ghazali : SM30803

Khadizah Ghazali : SM30803