NCCI: Mono-Symmetrical Uniform Members Under Bending and Axial Compression

NCCI: Mono-symmetrical uniform members under bending and axial compression

SN030a-EN-EU
NCCI: Mono-symmetrical uniform members under bending

and axial compression
This NCCI gives a method for the elastic verification of mono-symmetrical uniform
members under bending and axial compression
Created on Friday, September 19, 2008

This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Access Steel Licence Agreement
Contents
1.
Scope
2.
Notations and geometrical properties of the cross-section
3.
Member resistance according to EN 1993-1-1
4.
Evaluation of the elastic critical moment
5.
Evaluation of the non dimensional slenderness
12
6.
Information about LTBeam freeware to calculate the elastic critical moment
13
7.
References
14
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1.
Scope
This NCCI provides information for dealing with mono-symmetrical uniform members
subjected to bending and axial compression satisfying the following conditions:
The verification is restricted to the elastic behaviour of the member
The cross-section is symmetrical about the weak axis
The flanges and the web are made of the same steel grade
The loads create bending moments about the strong axis only
The axial load is expected to be applied at the centroid of the cross-section
The web is made of a solid plate of constant thickness
The effects of the fillet welds are not taken into account

Note 1: Such a mono-symmetrical cross-section is susceptible to torsional-flexural

buckling |3|.
Note 2: This kind of cross-section can be found, for instance, in composite structures where
the upper flange of the beam is connected to a composite slab by means of shear
connectors. Then, the following calculations are required in the non-composite stage
when the fresh concrete acts only as an external load. In this case, the smaller flange
is generally mainly in compression.
This kind of cross-section can be found also in welded cross-sections when a higher
resistance to torsional-flexural buckling is needed for the member. In this case, the
smaller flange is generally mainly in tension.
Note 3: Cellular beams or beams made of two different hot-rolled profiles are not covered by
this NCCI.
2.
Notations and geometrical properties of the
cross-section
The dimensional characteristics of the cross-section are shown in Figure 2.1.
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b1
z
t1
y
zG
1
tw
y
G
S
hw
hs
t2
zSC
2
z
b2

Key:
1 Top fibre
2 Bottom fibre
Figure 2.1
Notations
The geometrical properties are the followings |2|, |8|, |10|:

Area
A = b1 t1 + hw t w + b2 t 2 (1)
Position of the centroid from the bottom fibre of the cross-section
h
t
t2
b1 t1 (h 1 ) + hw t w (t 2 + w ) + b2 2
2
2
2
zG =
A
(2)
Second moment of area about the strong axis y-y

2
Iy =
b1 t13 + b2 t 23 + t w hw3
t
+ b1 t1 h 1 zG + ...
12
2
... + hw t w t2 + w zG + b2 t 2 2 zG
2
2
(3)
Second moment of area about the weak axis z-z

b13t1 + b23t 2 + hw t w3
(4)
Iz =
12
Elastic section modulus:

Wel, y, top =
Iy
h zG
Wel, y, bottom =
Iy
zG
(5)
(6)
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Position of the shear centre S from the bottom fibre of the cross-section:
zSC
t2
b13 t1
= + hs 3
2
b2 t 2 + b13 t1
(7)
St Venant torsional constant

IT =
b1 t13 + b2 t 23 + hw t w3
3
(8)
Warping constant:

I w = hs2 I z
(b t
)
(b t + b t )
3
1 1
3
1 1
b23t 2
(9)
2
3
2 2
3.
Member resistance according to EN 1993-1-1
3.1
General
As bending is expected to occur about the strong axis, the verification of member stability is
based on Clause (6.3.3) of EN 1993-1-1 |4| with Mz,Ed = 0.
Nevertheless, the method given in Clause (6.3.3) is restricted to uniform members with
double symmetric cross-sections. But, it may be extended to uniform members with monosymmetric cross-sections (symmetrical about the weak axis) when the following conditions
are satisfied:
the elastic resistance is the only one to be considered (elastic resistance of the whole
section for Class 1, 2 or 3 cross-sections and elastic resistance of the effective crosssection for Class 4 cross-sections),
y and z must be replaced by min = min( y , z , TF ) in (6.61) and (6.62) if y and
z are the reduction factors due to flexural buckling and TF is the reduction factor for
torsional-flexural buckling (see Section 5.2),
In Table A.2 of Annex A, the equivalent uniform moment factors must be limited to:
C my , 0 1
N Ed
N cr, y
(10)
Therefore, such members should satisfy |1|, |9|:

M y,Ed + M y,Ed
N Ed
+ k yy
1
M y,Rk
min N Rk
M1
LT
M1
M y,Ed + M y,Ed
N Ed
+ k zy
1
M y,Rk
min N Rk
M1
LT
(11)
(12)
M1
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where:
N Ed and M y,Ed are respectively the design values of the compression force and the
maximum moments about the y-y axis along the member,
M y,Ed is the moment due to the shift of the centroidal axis in the case of Class 4
cross-sections (see Section 3.3),
N Rk and M y,Rk are respectively the characteristic resistance to normal force and the
characteristic moment resistance about the y-y axis,
M1 is the partial factor for resistance of members to instability ,

min is the relevant reduction factor: min = min( y , z , TF ) ,
LT is the reduction factor due to lateral torsional buckling (see Section 5.1),
k yy and k zy are interaction factors.

k yy and k zy have been derived from two alternative approaches provided in Annex A
(alternative Method 1) and Annex B (alternative Method 2) of EN 1993-1-1 |4|. Method 1 (see
Section 3.3) has been established to provide an accurate fully-theoretical derived set of
formulae. Method 2 is simpler than Method 1. It has been established to be a user-friendly set
of formulae. The National Annex may give a choice from alternative Methods 1 or 2.
Note:
It is important to notice that, in both cases, the resistance of the cross-sections must
be checked at each end of the member.
3.2
Susceptibility to torsional deformations
Some moment factors depending on the susceptibility of the member to experience torsional
deformations, it is necessary to clarify the boundary of this phenomenon.
The susceptibility to torsional deformations depends on the value of 0 , the non dimensional
slenderness for lateral torsional buckling due to uniform bending moment.
The limiting value 0,lim is the following:
N
N
0,lim = 0,2 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed
where:
N cr,z
N cr,TF
(13)
N cr, z is the elastic flexural buckling force about the z-z axis,
N cr,TF is the elastic torsional-flexural buckling force (see Section 5.2),
C1 is a factor depending on the bending moment distribution and end restraint

conditions (see Section 4).
If 0 0,lim , the member is not susceptible to torsional deformations. In that case,
lateral torsional buckling is also prevented and LT = 1 .
If 0 > 0,lim , the member is susceptible to torsional deformations.
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3.3 Elastic resistance obtained from alternative Method 1

(Annex A)
Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections
For Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections, the member should satisfy:
N Ed
+ k yy
A fy
min
M1
N Ed
+ k zy
A fy
min
M1
LT
(14)
M1
M y,Ed
1
Wel,y f y
LT
(15)
M1
k yy = Cmy CmLT
where:

M y,Ed
1
Wel,y f y
k zy = Cmy CmLT
y
N
1 Ed
N cr,y
z
N
1 Ed
N cr,y
(16)
(17)
N Ed
N cr, y
y =
N
1 y Ed
N cr, y
(18)
N Ed
N cr,z
z =
N
1 z Ed
N cr,z
(19)
in which:
N cr, y is the elastic flexural buckling force about the y-y axis,
N cr, z is the elastic flexural buckling force about the z-z axis,
Cmy and CmLT are uniform moment factors depending on the susceptibility of the
member to torsional deformations (see hereinafter).

Class 4 cross-sections
For Class 4 cross-sections, equations (14) and (15) become:
min
M y,Ed + eN, y N Ed
N Ed
+ k yy
1
Aeff f y
Weff, y f y
M1
LT
(20)
M1
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min
M y,Ed + eN,y N Ed
N Ed
+ k zy
1
Aeff f y
Weff,y f y
where:
LT
M1
(21)
M1
eN, y is the shift of the centroid of the effective area calculated under pure
compression,
Aeff is the effective area determined under pure compression,
Weff,y is the effective section modulus about the y-y axis determined under bending
only,
k yy and k zy are interaction factors defined by equations (16) and (17).
Influence of the susceptibility to torsional deformations
If the member is not susceptible to torsional deformations:

C my = C my,0
(see Table A.2 in EN 1993-1-1 |4|)

CmLT = 1,0
and:
then:
LT = 1
If the member is susceptible to torsional deformations:
Cmy = Cmy,0 + (1 Cmy,0 )
2
CmLT = Cmy
and:
where:
or:
and:
(see Table A.2 in EN 1993-1-1 |4|)
1 N Ed 1 N Ed
N cr, z
N cr,TF
M y,Ed
y =
M y,Ed Aeff
N Ed Weff, y
aLT = 1
1 + y aLT
aLT
y =
N Ed
y aLT
A
for Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections
Wel, y
for Class 4 cross-sections
IT
0
Iy
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3.4 Elastic resistance obtained from alternative Method 2

(Annex B)
Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections
For Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections, the member should satisfy:

N Ed
+ k yy
A fy
min
M1
N Ed
+ k zy
A fy
min
M1

where:
k yy
M y,Ed
1
Wel, y f y
LT
(22)
M1
M y,Ed
1
Wel,y f y
LT
(23)
M1
N Ed
= Cmy 1 + 0,6 y
A fy
min
M1
C 1 + 0,6 N Ed
my
A fy
min
M1
(24)
kzy depends on the susceptibility of the member to torsional deformations (see below).
Class 4 cross-sections
For Class 4 cross-sections, equations (14) and (15) become:
min
M y,Ed + eN, y N Ed
N Ed
+ k yy
1
Aeff f y
Weff, y f y
min
LT
M1
(25)
M1
M y,Ed + eN,y N Ed
N Ed
+ k zy
1
Aeff f y
Weff,y f y
where:
LT
M1
k yy
(26)
M1
N Ed
= Cmy 1 + 0,6 y
A f
min eff y
M1
N Ed
C 1 + 0,6
my
A f
min eff y
M1
(27)
k zy depends on the susceptibility of the member to torsional deformation (see below).
The equivalent moment factor C my is given in Table B.3 in EN 1993-1-1 |4|.

Influence of the susceptibility to torsional deformations
Members not susceptible to torsional deformations:

k zy = 0,8 k yy
(28)
Therefore, because the first terms of equations (22) and (23) or (25) and (26) are the same, in
that case, the most critical relationship is the first one of each set respectively.
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Members susceptible to torsional deformations:

k zy = 1
0,05 z
(CmLT 0,25)
N Ed
A fy
min
M1
0,05
1
(CmLT 0,25)
k zy = 1
0,05 z
(CmLT 0,25)
min
(29)
for Class 1, 2 or 3 cross-sections
N Ed
A fy
M1
N Ed
Aeff f y
min
M1
0,05
1
(CmLT 0,25)
N Ed
Aeff f y
min
(30)
M1

The equivalent moment factor CmLT is given in Table B.3 in EN 1993-1-1 |4|.
4.
Evaluation of the elastic critical moment
In the case of a member of uniform cross-section symmetrical about the weak axis, the critical
moment for lateral torsional buckling is:
2 EI z
M cr = C1
(kz L )2
where:
kz
kw
I w (k z L )2 GI T
+
+ C2 zg C3 z j
2 EI z
Iz
2
C2 zg C3 z j
) (
2
(31)
L is the length of the member between points where lateral restraint is provided,
C1 , C2 and C3 are factors depending on the loading and the end restraint
conditions (see Table 4.1 and Table 4.2),
kz is the effective length factor that refers to the end rotation about the z axis,
kw is the effective length factor that refers to the end warping,
z g = z a zs
z j = zs
0,5
z ( y 2 + z 2 dA (approximations are given hereinafter |6|)
Iy A
za is the coordinate of the point of load application,

and:
zs is the coordinate of the shear centre: ( zs = zG zSC according to notations

given in Figure 2.1).
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SN030a-EN-EU
The effective length factors, kz and k w , take the following values:
0,5
full restraint at both ends,
0,7
one end fixed and one end free,
1,0
no restraint,
the normal conditions of restraint at each end being:

kz = 1,0 free to rotate about the z axis and restraint against lateral movements,
k w = 1,0 free to warp but restraint against rotation about the longitudinal axis.
Sign conventions for z , za , z g and z j
The sign conventions for z , za , z g and z j are defined in Figure 4.1. They are the followings:
z is positive from the centroid of the cross-section to the compression flange,
za is positive when the loads have a destabilising effect,
z g is positive when the loads act towards the shear centre from their point of

application.
z j is positive when the flange with the larger value of I z is in compression at the
point of the larger bending moment.

1
zj>0
z
za>0
zg>0
zs
G
S
y
zs
G
S
2
za<0
zj<0
z
zg<0
1
1
2
3
Loading direction
Compression
Tension
Figure 4.1
Sign convention for z, za zg and zj
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SN030a-EN-EU
Approximations for z j |6|
If bc and tc are respectively the width and the thickness of the compression flange and if bt
and t t are those of the tension flange, then:
f =
bc3t c
bc3t c + bt3t t
If:
f > 0,5 , then z j may be taken equal to z j = 0,4 hs (2 f 1)
and if:
f < 0,5 , then z j may be taken equal to z j = 0,5 hs ( 2 f 1)
Table 4.1

(32)
Values of C1 and C3 for end moment loading (for kz = 1)
C1
C3
+1,00
1,00
1,00
+0,75
1,14
0,99
+0,50
1,31
0,99
+0,25
1,52
0,98
0,00
1,77
0,94
-0,25
2,05
0,85
-0,50
2,33
0,68
-0,75
2,57
0,37
-1,00
2,55
0,00
Table 4.2
.M
M
-11
.M
Values of factors C1, C2 and C3 for cases with transverse loading (for kz = 1)
Loading and support

conditions
Bending moment diagram
C1
C2
C3
1,13
0,45
0,52
2,57
1,55
0,75
1,35
0,63
1,73
1,68
1,64
2,64
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5.
Evaluation of the non dimensional slenderness
5.1 Non dimensional slenderness for lateral torsional

buckling
The non dimensional slenderness for lateral torsional buckling, LT depends on the
slenderness for lateral torsional buckling LT :
LT =
Wel, y f y
LT =
Weff,y f y
M cr
M cr
for Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections
(33)
(34)
The reduction factor LT for lateral torsional buckling is then (EN 1993-1-1 6.3.2 |4|):

LT =
where:
LT +
2
LT
(35)
2
LT
LT = 0,5 1 + LT LT 0,2 + LT
If the cross-section is such as h / bc 2 , then LT = 0,49 (buckling curve c)
If the cross-section is such as h / bc > 2 , then LT = 0,76 (buckling curve d)
where:
bc is the width of the compression flange.
5.2 Non dimensional slenderness for torsional-flexural

buckling
The non dimensional slenderness TF for torsional-flexural buckling is obtained by:
TF =
A fy
and:
TF =
Aeff f y
where:
N cr = min( N cr, TF ; N cr,T )
N cr,T
is the elastic torsional buckling force,
N cr,TF
is the elastic torsional-flexural buckling force.
N cr
N cr
for Class 1, 2 or 3 cross-sections,
for Class 4 cross-sections,

;
These buckling forces are given by the following relationships:

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N cr,T =
2 EI
A
GI T + 2 w
I 0
Lcr,T
(36)
I 0 = I y + I z + A zs2
where:
N cr,TF =
I0
(N cr,z + N cr,T )
2(I y + I z )
(N cr,z + N cr,T )2 4
(I y + I z ) N
I0
cr,z N cr,T
(37)
Lcr,T is generally taken as the member length.
The reduction factor TF for torsional-flexural buckling is then:
TF =
TF +

where:
2
TF
(38)
2
TF
TF = 0,5 1 + TF TF 0,2 + TF
If the cross-section is such as tf min 40 mm, then TF = 0,49 (buckling curve c)
If the cross-section is such as tf min > 40 mm, then TF = 0,76 (buckling curve d)
tf min = min(tsup , tinf ) .
6.
Information about LTBeam freeware to calculate
the elastic critical moment
It is to be noted that, in order to help in solving the calculation of M cr for different loading
and support conditions, a freeware is available. Named LTBeam, it may be downloaded from
CTICM site (www.cticm.com). This software allows determining the elastic critical moment
for mono-symmetrical uniform members with various loading cases including the effect of the
position of the applied load. A short presentation in English in available in Chapter 7.3 of |5|
and in French in |7|.
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7.
1
References
N. Boissonnade, R. Greiner & J.P. Jaspart
Rules for Member stability in EN 1993-1-1. Background documentation and design guidelines
- ECCS Technical Committee 8 Stability (to be published).
A. Bureau
Rsistance plastique en flexion compose dune section en I mono-symtrique Construction
Mtallique, n1-1997, pp. 41-52.
A. Bureau
Flambement par torsion et par flexion-torsion dune barre comprime Construction
Mtallique, n2-2004, pp. 39-54.
EN 1993-1-1:2004
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings

ECSC Steel RTD Programme Lateral Torsional Buckling in Steel and Composite
Beams N 7210-PR-183 (1999-2002)
Final Technical Report Book 2: Design Guide - Chapters 3 and 7.3.
Eurocode 3 Calcul des structures en acier Partie 1-1: Rgles gnrales et rgles pour
les btiments
Eyrolles Paris, 1996.
Y. Gala
Moment critique de dversement lastique de poutres flchies. Prsentation du logiciel
LTBEAM Construction Mtallique, n2-2003, pp. 47-76.
M. Pignataro, N. Rizzi and A. Luongo

Stability, bifurcation and post-critical behaviour of elastic structures Development in Civil
Engineering, vol. 39, Elsevier, 1991.
M. Villette
Analyse critique du traitement de la barre comprime et flchie et propositions de nouvelles
formulations PhD Thesis, University of Lige, Belgium, 14 January 2005.
10 B.Z. Vlassov
Pices longues et voiles minces 2me dition, ditions Eyrolles, Paris, 1962.
Page 14

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Quality Record
RESOURCE TITLE
NCCI: Mono-symmetrical uniform members under bending and axial

compression
Reference(s)
ORIGINAL DOCUMENT
Name
Company
Date
Created by
Jean-Pierre Muzeau
CUST
21/12/2005
Technical content checked by
Alain BUREAU
CTICM
21/12/2005
Editorial content checked by
D C Iles
SCI
March 2006
1. UK
G W Owens
SCI
10/3/06
2. France
Alain Bureau
CTICM
10/3/06
3. Sweden
A Olsson
SBI
10/3/06
4. Germany
C Mller
RWTH
10/3/06
5. Spain
J Chica
Labein
10/3/06
G W Owens
SCI
24/6/06

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