TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
Syllabus
2.
3.
4.
Session plan
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Syllabus
PURPOSE
This laboratory course will give a thorough knowledge about the basics of circuit analysis.
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
Implement and verify circuit theorems.
1.
Gain knowledge about resonance and circuit transients.
2.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Verification of Kirchhoffs laws
2. Verification of Superposition theorem
3. Verification of Thevenins Theorem
4. Verification of Nortons Theorem
5. Verification of Maximum Power Transfer theorem
6. Verification of KVL and KCL using Digital simulation
7. Verification of Superposition theorem & Thevenins Theorem using Digital
simulation
8. Verification of Reciprocity Theorem& Maximum Power Transfer theorem
using Digital simulation
9. Circuit Transients by Digital simulation
10. RLC Series Resonance by Digital simulation
11.Transient analysis of Series RL, RC circuits
REFERENCES:
Mapping of Student
Outcomes with Instructional
Objectives
Instructional objectives
Student Outcomes
Implement and
verify circuit
theorems
Understand the
concepts of power
measurements
Mapping of Program
Educational Objectives with
Student Outcomes
Graduates are equipped with the fundamental knowledge of Mathematics, Basic sciences and Electrical and
Electronics Engineering.
2.
Graduates learn and adapt themselves to the constantly evolving technology by pursuing higher studies.
3.
Graduates are better employable and achieve success in their chosen areas of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering and related fields.
4.
Graduates are good leaders and managers by effectively communicating at both technical and interpersonal
levels.
The student outcomes are linked with the program educational objectives as shown below.
Student Outcomes
(ak OUTCOMES)
EE1010
TITLE :
CREDIT:
01
VENUE :
Instructional Objective
Student Outcomes
b)
e)
- 0%
- 0%
- 0%
- 100%
www.mathworks.com
www.electronics-lab.com
SESSION PLAN:
WEEK
I
II
III
IV
VI
VII
VIII
IX
XI
REFERNCE
Instructional
Objective
Student Outcomes
Circuits &
network Analysis
& Synthesis
A.Sudhakar &
Shyam mohan
Implement and
verify circuit
theorems
+
(e).An ability to identify,
formulates, and solves
engineering problems
Reference Lab
Manual
Verification of Superposition
theorem &
Thevenins Theorem using
Digital simulation
Verification of Reciprocity
Theorem &
Maximum Power Transfer
theorem using Digital simulation
RLC Series Resonance by Digital
simulation
Gain knowledge
about resonance and
circuit transients
2.
The lab reports will be written individually. Please use the following format for your lab reports.
a. Cover Page: Include your name, Subject Code, Subject title, Name of the
university.
b. Evaluation Sheet: Gives your internal mark split up.
c. Index Sheet: Includes the name of all the experiments.
d. Experiment documentation: It includes experiment name, date, objective,
circuit diagram, theoretical values wherever applicable and verified outputs.
e. Prelab and Post lab question should be retyped at the end of every cycle.
3.
Your work must be original and prepared independently. However, if you need any guidance or
have any questions or problems, please do not hesitate to approach your staff in charge during
office hours. The students should follow the dress code in the Lab session.
4.
Prelab Test
In lab Performance
35
Attendance
Record
10%
Model Exam
20%
Final Exam
40%
Total
100%
Observation - 30%
5. Reports Due Dates: Reports are due one week after completion of the corresponding lab. A late lab
report will have 20% of the points deducted for being one day late. If a report is 2 days late, a grade of
0 will be assigned.
6. Systems of Tests: Regular laboratory class work over the full semester will carry a weight age of
75%. The remaining 25% weightage will be given by conducting an end semester practical
examination for every individual student if possible or by conducting a 1 to 1 hours duration
common written test for all students, based on all the experiment carried out in the semester.
Pre lab test is conducted at the beginning of each experiment as a written test and the post lab test
is conducted as viva-voce during the submission of observation copy. The Staff in charge will ask
pertinent questions to individual members of a team at random.
10
LAB EXPERIMENT
11
INDEX
Sl.
No.
10
11
12
Marks (50)
Signature
of the staff
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Batch 1
Ex
No
13
Title of Experiment
Register Number
Date of Experiment
Sl.
No.
1
Marks Split up
Maximum marks
(50)
5
Attendance
Preparation of observation
10
Execution of experiment
15
10
Total
Marks obtained
50
Staff Signature
14
2. Define power.
3. What is charge?
4. What is network?
15
Experiment No. 1
Date :
Aim:
To verify Kirchhoffs current law and Kirchhoffs voltage law for the given
circuit.
Apparatus Required:
Sl.No.
Apparatus
1
RPS (regulated power supply)
2
Resistance
3
Ammeter
4
Voltmeter
5
Bread Board & Wires
Range
(0-30V)
330, 220 1k
(0-30mA)MC
(0-30V)MC
--
Quantity
2
6
3
3
Required
Statement:
KCL: The algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a node is equal to zero.
KVL: In any closed path / mesh, the algebraic sum of all the voltages is zero.
Precautions:
1.
Voltage control knob should be kept at minimum position.
2.
Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position.
Procedure for KCL:
1.
Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2.
Set a particular value in RPS.
3.
Note down the corresponding ammeter reading
4.
Repeat the same for different voltages
Procedure for KVL:
1.
Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2.
Set a particular value in RPS.
3.
Note all the voltage reading
4.
Repeat the same for different voltages
16
Circuit - KCL
Circuit - KVL
I1
mA
5.68
11.3
17.05
22.73
28.42
Current
I2
mA
3.12
6.18
9.37
12.49
15.62
I1
mA
5.6
17.2
28
Current
I2
mA
3.1
9.4
15.6
17
I1 = I2 + I3
I3
mA
2.56
5.12
7.68
10.24
12.68
mA
5.68
11.3
17.05
22.075
28.42
I1 = I2 + I3
I3
mA
2.2
7.6
12.7
mA
5.3
17
28.3
V1
V
0.58
1.16
1.75
2.33
2.913
Voltage
V2
V
4.41
8.83
13.2
17.67
22.08
V1
V
0.6
1.13
1.72
Voltage
V2
V
4.4
8.83
13.20
V3
V
0.583
1.17
1.75
2.33
2.915
KVL
E1 = V1 + V2
V
4.99
9.99
14.95
20
24.993
V3
V
0.56
1.19
1.78
KVL
E1 = V1 + V2
V
5
9.96
14.92
Model Calculations:
Result:
Thus Kirchoffs voltage load and Kirchoffs current law verified both
theoretically and practically.
18
19
Title of Experiment
Register Number
Date of Experiment
Sl.
No.
1
Marks Split up
Maximum marks
(50)
5
Attendance
Preparation of observation
10
Execution of experiment
15
10
Total
Marks obtained
50
Staff Signature
20
21
Experiment No. 2
Date :
Aim:
To verify the superposition theorem for the given circuit.
Apparatus Required:
Sl.No.
Apparatus
1
RPS (regulated power supply)
2
Ammeter
3
Resistors
4
Bread Board
5
Wires
Range
(0-30V)
(0-10mA)
1k, 330, 220
---
Quantity
2
1
3
-Required
Statement:
Superposition theorem states that in a linear bilateral network containing more
than one source, the current flowing through the branch is the algebraic sum of the
current flowing through that branch when sources are considered one at a time and
replacing other sources by their respective internal resistances.
Precautions:
1.
2.
Procedure:
1.
Give the connections as per the diagram.
2.
Set a particular voltage value using RPS1 and RPS2 & note down the ammeter
reading
3.
Set the same voltage in circuit I using RPS1 alone and short circuit the
terminals and note the ammeter reading.
4.
Set the same voltage in RPS2 alone as in circuit I and note down the ammeter
reading.
5.
Verify superposition theorem.
22
CIRCUIT - 1
CIRCUIT - 2
CIRCUIT - 3
TABULAR COLUMN
Theoretical Values
RPS
1
Circuit 1
10 V
10 V
Ammeter Reading
(I)
mA
I = 8.83
Circuit 2
10 V
0V
I= 3.5
Circuit 3
0V
10 V
I= 5.3
I = I I = 8.83
23
Practical Values
1
RPS
2
Circuit 1
10 V
10 V
Ammeter Reading
(I)
mA
I = 8.5
Circuit 2
10 V
0V
I= 3.5
Circuit 3
0V
10 V
I= 5
I = I I = 8.5 mA
= 3.5 + 5 = 8.5 mA
Model Calculations:
Result:
Superposition theorem have been verified theoretically and practically.
24
25
Title of Experiment
Register Number
Date of Experiment
Sl.
No.
1
Marks Split up
Maximum marks
(50)
5
Attendance
Preparation of observation
10
Execution of experiment
15
10
Total
Marks obtained
50
Staff Signature
26
4. Two inductors with equal value of L are connected in series and parallel what is the
equivalent inductance?
27
Experiment No. 3
Date :
Aim:
To verify Thevenins theorem and to find the full load current for the given
circuit.
Apparatus Required:
Sl.No.
1
2
3
4
5
Apparatus
RPS (regulated power supply)
Ammeter
Resistors
Bread Board
DRB
Range
(0-30V)
(0-10mA)
1K, 330
---
Quantity
2
1
3,1
Required
1
Statement:
Any linear bilateral, active two terminal network can be replaced by a equivalent
voltage source (VTH). Thevenins voltage or VOC in series with looking pack resistance
RTH.
Precautions:
1.
Voltage control knob of RPS should be kept at minimum position.
2.
Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position
Procedure:
1.
Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2.
Set a particular value of voltage using RPS and note down the corresponding
ammeter readings.
To find VTH
3.
Remove the load resistance and measure the open circuit voltage using
multimeter (VTH).
To find RTH
4.
To find the Thevenins resistance, remove the RPS and short circuit it and find
the RTH using multimeter.
5.
Give the connections for equivalent circuit and set VTH and RTH and note the
corresponding ammeter reading.
6.
Verify Thevenins theorem.
Theoretical and Practical Values
E(V)
VTH(V)
Theoretical
Practical
10
10
5
4.99
RTH()
495
484
28
Circuit - I
3.34
3.3
IL (mA)
Equivalent Circuit
3.34
3.36
To find VTH
To find RTH
29
Model Calculations:
Result:
Hence the Thevenins theorem is verified both practically and theoretically
30
31
Title of Experiment
Register Number
Date of Experiment
Sl.
No.
1
Marks Split up
Maximum marks
(50)
5
Attendance
Preparation of observation
10
Execution of experiment
15
10
Total
Marks obtained
50
Staff Signature
32
3. Two capacitors with equal value of C are connected in series and parallel. What is
the equivalent Capacitance?
4. Write down the formula to convert a star connected network into a delta network?
5. Write down the formula to convert a delta connected network into a star network?
33
Experiment No. 4
Date :
Aim:
To verify Nortons theorem for the given circuit.
Apparatus Required:
Sl.No.
1
Ammeter
2
3
4
5
Apparatus
Range
(0-10mA) MC
(0-30mA) MC
330, 1K
(0-30V)
---
Resistors
RPS
Bread Board
Wires
Quantity
1
1
3,1
2
1
Required
Statement:
Any linear, bilateral, active two terminal network can be replaced by an
equivalent current source (IN) in parallel with Nortons resistance (RN)
Precautions:
1.
Voltage control knob of RPS should be kept at minimum position.
2.
Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position.
Procedure:
1.
Connections are given as per circuit diagram.
2.
Set a particular value in RPS and note down the ammeter readings in the
original circuit.
To Find IN:
3.
Remove the load resistance and short circuit the terminals.
4.
For the same RPS voltage note down the ammeter readings.
To Find RN:
5.
Remove RPS and short circuit the terminal and remove the load and note
down the resistance across the two terminals.
Equivalent Circuit:
6.
Set IN and RN and note down the ammeter readings.
7.
Verify Nortons theorem.
34
To find IN
To find RN
RN
()
IL (mA)
Circuit - I
Theoretical
Values
Practical
Values
10
10.10
495
334
Equivalent
Circuit
3.34
10
10.4
485
3.4
Model Calculations:
Result:
Nortons was verified practically and theoretically
36
4.
37
Title of Experiment
Register Number
Date of Experiment
Sl.
No.
1
Marks Split up
Maximum marks
(50)
5
Attendance
Preparation of observation
10
Execution of experiment
15
10
Total
Marks obtained
50
Staff Signature
38
2. Give the value of Load voltage of D.C circuit under maximum power transfer
condition
3. Under what condition is the power delivered to a load maximum in D.C circuit?
4. Under what condition is the power delivered to a load maximum in A.C circuit?
When ZL = ZTH*
39
Experiment No. 5
Date :
Aim:
To verify maximum power transfer theorem for the given circuit
Apparatus Required:
Sl.No.
1
2
3
4
5
Apparatus
Range
(0-30V)
(0-10V) MC
1K, 1.3K, 3
---
RPS
Voltmeter
Resistor
DRB
Bread Board & wires
Quantity
1
1
3
1
Required
Statement:
In a linear, bilateral circuit the maximum power will be transferred to the load
when load resistance is equal to source resistance.
Precautions:
1.
Voltage control knob of RPS should be kept at minimum position.
2.
Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position.
Procedure:
Circuit I
1.
Connections are given as per the diagram and set a particular voltage in RPS.
2.
Vary RL and note down the corresponding ammeter and voltmeter reading.
3.
Repeat the procedure for different values of R L & Tabulate it.
4.
Calculate the power for each value of RL.
To find VTH:
5.
Remove the load, and determine the open circuit voltage using multimeter
(VTH)
To find RTH:
6.
Remove the load and short circuit the voltage source (RPS).
7.
Find the looking back resistance (RTH) using multimeter.
Equivalent Circuit:
8.
Set VTH using RPS and RTH using DRB and note down the ammeter reading.
9.
Calculate the power delivered to the load (RL = RTH)
10.
Verify maximum transfer theorem.
40
Circuit - 1
To find VTH
To find RTH
41
Power VS RL
Circuit I
Sl.No.
1
RL ()
200
I (mA)
1.3
V(V)
0.27
P=VI (watts)
0.26
400
1.2
0.481
0.53
600
1.1
0.638
0.707
800
0.771
0.771
1200
0.80
1.083
0.866
1300
0.77
1.024
0.788
1400
0.74
0.998
0.738
1500
0.71
0.968
0.687
IL (mA)
0.758
P (milli watts)
0.759
0.77
0.77
1306
Practical Value
42
Model Calculations:
Result:
Thus maximum power theorem was verified both practically and theoretically
43
44
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Batch 2
Ex No
10
11
45
Title of Experiment
Register Number
Date of Experiment
Sl.
No.
1
Marks Split up
Maximum marks
(50)
5
Attendance
Preparation of observation
10
Execution of experiment
15
10
Total
Marks obtained
50
Staff Signature
46
2. What is SIMULINK?
3. Name the toolboxes that you are using to simulate the circuit.
47
Experiment No. 6
Date :
Aim:
To simulate the given circuit using Matlab Simulink and verify Kirchhoffs
Voltage Law and Kirchhoffs Current Law.
Given Circuit:
Theortical Values:
I1= 6A , I2 = -1A , I5 = 6A , I20 = 1A , I8 = 5A
V5 = 30V , V20 = -20V , V8 = 40V
48
Simulated Circuit:
Result :
The given Circuit was simulated using Matlab Simulink and KVL and KCL was verified.
49
2)
3)
50
Title of Experiment
Register Number
Date of Experiment
Sl.
No.
1
Marks Split up
Maximum marks
(50)
5
Attendance
Preparation of observation
10
Execution of experiment
15
10
Total
Marks obtained
50
Staff Signature
51
2) When do you use Display and when do you use Scope to get the output in
MATLAB?
52
Experiment No. 7
Date :
Aim:
To simulate the given circuit using Matlab Simulink and verify Superposition theorem.
Given circuit:
53
Simulated Circuit:
a)
Considering only 20V supply and short circuiting the other sources
b)
c)
54
d)
Observation:
I=I1+I2+I3
I =6.896-1.1711-0.1528 = 5.032 A
Result:
The given circuit was simulated using Matlab Simulink and Superposition theorem
verified.
55
Aim:
To simulate the given circuit using Matlab Simulink and verify Thevenins theorem
Given Circuit
56
Simulated Circuit:
a)
57
Result:
The given circuit was simulated using Matlab Simulink and Thevenins theorem was
verified.
58
59
Title of Experiment
Register Number
Date of Experiment
Sl.
No.
1
Marks Split up
Maximum marks
(50)
5
Attendance
Preparation of observation
10
Execution of experiment
15
10
Total
Marks obtained
50
Staff Signature
60
61
Experiment No. 8
Date :
Aim:
To simulate and verify the Reciprocity & Maximum power Transfer theorem for a given
circuit using Matlab/Simulink Toolbox.
Given Circuit for simulation & verification of Reciprocity theorem
Case a) Circuit with Voltage source
62
Result:
The given circuits are simulated using Matlab Simulink and Reciprocity theorem and
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem are verified.
64
65
Title of Experiment
Register Number
Date of Experiment
Sl.
No.
1
Marks Split up
Maximum marks
(50)
5
Attendance
Preparation of observation
10
Execution of experiment
15
10
Total
Marks obtained
50
Staff Signature
66
67
Experiment No. 9
Date :
Aim : To determine the transient current and voltage across element through RL and RC
series circuits using PSPICE.
RL TRANSIENT
Given Circuit:
Output:
i)
68
ii)
RC TRANSIENT
Given Circuit:
69
Output:
i)
ii)
Result: The transient currents and voltage through the given RL and RC circuits were
determined by simulation using PSPICE.
70
3. What is the time taken for the current to reach its steady state value in RL charging
circuit?
4. What is the time taken for the voltage to reach its steady state value in RC charging
circuit?
5. What is the voltage across the capacitor after 10 sec in an RC discharging circuit?
71
Title of Experiment
Register Number
Date of Experiment
Sl.
No.
1
Marks Split up
Maximum marks
(50)
5
Attendance
Preparation of observation
10
Execution of experiment
15
10
Total
Marks obtained
50
Staff Signature
72
3. Define bandwidth.
73
Experiment No. 10
Date :
Output:
74
5. At the time of resonance, current in RLC series circuit will be maximum. Why?
75
Title of Experiment
Register Number
Date of Experiment
Sl.
No.
1
Marks Split up
Maximum marks
(50)
5
Attendance
Preparation of observation
10
Execution of experiment
15
10
Total
50
Staff Signature
76
Marks obtained
77
Experiment No. 11
Date :
Aim:
To obtain the transient response and measure the time constant of a series RL and
RC circuit for DC input.
Apparatus Required:
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Apparatus
Function Generator
Inductor
Resistor
Capacitor
Bread Board & Wires
CRO
CRO Probes
Range
800Hz
1 nF
4K
--
Quantity
1
1
1
1
Required
1
2
Theory
In this experiment, we apply a pulse waveform to the RL or RC circuit to analyze
the transient response of the circuit. The pulse-width relative to a circuits time constant
determines how it is affected by an RC or RL circuit.
Time Constant (): A measure of time required for certain changes in voltages and
currents in RC and RL circuits. Generally, when the elapsed time exceeds five time
constants (5) after switching has occurred, the currents and voltages have reached their
final value, which is also called steady-state response.
The time constant of an RC circuit is the product of equivalent capacitance and
the Thvenin resistance as viewed from the terminals of the equivalent capacitor.
= RC
A Pulse is a voltage or current that changes from one level to the other and back
again. If a waveforms hight time equals its low time, as in figure, it is called a square
wave. The length of each cycle of a pulse train is termed its period (T). The pulse width
(tp) of an ideal square wave is equal to half the time period.
Procedure for RL:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Model Calculation:
79
Result:
Thus the transient waveform is obtained for a series RL and RC circuit and the
time constant is computed practically and theoretically. The theoretical and practical time
constants are given by:
Theoretical Time Constant =
Practical Time Constant =
80
1) Why is it necessary to discharge the capacitor every time you want to record another
transient voltage across the capacitor?
2) If the capacitor remains charged, what would you expect to see across the capacitor
when you re-close the switch to try to record another transient?
81