3 Convection

Week number (5), (II)
Lecture (10)
Convection heat transfer

Convection is the mode of heat transfer between a solid surface and the
adjacent fluid (liquid or gas) that is in motion.
The faster the fluid motion, the greater the convection heat transfer. In
the absence of any bulk fluid motion, heat transfer between a solid surface
and the adjacent fluid is by pure conduction. The presence of bulk motion
of the fluid enhances the heat transfer between the solid surface and the
fluid,
Convection is classified as natural (or free) and forced
convection, depending on how the fluid motion is initiated. In forced
convection, the fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a pipe by external
means such as a pump or a fan, while in natural convection, any fluid
motion is caused by natural means such as the buoyancy effect, which
manifests itself as the rise of warmer fluid and the fall of the cooler fluid.
Convection heat transfer strongly depends on the fluid properties
dynamic viscosity , thermal conductivity k, density , and specific
heat C as well as the fluid velocity u. It also depends on the geometry
and the roughness of the solid surface, in addition to the type of fluid flow.
There are a wide variety of fluid flow problems encountered in practice
such as,
Laminar and turbulent flows
Some flows are smooth and orderly while others are rather chaotic.
The highly ordered fluid motion characterized by smooth streamlines is
called laminar. The flow of high-viscosity fluids such as oils at low
velocities is typically laminar. The highly disordered fluid motion that
typically occurs at high velocities characterized by velocity fluctuations is
called turbulent. The flow of low-viscosity fluids such as air at high
velocities is typically turbulent. The flow regime greatly influences the
heat transfer rates and the required power for pumping.
Prof. Dr. Hesham Mostafa, HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat &Mass Transfer, ME209, Sep. 2014
Page 51
Internal versus External Flow

A fluid flow is classified as being internal and external, depending on
whether the fluid is forced to flow in a confined channel or over a surface.
The flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface such as a plate, a wire, or a
pipe is external flow. The flow in a pipe or duct is internal flow if the
fluid is completely bounded by solid surfaces.
Internal flow of water in a pipe and the external flow of air over the same pipe.
Velocity boundary layer: The region of the flow above the plate
bounded by in which the effects of the viscous shearing forces caused
by fluid viscosity are felt.
The development of the boundary layer for flow over a flat plate, and the different flow regimes.
Thermal boundary layer: The flow region over the surface in which
the temperature variation in the direction normal to the surface is
significant
Thermal boundary layer on a flat plate (the fluid is hotter than the plate surface).
Page 52
The rate of convection heat transfer is expressed by Newtons law of

cooling as:
Forced Convection
)
For flow over flat plate; (ReL =

Laminar flow
5105 > ReL
Transient flow
5105 ReL 2106
Turbulent flow
ReL > 2106
For flow inside tube (Red =
Laminar flow
2200 > Red
Transient flow
4200 Red 2200
Turbulent flow
Red > 4200
Governing equations of convection heat transfer

Conservation of Mass Equation or Mass balance (Continuity equation)
Conservation of Momentum Equation (Momentum Equation)
Conservation of Energy Equation (Energy Equation)
Page 53
Dimensionless Analysis
To obtain Convection heat transfer coefficient, the governing
equations of convection heat transfer can be solved simultaneously. Also
common practice to nondimensionalize the heat transfer coefficient h
with the Nusselt number Nu as follow:
h (u, Cp, , k, L, )
h = constant [ua Cpb c kd Le f]
Where;
h: heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 C
M/T3
u: Velocity, m/s
L/T
Cp: Specific heat, J/Kg C
L2/T2
: Density, kg/m3
M/L3
ML/T3
k: Thermal Conductivity, W/mC

Lc: Characteristic Length, m
[Lc = L, for flat plates (Length of plate parallel to flow), Lc = D, for

cylinders]
: Viscosity, Kg/m.s
M/LT
MT-3-1 = Constant [(LcT-1) a (Lc2T-2 -1) b (MLc-3) c (MLcT-3 -1) d (Lc) e (MLc -1T-1) f]
1= c + d + f
0= a + 2b - 3c+ d + e - f
-3 = -a - 2b - 3d - f
-1=-b - d
From 3 and 4
-3=-a -2b -3(1-b)-f
f=b-a
Substitute in 1 and 2
c=a
e = a-1
d = 1-b
Page 54
h = constant [ua Cpb a k1-b Lca-1 b-a]

h = Constant
Nu Nusselt Number =
hL
= CRe Pr
K
[dimensionless convection heat transfer

coefficient.]
Pr Prandtl number =
Page 55

Week number (6), (I)
Lecture (11)
Convection heat transfer

(External Flow)
Laminar Flow over flat plates
Laminar, Local
Nux
(NuL=Nux2= h L/k)
Nux = 0.332Rex0.5 Pr1/3
Nu =
Constant
Laminar,
0.3778Re . Pr /
Wall
Pr
out
of
range
Local
/
Temperature and RePr > 100
0.04656 /
1+
Pr
Re=(uL)/
0.6 < Pr < 50 Nux = 0.453Rex0.5 Pr1/3
5
(Re < 510 )
Nu =
Constant
0.4637Re . Pr /
Pr out of range
Heat Flux
/
and RePr > 100
0.0207 /
1+
Pr
Note : For laminar flow only; average Nu = 2Nux=L
All Properties are calculated at Tf = (Tw +T )/2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 12
Flow
Pr
(From tables)
0.6 < Pr < 50
Air at 27C flows over a flat plate with a velocity 2 m/s .The plate is heated
over its entire length to constant temperature 60 C. Find the amount of
heat transfer from 0.4 m of the plate assume unit width.
Solution
T= 27 C,
Tw = 60 C = Constant,
u = 2 m/s,
L = 0.4 m
From tables; Air properties @ Tf = (Tw+T)/2

Tf = (Tw+T)/2 = (60+27)/2 = 43.5 C = 316.5 K
Page 56
Kg/m3
Pr = 0.7
kg/ms
k = 0.0275 W/m C
< 5 105
Re = ( u L)/ = (uL)/ =
Then the flow is laminar with;
Re < 5105, Tw = Constant,
0.6 < Pr < 50
Nux=L = 0.332 ReL0.5 Pr1/3 = 0.332 (ReL) 0.5 (0.7)1/3 =

Nu = 2 Nux=L =
Nu= h L/k
h=
W/m2C
Q = hA (Tw - T)
= h (0.4 1) (60-27)
=
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 13
Engine oil at 20 C is forced over 5 m square plate at velocity 2 m/s. The
plate is heated to uniform temperature equal to 60 C. Calculate the heat
lost by the plate.
Solution
Oil properties at Tf = (Tw+T)/2
Tf = (Tw+T)/2 = (60+20)/2 = 40 C
Then the flow is laminar

Tw = Constant
Re < 5 105
RePr > 100
Page 57
0.3778Re
Nu =
Pr
0.04656
1+
Pr
Nux=L =
Average; Nu = 2 Nux=L =
Nu= h L/k =h5/0.144
W/m2 oC
h=
A= 55= 25 m2
Q = hA (Tw - T) =
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Laminar-Turbulent Flow (5 105 < ReL < 107)

Average; NuL = Pr1/3 [0.037 ReL0.8 850]
Note: All Properties are calculated at Tf = (Tw +T)/2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 14
Air at 20C flows over a flat plate with a velocity 35 m/s. The plate is
maintained at 60 C. Assume unit depth in Z-direction and length equal 0.7
m. Calculate heat transfer from the plate.
Solution
T= 20 C
Tw = 60 C = Constant
u = 35m/s
L = 0.7 m
From tables; Air properties at Tf = (Tw+T)/2

Tf = (Tw+T)/2 = (60+20)/2 = 40 C = 313 K
=1.13 kg/m3
=1.90610-5 Kg/m3
Pr = 0.7
k = 0.0275 W/m C
ReL = ( u L)/ = 1.533 106
Page 58
Since 5 105 < ReL < 107, then the flow is Laminar-Turbulent
NuL = Pr1/3 [0.037 ReL0.8 850]
= (0.7)1/3 [0.037 (1.533 106)0.8 850] =
Nu= h L/k
h=
W/m2C
Q = hA (Tw - T)
= h (0.7 1) (60-20)
=
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 59

Solved Examples
"Part Four"
Ex. 4-1) Air at 83.4 kPa and 20C flows with a velocity of 8 m/s over a
1.5 m 6 m flat plate whose temperature is 140C. Determine the rate of
heat transfer from the plate if the air flows parallel to the (a) 6-m-long
side and (b) the 1.5-m side. (Air Properties at this pressure and
temperature: k = 0.02953 W/m C, Pr = 0.7154, = 2.548 10-5 m2/s).
Solution
1-a)
Page 60
1-b)
Note that the direction of fluid flow can have a significant effect on convection heat
transfer to or from a surface .From the above example, we can increase the heat transfer
rate by 65 percent by simply blowing the air along the long side of the rectangular plate
instead of the short side.
Page 61
Ex. 4-2) During a cold winter day,

wind at 55 km/h is blowing parallel
to a 4-m-high and 10-m-long wall of
a house. If the air outside is at 5C
and the surface temperature of the
wall is 12C, determine the rate of
heat loss from that wall by
convection. What would your
answer be if the wind velocity was doubled?
Solution
The properties of air at 1 atm and the film temperature of (Ts + T)/2 = (12+5)/2 = 8.5C
are
k 0.02428 W/m.C
1.413 10 -5 m 2 /s
Pr 0.7340
Air flows parallel to the 10 m side:

The Reynolds number in this case is
Re L
V L [(55 1000 / 3600)m/s](10 m)
1.081 10 7
5
2
1.413 10 m /s
Thus we have combined laminar and turbulent flow. Using the proper relation for
Nusselt number, heat transfer coefficient and then heat transfer rate are determined to
be
hL
0 .8
Nu
(0.037 Re L 850) Pr 1 / 3 [0.037(1.081 10 7 ) 0.8 871](0.7340)1 / 3 1.336 10 4
k
k
0.02428 W/m.C
h Nu
(1.336 10 4 ) 32.43 W/m 2 .C
L
10 m
As wL (4 m)(10 m) = 40 m 2
Q hA (T T ) (32.43 W/m 2 .C)(40 m 2 )(12 - 5)C 9081 W 9.08 kW
s
If the wind velocity is doubled:

Re L
V L [(110 1000 / 3600) m/s](10 m)
2.163 10 7
1.413 10 5 m 2 /s
Thus we have combined laminar and turbulent flow. Using the proper relation
for Nusselt number, the average heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer rate are
determined to be
hL
0 .8
Nu
(0.037 Re L 850) Pr 1 / 3 [0.037(2.163 10 7 ) 0.8 871](0.7340)1 / 3 2.384 10 4
k
k
0.02428 W/m.C
h Nu
(2.384 10 4 ) 57.88 W/m 2 .C
L
10 m
As wL (10 m)(4 m) = 40 m 2
Q hA (T T ) (57.88 W/m 2 .C)(40 m 2 )(12 - 5)C 16,206 W 16.21 kW
s
Page 62
Ex. 4-3) Consider a hot automotive engine, which can be approximated as

a 0.5-m-high, 0.40-m-wide, and 0.8-m-long rectangular block. The bottom
surface of the block is at a temperature of 80C and has an emissivity of
0.95. The ambient air is at 20C, and the road surface is at 25C. Determine
the rate of heat transfer from the bottom surface of the engine block by
convection and radiation as the car travels at a velocity of 80 km/h.
Assume the flow to be turbulent over the entire surface because of the
constant agitation of the engine block.
Solution
The properties of air the film temperature of (Ts + T)/2 = (80+20)/2 =50C are
k 0.02735 W/m.C
1.798 10 -5 m 2 /s
Pr 0.7228
Air flows parallel to the 0.4 m side. The Reynolds number in this case is
Re L
V L [(80 1000 / 3600) m/s](0.8 m)
9.888 10 5
1.798 10 5 m 2 /s
, which is less than the critical Reynolds number. But the flow is assumed to be turbulent
over the entire surface because of the constant agitation of the engine block. Using the
proper relations, the Nusselt number, the heat transfer coefficient, and the heat transfer
rate are determined to be
hL
0.037 Re L 0.8 Pr1 / 3 0.037(9.888 105 )0.8 (0.7228)1 / 3 2076
k
k
0.02735 W/m.C
h Nu
( 2076 ) 70.98 W/m 2 .C
L
0 .8 m
Nu
As wL (0.8 m)(0.4 m) = 0.32 m 2

Q conv hAs (T Ts ) (70.98 W/m 2 .C)(0.32 m 2 )(80 - 20)C = 1363 W
The radiation heat transfer from the same surface is

Q rad As (Ts 4 Tsurr 4 ) (0.95)(0.32 m 2 )(5.67 10 -8 W/m 2 .K 4 )[(80 + 273 K) 4 - (25 + 273 K) 4 ]
132 W
Then the total rate of heat transfer from that surface becomes
Q total Q conv Q rad (1363 132 ) W 1495 W
Page 63
Ex. 4-4) The forming section of a plastics plant puts out a continuous sheet
of plastic that is 1.2 m wide and 2 mm thick at a rate of 15 m/min. The
temperature of the plastic sheet is 90C when it is exposed to the
surrounding air, and the sheet is subjected to air flow at 30C at a velocity
of 3 m/s on both sides along its surfaces normal to the direction of motion
of the sheet. The width of the air cooling section is such that a fixed point
on the plastic sheet passes through that section in 2 s. Determine the rate
of heat transfer from the plastic sheet to the air.
Solution
The properties of air at the film temperature of (Ts + T)/2 = (90+30)/2 =60C are
1.059 kg/m 3
k 0.02808 W/m.C
1.896 10 -5 m 2 /s
Pr 0.7202
The width of the cooling section is first determined from

W Vt [(15 / 60) m/s](2 s) = 0.5 m
The Reynolds number is

Re L
V L
(3 m/s)(1.2 m)
1.899 10 5
1.896 10 5 m 2 /s
, which is less than the critical Reynolds number. Thus the flow is laminar. Using the
proper relation in laminar flow for Nusselt number, the average heat transfer coefficient
and the heat transfer rate are determined to be
hL
0.664 Re L 0.5 Pr 1 / 3 0.664(1.899 10 5 ) 0.5 (0.7202)1 / 3 259.7
k
k
0.0282 W/m.C
h Nu
( 259.7) 6.07 W/m 2 .C
L
1 .2 m
Nu
As 2 LW 2(1.2 m)(0.5 m) = 1.2 m 2

Q conv hAs (T Ts ) (6.07 W/m 2 .C)(1.2 m 2 )(90 - 30)C = 437 W
Page 64

Exercises
"Sheet Four"
4-1. An array of power transistors, dissipating 6 W of power each, are to
be cooled by mounting them on a 25-cm 25-cm square aluminum plate
and blowing air at 35C over the plate with a fan at a velocity of 4 m/s. The
average temperature of the plate is not to exceed 65C. Assuming the heat
transfer from the back side of the plate to be negligible and disregarding
radiation, determine the number of transistors that can be placed on this
plate.
4-2. The forming section of a plastics plant puts out a continuous sheet of
plastic that is 1.2 m wide and 2 mm thick at a rate of 15 m/min. The
temperature of the plastic sheet is
90C when it is exposed to the
surrounding air, and the sheet is
subjected to air flow at 30C at a
velocity of 3 m/s on both sides along
its surfaces normal to the direction of
motion of the sheet. The width of the
air cooling section is such that a fixed
point on the plastic sheet passes
through that section in 2 s. Determine
the rate of heat transfer from the plastic sheet to the air.
Page 65

Mid-Term Exam
30 Marks
Page 66

Lecture (12)
Internal Flow
It can be noticed that most fluids, especially liquids, are transported in
circular pipes. This is because pipes with a circular cross section can
withstand large pressure differences between the inside and the outside
without undergoing any distortion. Noncircular pipes are usually used in
applications such as the heating and cooling systems of buildings where
the pressure difference is relatively small and the manufacturing and
installation costs are lower. For a fixed surface area, the circular tube gives
the most heat transfer for the least pressure drop, which explains the
overwhelming popularity of circular tubes in heat transfer equipment.
The terms pipe, duct, tube, and conduit are usually used
interchangeably for flow sections. In general, flow sections of circular
cross section are referred to as pipes (especially when the fluid is a liquid),
and the flow sections of noncircular cross section as ducts (especially when
the fluid is a gas). Small diameter pipes are usually referred to as tubes.
Turbulent Flow inside Tube Red > 4200
Page 67
Red = ( u d)/
Tb2
Tb1
TW
Tw > Tb1
Where:
Tw > Tb2
Q = m Cp (Tb2- Tb1) =h A Z
Tb: Bulb Temperature, C

Tw: Wall Temperature, C
Cp: Specific heat at constant pressure, J/Kg C
h: Heat transfer Coefficient
W/m2C
A: Heat transfer Area, m2

Z = (Tw - Tb) av. For constant heat flux;
= (Tw - Tbav.) For constant wall temperature.
Empirical correlations for Nud For turbulent flow inside tube:
For fully developed turbulent flow Red > 4200
0.6 < Pr < 100
Nud = 0.023 Red0.8 Prn

Where n = 0.4 for heating for fluid
= 0.3 for cooling for fluid
Note: All Properties are calculated at Tb1
If the effect of viscosity variation was considered as:
Nud = 0.027
Red0.8 Pr1/3
For fully developed turbulent flow,
Red > 4200
Note: All Properties are calculated at Tb1 expect
at TW
Page 68
If the effect of entrance region was considered as:

.
Nud = 0.036 Red0.8 Pr1/3
For Turbulent Flow; 10 < L/d < 400, Red > 4200
Note: All Properties are calculated at Tb1
Laminar Flow inside Tube Red < 2200

Nud = 1.86 (Red Pr)
1/3
(d/L)
1/3
Note: All Properties are calculated at Tb,av expect
at TW
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example (15)
Water at 30 C enters a tube 5 cm in diameter and leaves at 50 C with mass
flow rate of 0.3 kg/s. Tube inner surface temperature was maintained at
100 C. Calculate tube length. [Nud=0.027 Red0.8 Pr1/3 (/w) 0.14].
Solution
d = 0.05 m
m = 0.3 Kg/s = u a = u (/4) d2 = 995 u (/4) 0.052
u = 0.153 m/s
From tables; Water properties at Tb1=30 C

= 995 Kg/m3
=8 10-4 Kg/m2
Pr = 5.4 Cp = 4177 J/kgC
K = 0.62W/mC
, at Tw = 100 C From tables = 2.83 10
Kg/m2
Re = ( u D)/ = 9555 > 4200

Then the flow is Turbulent
Nud = 0.027
Red0.8 Pr1/3
Page 69
Nud = 0.027 (9555)0.8 (5.4)1/3

Nu= h d/k
= 83.25
h= 1032 W/m2C
Q = h A (Tw - Tb av.) = m Cp (Tb2- Tb1)

)]= 0.3(4177)(50-30)
=1032 [ (0.05) L] [100 (

L = 2.58 m
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 16
Air at 100 C is heated as it flow through a tube with 25 mm in diameter at
a velocity 10 m/s. Calculate heat transfer Per unit length of the tube if a
constant heat flux condition is maintained at the tube wall and the wall
temperature is 20 C above air temperature all along the tube length. Also
find exist temperature.
Solution
Heat flux is Constant then (Tw - Tb) av. = 20 C
u = 10 m/s
d = 25 mm = 0.025 m
From tables; Air properties at Tb1

Re = ( u D)/ =
Pr =
> 4200
> 0.6
Then the flow is Turbulent

Nud = 0.023 Red0.8 Prn
Since the flow is heated then n = 0.4
Nud =
Nu= h d/k
h=
m = u a = a (/4) d2 =
W/m2C
kg/s
Q = h A (Tw - Tb) av. = m. Cp (Tb2- Tb1)
Page 70
Q = h (dL) (20) = m Cp (Tb2- 100)

=
Tb2 =
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Example 17
Water at 60C enters a tube 25 mm in a diameter at amen velocity 2 cm/s.
Tube length 3 m and wall temperature is constant and equal to 80 C. Find
exit water temperature.
Solution
From tables; Water properties at Tb1=60 C
= 983.2 Kg/m3
=4.7 10-4 Kg/m2
Pr = 3.01 Cp = 4179 J/kgC
K = 0.654 W/mC
d= 0.025 m
u = 0.02 m/s
, at Tw = 80 C From tables
Re = ( u D)/ =
< 2200
= 3.58 10 4
Then the flow is Laminar

Re Pr (d/L) = 1040 3.014 (0.025/2) >10
Nud = 1.86
[Rex0.8 Pr
(d/L)]
1/3
Nud =
Nu= h d/k
h=
m = (@Tb1 u a = a (/4) d2 =
W/m2C
kg/s
Q = h A (Tw - Tb, av.) = m. Cp (Tb2- Tb1)

Tb2 =
From tables; Water properties at Tbav.
Page 71
Tbav. = (Tb1 +Tb2)/2

=
Kg/m3
K=
W/mC
Re = ( u D)/ =
Pr =
Cp =
J/kgC
< 2200
Re Pr (d/L) =
Nud = 1.86
Kg/m2
>10
[Rex0.8 Pr
(d/L)]
1/3
Nud =
Nu= h d/k
h=
m = @Tb1 u a = a (/4) d2 =
W/m2C
kg/s
Q = h A (Tw - Tb av.) = m Cp (Tb2- Tb1)

Tb2 =
Q=
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 72

Lecture (13)
External Flow
Flow across singe tube
Red = ( u d)/
Nud = c Redn Pr1/3
All properties are calculated at Tf = (Tw+T)/2
c, n from table 3 using Re
Example 18
Air at 35 C flows across 50 mm diameter cylinder at a velocity 50 m/s.
The cylinder surface is maintained at 150 C. Calculate heat loss per unit
length of the cylinder.
Solution
= 0.966 Kg/m3,
u = 50 m/s
=4.7 10-4 Kg/m2, Pr = 0.695, k = 0.0312 W/mC
d = 50 mm = 0.05 m
Re = ( u d)/ =
Pr =
> 0.6
From table 3 using Re

c=
n=
Nud = c Redn Pr1/3

Nud =
Nu= h d/k
h=
W/m2C
Q = h A (Tw - T) = h (dL) (150-35) =
Page 73
Example 19
Find the amount of heat transfer from a hot cylinder maintained at 127
C, d=30 mm, L=1.8 m, if it is exposed to air at 27 C in the following
cases:
a) Air flow inside the tube with a velocity 7 m/s. Nud=0.023 Red0.8 Pr0.4
b) Air flow across the tube with a velocity 7 m/s. ( c=0.193, n=0.618)
Solution
a) For Flow inside the tube
From tables; Air properties at Tb1 = 27 C =300 K
= 1.1774 Kg/m3
=1.8462 10-5 kg/ms
k = 0.02624 W/m C
u = 7 m/s
Pr = 0.708
Cp = 1005 J/kgC
d = 30 mm = 0.03 m
Re = ( u d)/ = (1.1774 70.03)/ 1.8462 10-5 =13394
> 4200
0.6 < Pr < 100

Then the flow is fully developed Turbulent flow
Nud = 0.023 Rex0.8 Prxn
Since the flow is heated then n = 0.4
Nud =40.11
Nu= h d/k
h= 35.08W/m2C
Q = h A (Tw - Tb av.) = = m. Cp (Tb2- Tb1)

Tbav. = (Tb1 + Tb2 ) /2
A= dL= (0.03) 1.8 = 0.16956
m2
m = u a = u (/4) d2 = 1.1774(7)(/4) (0.03)2 = 0.005823 Kg/s

35.08 0.1696 (127 -
) = = 0.005823 (1005) (Tb2- 27)
Tb2 = 94.4 C
Q =1005 0.005823 (94.4-27) = 394.5 watt.
Page 74
b) For Air flow across the tube

From tables; Air properties at Tf = (Tw+T)/2 = 77 C = 350 K
= 0.998Kg/m3
u = 7 m/s
=2.07 10-5 Kg/ms
Pr = 0.695
k = 0.03003 W/mC
d = 30 mm = 0.03 m
Re = ( u d)/ = (0.998 70.03)/ 2.07 10-5 = 1.012 104
From table 3 using Re

c =0.193
n = 0.618
Nud = c Redn Pr1/3

Nud = 57.6
Nu= h d/k
h = 57.7 W/m2C
Q = h A (Tw - T)
= h (dL)(127-27)
= 978 W
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 75

Lecture (14)
Flow across tube banks
Cross-flow over tube banks is commonly encountered in practice in

heat transfer equipment such as the condensers and evaporators of power
plants, refrigerators, and air conditioners. In such equipment, one fluid
moves through the tubes while the other moves over the tubes in a
perpendicular direction. In a heat exchanger that involves a tube bank, the
tubes are usually placed in a shell (and thus the name shell-and-tube heat
exchanger), especially when the fluid is a liquid, and the fluid flows
through the space between the tubes and the shell.
SP
u
Sn
M (High)
SP
SD
Sn
N (Deep)
Page 76
Sn: Normal distance between two tube centers (> d)

SP: Parallel distance between two tube centers (> d)
d: Diameter of a the tube (Apply for all tubes)
Tw: Tube wall temperature (Apply for all tubes)
For In-line arrangement
m = u (Sn L) M = umax (Sn-d) L M
umax = u (Sn / Sn-d)
u
Sn
Red,max = ( umax d)/
umax
Nud = c Red,maxn Pr1/3

c, n from table 4 for Sn/d , Sp/d
Nud = h d/k
All properties at Tf = (Tw+T)/2, expect @ T1
A=dL (NM)
: Correction factor from table 5 for N
Q = h A (Tw - T, av.) =
Cp (T,2- T,1)
T, av. = (T,2+T,1)/2
--------------------------------------------------------------------Example 20
Air at 24oC flows across a bank of tubes (10 rows high & 10 rows deep)
with a speed of 10 m/s. Tube diameter was 30 mm, 1 m long and surface
temperature 130 oC. Tube bank was arranged in an in-line arrangement
with Sp =Sn =45 mm. Calculate heat lost from tube bank and exit air
temperature.
Solution
T1 =24 C
N = 10
M = 10
Sn= Sp= 45 mm (Inline arrangement)

u = 10 m/s
Tw = 130 C
d = 30 mm = 0.03 m
Page 77
Sn-d

Tf = (Tw+T)/2 = (130+ 24)/2 = 77 C = 350 K
=20.7910-6 m2 /s Pr = 0.697 k = 0.03003 W/m C, Cp = 1009
J/kgC
umax = u (Sn /( Sn-d)) = 10 (45/(45-30)) = 30 m/s
Re = (umax d)/ = 43290
Sn/d= 1.5
Sp/d=1.5
From table 4 for for Sn/d, Sp/d

c = 0.278 , n = 0.62
Nud = c Red,max Pr1/3 = 184.65
Nu= h d/k
W/m2C
h=184.84
For N= 10 from table 5, =1

A=dL (NM) = 0.031 (1010) = 9.425
m2
Air density at 297 K, =1.1915 kg/m3.

m = u (Sn L) M = 5.36
Kg/s
Q = h A (Tw - T av.) = m. Cp (T2- T1)

T, av. = (T,2+T,1)/2
T2= 53.4
Q =159004W
--------------------------------------------------------------------Example 21
Air flow at 10 C flows across a bank of tubes 15 rows high and 5 rows
deep at velocity of 7 m/s measured at a point in the flow before enters the
tube bank. The surfaces of the tubes are maintained at 65 C .Tube diameter
is 25 mm arranged in an in-line manner so that the spacing in both normal
and parallel direction to flow is 37.5 mm. Calculate the total heat transfer
per unit length of the tube and exit air temperature.
Page 78
Solution
T1 =10 C
N=5
u = 7 m/s
Tw = 65 C
M = 15
Sn= Sp= 37.5 mm
d = 25 mm = 0.025 m

Tf = (Tw+T)/2 = (65 + 10)/2 = 37.5 C = 310.5 K
=1.137 kg/m3
=1.8910-5 Kg/m3
Pr = 0.706 k = 0.027 W/m C
umax = u (Sn / Sn-d) = 7 (37.5/(37.5-25)) = 21 m/s

Red,max = ( umax d)/ = 31500
Sn/d= 1.5
Sp/d=1.5
From table 4 for Sn/d , Sp/d

c = 0.278 , n = 0.62
Nud = c Red, maxn Pr1/3 =
Nu= h d/k
W/m2C
h=
Q = h A (Tw - Tb, av.) = m Cp (T,2- T,1)

For N= 5 from table 5, =0.92
A=dL(NM) = (2510-3)1 (515) =

m = u (Sn L) M =
T2=
Q=
m2
Kg/s
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 79

Solved Examples
"Part Five"
Ex. 5-1) Air at 2 atm 200C is heated as it flow through a tube with 2.54
cm in diameter at a velocity 10 m/s. Calculate heat transfer per unit length
of the tube if a constant heat flux condition is maintained at the tube wall
and the wall temperature is 20 C above air temperature all along the tube
length. How much would the bulk temperature increase over a 3 m length
of the tube?
Solution
Page 80
Ex. 5-2) A long 10-cm-diameter steam pipe whose external surface

temperature is 110C passes through some open area that is not protected
against the winds. Determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe per unit of
its length when the air is at 1 atm pressure and 10C and the wind is
blowing across the pipe at a velocity of 8 m/s.
Solution
From table 3 for Re

c = 0.193
n = 0.618
Nud = c Rexn Prx1/3 = 124
Page 81
Ex. 5-3) Water is to be heated from 10C to 80C as it flows through a 2cm-internaldiameter 7-m-long tube. The tube is equipped with an electric
resistance heater that provides uniform heating throughout the surface of
the tube. The outer surface of the heater is well insulated, so that in steady
operation all the heat generated in the heater is transferred to the water in
the tube and the wall temperature remains constant. If the system is to
provide hot water at a rate of 8 L/min, determine the power rating of the
resistance heater.
Solution
The properties of water at the inlet bulk temperature of 10C are
990.1 kg/m 3
k 0.637 W/m.C
/ 0.602 10 -6 m 2 /s
C p 4180 J/kg.C
Pr 3.91
The power rating of the resistance heater is

m V (990 .1 kg/m 3 )(0.008 m 3 /min ) 7.921 kg/min 0.132 kg/s
Q m C p (Te Ti ) (0.132 kg/s)(4180 J/kg.C)(80 10)C 38,627 W
The velocity of water and the Reynolds number are

V
(8 10 3 / 60) m 3 / s
0.4244 m / s
Ac
( 0.02 m) 2 / 4
Vm
Re
Vm D h (0.4244 m/s)(0.02 m)
14,101
0.602 10 6 m 2 /s
, which is greater than > 4200. Therefore, the flow is fully developed turbulent flow
hDh
0.023 Re 0.8 Pr n , n 0.4
k
Nu 0.023(14,101) 0.8 (3.91) 0.4 82.79
Nu
Heat transfer coefficient is

h
k
0.637 W/m.C
Nu
(82.79) 2637 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.02 m
Then the inner surface temperature of the pipe at the exit becomes
Q hA (T T )
s
bav
38,627 W (2637 W/m2 .C)[ (0.02 m)(7 m)](Ts
(80 10)
)C
2
Ts , e 113.3C
Page 82
Ex. 5-4) During a plant visit, it was noticed that a 12-m-long section of a
10-cm-diameter steam pipe is completely exposed to the ambient air. The
temperature measurements indicate that the average temperature of the
outer surface of the steam pipe is 75C when the ambient temperature is
5C. There are also light winds in the area at 10 km/h. The emissivity of
the outer surface of the pipe is 0.8, and the average temperature of the
surfaces surrounding the pipe, including the sky, is estimated to be 0C.
Determine the amount of heat lost from the steam during a 10-h-long work
day.
Solution
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and the film
temperature of (Ts + T)/2 = (75+5)/2 = 40C
Wind
V = 10 km/h
k 0.02662 W/m.C
Steam pipe
1.702 10 -5 m 2 /s
Pr 0.7255
Ts = 75C

Re
V D (10 1000/3600) m/s(0.1 m)
1.632 10 4
1.702 10 5 m 2 /s
The Nusselt number corresponding this Reynolds number is determined to be

Nu
hD
0.62 Re 0.5 Pr 1 / 3
0.3
1/ 4
k
1 (0.4 / Pr) 2 / 3
Re 5 / 8
1

282,000
4/5
0.62(1.632 10 4 ) 0.5 (0.7255)1 / 3 1.632 10 4

0.3
1
1/ 4
282,000
1 (0.4 / 0.7255) 2 / 3
5/8
4/5
71.19
(You can solve the problem using the empirical equation given in the notes)
[Nud = c Rexn Prx1/3>>>>>>>>>>>>>> c, n from table 3 using Re]
The heat transfer coefficient is

h
k
0.02662 W/m.C
Nu
(71.19) 18.95 W/m 2 .C
D
0.1 m
The rate of heat loss by convection is

As DL (0.1 m )(12 m) 3.77 m 2
Q hAs (T s T ) (18.95 W/m 2 .C)(3.77 m 2 )(75 - 5)C = 5001 W
The rate of heat loss by radiation is

Q rad As (Ts 4 Tsurr 4 )
(0.8)(3.77 m 2 )(5.67 10 -8 W/m 2 .K 4 ) (75 273 K ) 4 (0 273 K ) 4 1558 W
The total rate of heat loss then becomes

Q total Q conv Q rad 5001 1558 6559 W
The amount of heat loss from the steam during a 10-hour work day is
Q Q total t (6.559 kJ/s )(10 h/day 3600 s/h ) 2.361 10 5 kJ/day
Page 83
Ex. 5-5) The components of an electronic system are located in a 1.5-mlong horizontal duct whose cross section is 20 cm 20 cm. The components
in the duct are not allowed to come into direct contact with cooling air, and
thus are cooled by air at 30C flowing over the duct with a velocity of 200
m/min. If the surface temperature of the duct is not to exceed 65C,
determine the total power rating of the electronic devices that can be
mounted into the duct.
Solution
The properties of air at 1 atm and the film temperature of (Ts + T)/2 = (65+30)/2 =
47.5C are
k 0.02717 W/m.C
1.774 10- 5 m 2 /s
Pr 0.7235
Re
V D (200/60) m/s(0.2 m)
3.758 10 4
1.774 10 5 m 2 /s
Using the relation for a square duct, the Nusselt number is determined to be
Nu
hD
0.102 Re 0.675 Pr 1 / 3 0.102(3.758 10 4 ) 0.675 (0.7235)1 / 3 112.2
k
(You can solve the problem using the empirical equation given in the notes)
[Nud = c Rexn Prx1/3>>>>>>>>>>>>>> c, n from table 3 using Re]
The heat transfer coefficient is
h
k
0.02717 W/m.C
Nu
(112.2) 15.24 W/m 2 .C
D
0 .2 m
Then the rate of heat transfer from the duct becomes

As ( 4 0.2 m )(1.5 m) 1.2 m 2
Q hAs (T s T ) (15.24 W/m 2 .C)(1.2 m 2 )(65 - 30) C = 640.0 W
Page 84
Ex. 5-6) Experiments have been conducted on a metallic cylinder 12.7 mm

in diameter and 94 mm long. The cylinder is heated internally by an
electrical heater and is subjected to a cross flow of air in a low-speed wind
tunnel. Under a specific set of operating conditions for which the upstream
air velocity and temperature maintained at u = 10 m/s and 26.3C,
respectively, the heater power dissipation was measured to be P = 46 W,
while the average cylinder surface
temperature was determined to be Ts =
128.4 C. It is estimated 15% of the power
dissipation is lost through the cumulative
effect of surface radiation and conduction
through the cumulative effect of surface
radiation and conduction through the
endpieces. Determine the heat transfer
coefficient.
Solution
Page 85

Exercises
"Sheet Five"
5-1. A 6-mm-diameter electrical transmission line carries an electric
current of 50 A, and has a resistance of 0.002 ohm per meter length.
Determine the surface temperature of the wire during a windy day when
the air temperature is 10C and the wind is blowing across the transmission
line at 40 km/h.
5-2. Water enters a 3 mm diameter tube at 21 and leaves at 32. The flow
rate is such that the Reynolds number is 600. The tube length is 10 cm and
is maintained at a constant temperature of 60. Calculate the water flow rate.
5-3. In an industrial facility, air is to be preheated before entering a furnace
by geothermal water at 120C flowing through the tubes of a tube bank
located in a duct. Air enters the duct at 20C and 1 atm with a mean velocity
of 4.5 m/s, and flows over the tubes in normal direction. The outer diameter
of the tubes is 1.5 cm, and the tubes are arranged in-line with longitudinal
and transverse pitches of Sn = Sp = 3 cm (SL =ST). There are 6 rows (N) in
the flow direction with 10 tubes (M) in each row. Determine the rate of
heat transfer per unit length of the tubes (L=1 m).
Page 86

Lecture (15)
Free Convection
Many familiar heat transfer applications involve natural convection
as the primary mechanism of heat transfer. Some examples are cooling of
electronic equipment such as power transistors, TVs, and VCRs; heat
transfer from electric baseboard heaters or steam radiators; heat transfer
from the refrigeration coils and power transmission lines; and heat transfer
from the bodies of animals and human beings. Natural convection in gases
is usually accompanied by radiation of comparable magnitude except for
low-emissivity surfaces.
Nu = c (GrPr) m = hLc/K
T
Gr = Grashof number =
Thermal expansion
= From tables in case of water

= 1/ Tf
in case of ideal gas (Air)
g: Gravitational acceleration =9.8 m/s2

Lc Characteristic length m
= L for vertical wall or cylinder
= d for horizontal Cylinder
c , m from table 6
All properties at Tf = (Tw+T)/2
T
GrPr =
GrPr =
GrPr =
Page 87
Example 22
Find the amount of heat transfer from a hot cylinder of 30 cm in diameter,
2m long if Tw=27oC exposed to:
a) Still air at 7 oC
b) Still water at 7 oC.
Solve in case of horizontal and vertical position.
Solution
a) For Still air (free convection)

1-Horizontal Position
From tables; Air properties at Tf =Tw+T/2
Tf = (27+7)/2=17 oC=290 K
From air tables
Pr= 0.71
= 1.4810-5
k=0.0254 w/m oC
Lc= d =0.3 m
=1/ Tf = 1/ 290
Gr =
T T
Gr = 5.9106
Gr Pr = 5.9106 0.7081 = 81.69106

From table 6
c = 0.53, m = 0.25
Nu=C (Gr Pr)m = (h Lc /k)=( hd/k)

h = 3.9 w/m2 oC
Q=hA (Tw-T) =h ( dL) (Tw-T) =
Watt
2- Vertical Position
Lc =L=2 m
Gr =
T T =
Page 88
Gr Pr =
c, m (From table 6)
Nu = C (Gr Pr) m = (hLc /k)

w/m2 oC
h=
Q=hA (Tw-T) =h ( dL) (Tw-T) =
Watt
b- For Water (free convection)

1-Horizontal Position
From tables; Water properties at Tf = (Tw+T)/2
Tf = (27+7)/2=17 oC
= 1.015 1010 (From water tables)
Lc= d =0.3 m
Gr Pr = (
Gr Pr =
)L
T T
c, m (From table 6)
Nu=C (Gr Pr) m = (hLc/k) = (hd/k)

W/m2 oC
h=
Q=hA (Tw-T) =h ( d L) (Tw-T)

2- Vertical Position
= 1.015 1010 (From water tables)
Lc =L=2 m
Gr Pr = (
Gr Pr =
)L
T T
c, m (From table 6)
Nu=C (Gr Pr) m = (hLc/k)

h=
w/m2 oC
Q = hA (Tw-T) =h ( d L) (Tw-T) =
Watt
Page 89

Solved Examples
"Part Six"
Ex. 6.1) A large vertical plate 4.0 m high is maintained at 60 oC and
exposed to atmospheric air at 10 oC. Calculate the heat transfer if the plate
is 10m wide.
Solution
Page 90
Ex. 6.2) A 2 cm diameter horizontal heater is maintained at a surface

temperature of 38C and submerged in water at 27C.Calculate the free
convection heat loss per unit length of heater.
Solution
Page 91
Ex. 6.3) A fine wire having a diameter of 0.02 mm is maintained at a

constant temperature of 54C by an electric current. The wire is exposed to
air at 0 C. Calculate the electric power necessary to maintain the wire
temperature if the length is 50 cm.
Solution
Page 92
Ex. 6.4) A horizontal pipe 0.3048 m in a diameter is maintained at a

temperature of 250 C in a room where the ambient air 15 C. Calculate the
free convection heat loss per meter length.
Solution
Page 93

Exercises
"Sheet Six"
6-1. A 30 cm square vertical plate is hated electrically such that a constant
heat flux condition is maintained with a total heat dissipation of 30 W. The
ambient air is at 20 C. Calculate the value of heat transfer coefficient for
the plate.
6-2. A 25 by 25 cm vertical plate is fitted with an electric heater which
produces a constant heat flux of 1000 W/m2. The plate is submerged in
water at 15 C. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient and the average
temperature of the plate and the amount of heat lost by this isothermal
surface at this average temperature.
6-3. A 10 cm length of platinum wire 0.4 mm in diameter is placed
horizontally in a container of water at 38 C and is electrically heated so
that the surface temperature at 93 C. Calculate the heat loss by the wire
6-4. A horizontal pipe 8 cm in diameter is located in where atmospheric
air is at C 20. The surface temperature of the pipe is 140 C. Calculate the
free convection heat loss per meter of pipe.
Page 94

3 Convection

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3 Convection

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Week number (5), (II)

Convection heat transfer

Internal versus External Flow

The rate of convection heat transfer is expressed by Newtons law of

For flow over flat plate; (ReL =

5105 > ReL

5105 ReL 2106

ReL > 2106

For flow inside tube (Red =

2200 > Red

4200 Red 2200

Red > 4200

Governing equations of convection heat transfer

Conservation of Momentum Equation (Momentum Equation)

Conservation of Energy Equation (Energy Equation)

Cp: Specific heat, J/Kg C

k: Thermal Conductivity, W/mC

[Lc = L, for flat plates (Length of plate parallel to flow), Lc = D, for

h = constant [ua Cpb a k1-b Lca-1 b-a]

[dimensionless convection heat transfer

Convection heat transfer

From tables; Air properties @ Tf = (Tw+T)/2

0.6 < Pr < 50

Nux=L = 0.332 ReL0.5 Pr1/3 = 0.332 (ReL) 0.5 (0.7)1/3 =

Then the flow is laminar

RePr > 100

Laminar-Turbulent Flow (5 105 < ReL < 107)

From tables; Air properties at Tf = (Tw+T)/2

Ex. 4-2) During a cold winter day,

Air flows parallel to the 10 m side:

V L [(55 1000 / 3600)m/s](10 m)

If the wind velocity is doubled:

V L [(110 1000 / 3600) m/s](10 m)

Ex. 4-3) Consider a hot automotive engine, which can be approximated as

V L [(80 1000 / 3600) m/s](0.8 m)

As wL (0.8 m)(0.4 m) = 0.32 m 2

The radiation heat transfer from the same surface is

The width of the cooling section is first determined from

The Reynolds number is

As 2 LW 2(1.2 m)(0.5 m) = 1.2 m 2

Turbulent Flow inside Tube Red > 4200

Tb: Bulb Temperature, C

A: Heat transfer Area, m2

0.6 < Pr < 100

Nud = 0.023 Red0.8 Prn

For fully developed turbulent flow,

Red > 4200

Note: All Properties are calculated at Tb1 expect

If the effect of entrance region was considered as:

Nud = 0.036 Red0.8 Pr1/3

Laminar Flow inside Tube Red < 2200

Note: All Properties are calculated at Tb,av expect

From tables; Water properties at Tb1=30 C

Pr = 5.4 Cp = 4177 J/kgC

Re = ( u D)/ = 9555 > 4200

Nud = 0.027 (9555)0.8 (5.4)1/3

Q = h A (Tw - Tb av.) = m Cp (Tb2- Tb1)

=1032 [ (0.05) L] [100 (

From tables; Air properties at Tb1

Then the flow is Turbulent

Q = h A (Tw - Tb) av. = m. Cp (Tb2- Tb1)

Q = h (dL) (20) = m Cp (Tb2- 100)

=4.7 10-4 Kg/m2

Pr = 3.01 Cp = 4179 J/kgC