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College of Engineering and Architecture

Wide-Area Control
and Protection
Anjan Bose
Washington State University
Pullman, WA

Next Generation Analytics


for the Future Grid
Richland, WA
July, 2014

College of Engineering and Architecture

Control of the Power Grid

Frequency Control (AGC)


Area-wise ONLY WIDE-AREA CONTROL
Slow (secs)
Voltage Control
Local and regional
Slow to fast
Protection
Mostly local, few special protection schemes
Fast
Stability Control
Local machine stabilizers
Remote special protection schemes
Fast

College of Engineering and Architecture

Phasor Measurements

Super PDC
PDC
PMU

PMU

PMU

PDC

PMU

PMU

PMU

College of Engineering and Architecture

What is Wide-Area Monitoring,


Protection and Control?
Wide-Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS)
First installation of PMUs was called WAMS
Wide-Area Protection
Event driven
Logic processing of non-local inputs/outputs
Switching
Now called SPS or SIPS
Wide-Area Control
Multiple non-local input/output
Analog input/output

College of Engineering and Architecture

Proposed Communications
Measurement1

Measurement i

Substation
Server 1

R
Control
Center

L
A
N

Executive Unit1
R
Substation 1

Executive Unit i
Measurement1

R
Measurement i

Substation
Server 2

L
A
N

Executive Unit1
Power System
Communication Systems

Substation 2

Executive Unit i

SPS 1
R

Measurement1

Measurement i

Substation
Server 3

SPS 2
R

L
A
N

Executive Unit1
Substation 3

Executive Unit i

College of Engineering and Architecture

Data Base Issues


Real time data base must be distributed
Large amounts of calculated data must be part of
this data base
Static data base must be distributed
Historical data base will require still another design
Substation data bases and system level data bases
have to be coordinated
All data bases in the same interconnection will
have to be coordinated
Standards will be key

College of Engineering and Architecture

What WACs are feasible?


Slow control (10-seconds)
AGC
Regional voltage control
Phasor measurements not needed
Oscillation control (seconds)
Transient stability control (sub-seconds)
Model based control

College of Engineering and Architecture

Oscillation Control
Oscillation detection already implemented
Loop has been closed in experimental systems for
actual oscillations
Damping control feasible and being considered
(already being done manually)

College of Engineering and Architecture

Transient Stability Control


Event based wide area protection (SPS)
Event based wide area control of FACTS
Measurement (PMU) based protection or control of
FACTS
Measurement based calculated control
Event based (faster than real time) calculated
control

College of Engineering and Architecture

Model Based Control


Real Time Model is updated by State Estimator
Static model updated in minutes
Hundreds of Contingency scenarios studied
Operator is alerted
Remedial Action can be calculated by OPF
Can the loop be closed?
Faster update of Real Time Model is needed

College of Engineering and Architecture

State Estimator and PMUs


Present
PMU measurements added to traditional SE
Marginal improvement in accuracy
No improvement in update frequency
Future
PMU-only SE (observability required)
Linear, sub-second updates, higher accuracy
Substation level/Area level

College of Engineering and Architecture

Closing the Loop


SE can update faster than SCADA data today
Use SE output for monitoring
Operator visualization
Alarming
Calculate Preventive Control and close loop
Calculate Corrective control
Is it fast enough to close loop?

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