Chemical Bonds

Sharing of electron
bet non metal atoms

Covalent Bonds

Ionic Bonds
Polar covalent Bonds

Non Metal accept e

Positive ion
(cation)

Equal sharing electrons

Unequal sharing electrons

Transfer of electron from

metal to non metal
Metal donate e

Non Polar covalent Bonds

Negative ion
(anion)

electrostatic forces
attraction

Covalent Polar

Na+
Ionic compound

Non polar

CI-

EN - 0.9 EN 3

EN 2.1

Diff = 3 0.9 = 2.1

EN 3

Diff = (3 2.1 ) = 0.9

Ionic

CI

Covalent polar

Difference in electronegativity

CI

CI

EN 3

EN 3

Diff = (3 3 ) = 0

Covalent Non polar

0.4

Electronegativity
1

Lewis structure

..

Electronegativity (EN)
Tendency of atom to attract/pull shared/bonding electron to itself
EN value higher pull/attract electron higher (EN value from 0.7 4)

N
H

Electronegativity
EN increase up a Group
EN increase across a Period

VSEPR

4 ECC
3 bond pair
1 lone pair

Shared electron cloud closer to O

Geometry

Polarity

Shape

Symmetrical

Diff in EN

Asymmetrical

Polarity

Electronegativity values

Polar

2.2

Li

Be

1.6

C
2.6

N
3

O
3.4

F
4

Molecule

Diff in EN

Polarity

CI

H-F

(4.0 2.2) = 1.8

Most polar

H - CI

(3.2 2.2) = 1

H - Br

(3.0 2.2) = 0.8

H-I

(2.7 2.2) = 0.5

3.2

N, O, F have high EN value

Bond polarity cancel out each other

Polar bonds molecule NON POLAR

Bond polarity cancel out each other

Polar bonds molecule POLAR

Br

2.7

Least polar

Covalent Bonds

In presence of electric field

Sharing of electron

Unequal sharing electron

Equal sharing electron

Polar covalent Bonds

Non Polar covalent Bond

Molecule is polar (dipole)

Polar covalent Bonds

Turning force / Dipole moment = Force x Distance

Unequal distribution electron due to diff EN value

Measured in Debye

shared electron closer to O

shared electron closer to F

Partial + ( +)

Separation of charges

Partial +/-

+
Formation electric dipole

Dipole moment
towards O

O
II
C
II
- O

No Turning force No dipole moment

Net dipole moment

Turning force dipole moment

Partial ()

Molecule polar

O
III
C +

Net Dipole moment

Polarity
Shape

Shape

Asymmetrical

Symmetrical

CI
Polar bonds

Polar bonds

Polar bonds

Symmetrical

Polar bonds

Asymmetrical

H
Bond polarity
dont cancel

Bond polarity
cancel

Net Dipole moment

O
Bond polarity
dont cancel

Bond polarity cancel

No Net Dipole moment

Net Dipole moment

Polar bond

Polar bond

Polar bond

Polar bond

Polarity dont cancel

Polarity cancel

Polarity dont cancel

Polarity cancel

(ASYMMETRICAL)

(SYMMETRICAL)

(ASYMMETRICAL)

No Net Dipole moment

(SYMMETRICAL)

Net dipole moment

NO net dipole moment

Net dipole moment

NO dipole moment

Molecule POLAR

Molecule NON POLAR

Molecule POLAR

Molecule NON POLAR

Bonding Forces

Bonding Forces within molecule

Ionic
bond

Covalent
bond

Bonding Forces bet molecule

Intermolecular force bet molecule (IMF)

Metallic
bond

Molecules/NOT ions
Polar

Ions
Non Polar
Ion dipole forces

Permanent dipole
Dipole/dipole attraction

Dipole/dipole attraction

Temporary dipole
(instantaneously induced dipole)
London dispersion forces

(involving H atom attach to N,O F)

Hydrogen bonding

___
Attraction bet ions with polar molecules

Polar molecule (dipole dipole attraction)

Hydrogen bonding (dipole dipole attraction)

Van Der Waals Forces attraction

Forces bet molecule

Intermolecular force bet molecule (IMF)

Forces bet molecule

Molecules

Polar

Non Polar

Permanent dipole

Temporary dipole
(instantaneously induced dipole)
London dispersion forces

Dipole/dipole attraction

Dipole/dipole attraction

Polar molecules

Non polar molecules

Polar molecules

Polar molecule (dipole dipole attraction)

Non Polar molecule (Induced dipole attraction)

Polar molecules due to diff in EN values

Hydrogen bonding (dipole dipole attraction)

Random movement /distribution of electron

Dipole/dipole interaction
H atom bond to electronegative atom, N, O, F

Electrostatic forces attraction bet molecules

Partial H+ attracted to lone pair electron on N, O, F

Electrostatic force attraction bet molecules involve H

Van Der Waals Forces attraction

Instantaneous negative charge on atom

Induced a temporary dipole separation

Electrostatic forces attraction bet molecules

Molecules
Polar

Non Polar

Permanent dipole
Dipole/dipole attraction

Temporary dipole
(instantaneously induced dipole)
London dispersion forces

Dipole/dipole attraction
Polar molecules

Polar molecules

Non polar molecules

Non Polar molecule (Induced dipole attraction)

Random movement /distribution of electron

Hydrogen bonding (dipole dipole attraction)

Polar molecule

H atom bond to electronegative atom, N, O, F

Polar molecules due to diff in EN values

Instantaneous negative charge on atom

Induced a temporary dipole separation

Partial H+ attracted to lone pair electron on N, O, F
Dipole/dipole interaction
Instantaneous dipole in one atom
induce a dipole in its neighbor

Electrostatic force attraction bet molecules involve H

-

-+

Electrostatic forces attraction bet molecules

N ---- H O ---- H F ---- H

Electrostatic forces attraction bet molecules

Requirement for H bonding

H atom bonded to N, O, F
N, O, F - highly electronegative/ small size
Attract electron close to itself Polarised H+
N---H, OH, FH bonds VERY POLAR
Very polar H+ attract closely to lone pair on N, O, F

Van Der Waals Forces attraction

Intermolecular force bet molecule (IMF)

Factors affecting VDF forces

RMM/Size

Surface Area
Pentane (C5H12)

RMM 28

RMM 72
Polar

Non Polar

Dipole dipole attraction

RMM 38
RMM 72

Induced dipole attraction

London dispersion forces

Size/ RMM increase

-London dispersion forces

- +

Number electrons increase

Van Der Waals Forces attraction

Factor affecting b/p of molecules

Temporary dipole attraction

London dispersion force

Permanent dipole attraction

Dipole/dipole attraction

Hydrogen bonding

Surface area increase

Temporary induced dipole increase

Temporary induced dipole increase

Van Der Waals bet molecule increase

Van Der Waals bet molecules increase

Types of forces/Bonding

London dispersion forces

All molecules have London dispersion forces due to uneven distribution of electron cloud

RMM same

Interaction

Strength

Boiling
Point/C

Covalent

Strongest

High

Ionic

Strong

High

Ion dipole

Strong

HIgh

Dipole- dipole
(H bond)

Moderate

High

Dipole dipole

Weak

Low

Temporary induce dipole

(London dispersion)

Weakest

Low

Factor affecting b/p of molecules

Temporary dipole attraction
London dispersion force

Factors affecting VDF forces

Permanent dipole attraction

Dipole/dipole attraction

RMM/Size

Hydrogen bonding

Surface Area
Pentane (C5H12)

RMM 28
RMM 72

RMM 38
RMM 72

H2

N2

CI2

H2O

RMM

28

71

18

Boiling
Point/C

-252

-196

-34

100

Forces

London
force

London
force

London
force

London force
Dipole/dipole
Hydrogen bonding

---

H2
London forces

- -

N2
London forces

- -

--

Size/ RMM increase

Number electrons increase

RMM same

Surface area increase

Temporary induced dipole increase

Temporary induced dipole increase

Van Der Waals bet molecule increase

Van Der Waals bet molecules increase

--

CI2
London forces

H2O
London forces
Dipole/dipole
Hydrogen bond
Hydrogen bonding

Hydrogen bonding

RMM increase - London force/VDF increase boiling point increase

RMM lowest - boiling point highest - due to hydrogen bonding

Which liquid has higher boiling point?

HCI

HBr

HI

HF

RMM

36.5

81

128

20

Boiling
Point/C

-85

-66

-35

19.5

Forces

London
force/VDF

London
force/VDF

London
force/VDF

London
force/VDF
Dipole/dipole
Hydrogen bond

Br

Br

Br

Hydrogen Bond bet

nitrogenous base

DNA

Hydrogen bonding

RMM lowest - boiling point highest - due to hydrogen bonding

RMM increase - London force/VDF increase boiling point increase

Which liquid has higher boiling point?

Br

Br

Br2

ICI

RMM

162

162

B/p/C

58

97

Forces

London
force/VDF

London
force/VDF
Dipole/dipole

Br

Br2
London forces bet molecules

Br

CI

CI

+
I

CI

ICI
London forces + Dipole dipole attraction

Which liquid has higher boiling point?

Which liquid has higher boiling point?

CH3CH2OH

CH3CH2CH2OH

CH3COOH

C2H5-O-C2H5

RMM

46

60

60

74

Boiling
Point/C

78

97

118

Forces

London
H2 bond

London
H2 bond

London
H2 bond

CH3CH2OH

RMM

44

44

46

34

Boiling
Point/C

-42

20.2

118

London

Forces

London

London
Dipole/dipole

London
Dipole/dipole
H2 bond

..........

Hydrogen
bond

CH3CHO

.......

Hydrogen
bond

C3H8

Hydrogen
bond

RMM highest

RMM - London force boiling point

No Hydrogen Bond

Stronger Hydrogen bond boiling point

C-O-H
CH3COOH boiling point higher
C=O (carbonyl) electron withdrawing gp

withdraw electron from OH gp

O-H gp more polarised

stronger H2 bond

London forces

London forces
+
Dipole/dipole

London forces
+
Dipole/dipole
+
Hydrogen Bond

Why 2 Nitrophenol has lower b/p than 4 nitrophenol?

Which NCI3 is polar but BCI3 non polar?

BCI3

NCI3

RMM

117

120

279

Boiling
Point/C

13

71

London
Intermolecular
H2 bond

Forces

London

London
Dipole/dipole

C6H5NO3
( 2 nitrophenol)

C6H5NO3
( 4 nitrophenol)

RMM

139

139

Boiling
Point/C

216

Forces

London
Intramolecular
H2 bond

polar
Non polar

-+

Molecule symmetrical

Lack intermolecular H2 bond

More intermolecular H2 bond

Lack intramolecular H2 bond

Non polar

More intramolecular H2 bond

...
.....

Intermolecular
H2 bond

...

...

Intramolecular
H2 bond

Bond polarity cancel

Dipole dipole
polar

Molecule asymmetrical

Bond polarity does not cancel

No net dipole moment

NET dipole moment

Molecule NON POLAR

Molecule POLAR

Polarity for Cis/Trans Geometrical Isomers

Cis

Melting
Point/C

Cis
dichloroethene

Trans
dichloroethene

RMM

96

96

Melting
Point/C

-80

-50

Boiling
Point/C

60

48

Cis
dichloroethene

Trans
dichloroethene

-80

-50

Cis

Trans

Trans
dichloroethene

60

48

Boiling
Point/C
Trans

Cis

Kink/ bend shape

Trans

Polar

Molecule in linear shape

...
...

... ...
... ...

......
......

Greater attraction

Molecule in kink/bend shape

Cis
dichloroethene

Non polar

Dipole dipole

Polar

Non polar

Cis isomer CI same side

Unable to pack closely together

Able to pack closely together

Bond polarity does not cancel

Less surface area for interaction

Greater surface area for interaction

Net dipole moment /POLAR

Intermolecular forces weaker

Intermolecular forces stronger

Intermolecular forces stronger

Trans isomer CI opposite side

Bond polarity cancel

NO Net dipole moment / NON POLAR

Intermolecular forces weaker

Evidence for Hydrogen Bonding

Boiling Point group 4 Hydrides

Group 4, 5, 6, 7 Hydrides
Group 4 SiH4, GeH4, SnH4
Group 5 PH3, AsH3, SbH3
Group 6 H2S, H2Se, H2Te
Group 7 HCI, HBr, HI
RMM increases

Number electron

VDF increases

High boiling point for

NH3, HF, H2O due to hydrogen bonding

H2O

H2O
2 hydrogen atoms
2 lone pairs on oxygen

HF

HF
1 hydrogen atom
3 lone pairs on fluorine

4 Hydrogen bonding available

NH3

NH3
3 hydrogen atoms
1 lone pairs on ammonia

Lack lone pairs for hydrogen bond

Lack hydrogen atoms for hydrogen bond

Which of the following molecules are polar/non polar?

ICI

BCI3

CH2CI2

SF6

NF3

CO2

+
-

Polar bond

Polar Bond

Polar Bond

Bond Polarity
exist
(Asymmetric)

Bond Polarity
cancel
(Symmetrical)

Bond Polarity
exist
(Asymmetrical)

Polar Bond

Bond Polarity
cancel
(Symmetrical)

Polar Bond

Polar Bond

Bond Polarity
exist
(Asymmetrical)

Bond Polarity
cancel
(Symmetrical)

Which of the following molecules have hydrogen bonding?

CH3CHO

CH3-C=O

CH3COCH3

CH3COOH

CH3OCH3

CH3NH2

CH3-C-CH3

CH3C-O-H CH3-O-CH3 CH3-N-H

CH3CONH2

CH3-C-N-H

II

II

II

Hydrogen NOT
attach to N,O,F

No Hydrogen Bond

Hydrogen attach
to N, O, F

No Hydrogen Bond

Hydrogen attach
to N, O, F

Hydrogen attach
to N, O, F