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DEFNTON

Dam is as an obstruction constructed across a stream or river.


At the back of this barrier water is collected forming a pool. The
side on which water is collected is called upstream side and
the other side of the barrier is called downstream side. The
pool of water which is formed upstream is called a Reservoir.
A dam is a structure which prevents the flow of water and
accumulates it in a reservoir for drinking water and farm
irrigation.

THE USES OF A DAM

Hydropower
Irrigation
Water for domestic consumption
Drought and flood control
For navigational facilities
Other additional uses is to develop fisheries
DEFINITIONS OF THE PARTS OF A DAM
Heel: contact with the ground on the upstream side
Toe: contact on the downstream side
Abutment: Sides of the valley on which the structure of the dam rest
Galleries: small rooms like structure left within the dam for checking
operations.
Diversion tunnel: Tunnels are constructed for diverting water before
the construction of dam. This helps in keeping the river bed dry.
Spillways: It is the arrangement near the top to release the excess
water of the reservoir to downstream side
Sluice way: An opening in the dam near the ground level, which is
used to clear the silt accumulation in the reservoir side.

Disadvantages of Dam

Dams detract from natural settings, ruin nature's work

Dams have inundated the spawning grounds of fish

Dams have inhibited the seasonal migration of fish


Dams have endangered some species of fish

Dams may have inundated the potential for archaeological


findings

Reservoirs can foster diseases if not properly maintained

Reservoir water can evaporate significantly

Gravity Dams:
These dams are heavy and massive wall-like structures of concrete in
which the whole weight acts vertically downwards
As the entire load is transmitted on the small area of foundation, such
dams are constructed where rocks are competent and stable.

Gravity depends on its own weight for stability


usually straight in plan although slightly curved

GRAVITY DAMS
Causes of Failure:
1. Sliding along horizontal plane (shear failure)
net force > shear resistance at that level

2. Rotation about the toe


3. Failure of material

Arch Dam
An arch dam is a curved dam which is dependent
upon arch action for its strength.
Arch dams are thinner and therefore require less
material than any other type of dam.
Curved dam which is dependent upon arch action for its strength.
Transmits most of horizontal water thrust behind them to the
abutments by the arch action.
Thinner and requires less material than any other type of dam.
Used only in narrow canyons.
Buttress Dam
Buttress dams are dams in which the face is held up
by a series of supports.
Usually, buttress dams are made of concrete and
may be reinforced with steel bars

Embankment Dam
Embankment dams are massive dams made of earth
or rock.
They rely on their weight to resist the flow of water.
Generally have some sort of water proof insides
(called the core),
which is covered with earth
or rock fill. Water will seep in through the
earth or rock fill, but
should not seep into the core. The water will seep into the core
material and should stop at the seepage line.

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