net/asterias/laporan-praktikum-destilasi-sederhana
http://majalah1000guru.net/2012/02/serba-serbi-distilasi/
http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927388 (Vaseline)
Historical evidence suggests that the principle of distillation has been in use since
ancient times. It is believed that ancient Arab chemists applied distillation for the
first time to separate perfumes.
Distillation is a physical method of assorting mixtures depending upon the
difference in the boiling point of the component substances. In simple words, the
working principle of distillation is to heat a mixture at a specific temperature, collect
the hot vapors, and condense to separate the component substance. In short, a
highly volatile compound is separated from a less-volatile or non-volatile compound
by using distillation.
Today, it is one of the most popular technique implemented for purification and
separation of a mixture. There are several methods of distillation depending on the
procedure and the instrument setup. Following are the common types.
~ In this process, the liquids are separated by evaporating and capturing them at
various points in their cooling cycle, and then immediately channeled into a
condenser.
~ Simple distillation is used for a mixture in which the boiling point of the
components differ by at least 158F (70C).
~ It is also followed for the mixtures contaminated with nonvolatile particles (solid
or oil), and those that are nearly pure with less than 10 percent contamination.
~ Steam distillation is used for the purification of mixtures in which the components
are temperature or heat sensitive; for example, organic compounds.
~ In this process, steam is introduced to the apparatus and the temperature of the
compounds are depressed, by vaporizing them at lower temperature. This way, the
temperature sensitive compounds are separated before decomposition.
~ The vapors are collected and condensed in the same way as other distillation
types.
~ The resultant liquid consists of two part, water and compound, which is then
purified by using simple distillation.
~ The process requires some initial training and skill to operate the equipment. It
also requires periodic maintenance.
~ Steam distillation is widely used for large-scale separation of essential oils, fats,
waxes, and perfumes.
~ In the batch column method, the feed to the column is provided in batch-wise
manner. The distillation process gets carried out when a batch of feed is introduced
to the column.
~ In the continuous column method, the feed to the column is introduced
continuously without any interruptions. A continuous operation is used commonly in
the industrial applications.
Out of the five main types, simple and fractional distillation types are the two widely
used methods that are applied even today in petroleum-refining industries,
laboratories, and chemical factories.
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-distillation.html
Distillation,
fractional distillation: crude-oil column [Credit: Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc.]
process involving the conversion of a liquid into vapour that is subsequently
condensed back to liquid form. It is exemplified at its simplest when steam from a
kettle becomes deposited as drops of distilled water on a cold surface. Distillation is
used to separate liquids from nonvolatile solids, as in the separation of alcoholic
liquors from fermented materials, or in the separation of two or more liquids having
different boiling points, as in the separation of gasoline, kerosene, and lubricating oil
from crude oil. Other industrial applications include the processing of such chemical
products as formaldehyde and phenol and the desalination of seawater. The
distillation process appears to have been utilized by the earliest experimentalists.
Aristotle (384322 bc) mentioned that pure water is made by the evaporation of
seawater. Pliny the Elder (ad 2379) described a primitive method of condensation
in which the oil obtained by heating rosin is collected on wool placed in the upper
part of an apparatus known as a still.
Distillation
We know that all matters are composed of tiny particles. These particles are very
small and we cant see them with our naked eyes. These particles have space
between them but at the same time, they have some attraction force also.
A pure matter consists of same kinds of particles whereas usually matter around us
is not in pure state but mixture of two or more substances such as water, minerals,
soil etc. In other words, we can say that mixture is consisted of more than one
substance that may or may not be separated.
What is Distillation?
Distillation is a method of separation of impurities from a given sample. It can be
defined as the process which is used to separate components from a mixture of two
liquids or a vapour mixture. The principle of distillation is that the component with
low boiling point will vaporize first from a mixture. In other words; distillation
process is based of boiling points of components of a mixture. The more volatile
component is cooled and condensed.
On the other hand, less volatile component will remain in original mixture. There are
various types of distillation columns which can separate components of mixture
efficiently. This is one of most common and easy technique of separation of
components from given mixture. No doubt it consumes an enormous amount of
energy in cooling and heating process.
A simple distillation method is mainly use for such mixture in which both
components are miscible in each other. Both components of such mixtures have
enough difference in their boiling points and can be boiled with decomposition.
In this process liquid mixture is heated to its boiling point and converts into vapour
state. This vapour is condensed in cold portion of apparatus to get liquid. There are
various kinds of distillation process such as simple, fractional etc. The apparatus of
distilling scented plants mainly consists of a boiler, a condenser and a collector.
Here boiler holds water and is heated to convert liquid to vapour. The condenser is a
coiled tube that is enclosed within a vessel containing cool water.
Due to cool water, vapours cool off in the tube, converts back to liquid. Terminal
part of apparatus is collector that accumulates the condensed liquids. Modern
distillation method is used for purification of water, separation of components of
crude oil and also for desalination of sea water.
Fractional distillation is used for the purification of crude oil as this separation is
based on the sizes of the hydrocarbon molecules present in crude oil mixture. The
bottom of the column is hottest in fractional distillation column; therefore heated
crude oil goes in at the bottom and vaporizes. As we move up, temperature
decreases and different hydrocarbons condense out at varying temperatures.
Simple Distillation
Simple distillation is mainly used for the separation of liquid from a mixture. In this
method, liquid is evaporated and condensed back to separate from its mixture.
Simple Distillation
For example, if we want to separate to separate pure water from a salt solution,
take a beaker of the salt solution and heat it to the boiling point. At boiling point,
liquid will convert into vapour state and vapour will pass through condenser that is
connected to another beaker or collector. By continuing this process, liquid or pure
water will collect at another side of apparatus and salt will remain in beaker.
Types of Distillation
There are several types of distillation process that mainly depends on the physical
properties of components of mixture. On the basis of column, distillation can be
classified as batch and continuous. In batch distillation column, the mixture to the
column is introduced batch-wise. In other words, the column is charged with a
'batch' followed by distillation process. After completion of one task, next batch of
feed is introduced.
This method is used for the separation of a mixture with two or more miscible
liquids. If the miscible liquids have the boiling points difference less than 25K,
fractional distillation is the best method for separation. In the apparatus of
fractional distillation, a fractionating column is fixed in between the condenser and
the distillation flask, remaining apparatus is same as simple distillation.
Proses Pengolahan Minyak Bumi dan Minyak Mentah dan Komposisinya Proses pengolahan fosil hewan menjadi minyak melewati beberapa tahap
yang cukup panjang. Mula-mula, para ahli melakukan eksplorasi, yaitu
kegiatan yang bertujuan memperoleh informasi mengenai kondisi geologi
untuk menemukan dan mendapatkan perkiraan cadangan minyak bumi.
Pada umumnya, mereka membuat peta topografi dengan pemotretan dari
udara. Setelah daerah-daerah yang akan diselidiki ditetapkan, para ahli
bumi (geologi) mencari contoh-contoh batu atau lapisan batu yang muncul
dari permukaan karang atau tebing-tebing untuk diperiksa di
laboratorium.
Kelompok Unsur: Karbon 84%; Hidrogen 14%; Sulfur Antara 1% hingga 3%;
Nitrogen Kurang dari 1%; Oksigen Kurang dari 1%; Logam Kurang dari 1%;
Garam Kurang dari 1%.
Minyak mentah yang berupa cairan pada suhu dan tekanan atmosfer
biasa, memiliki titik didih persenyawan-persenyawaan hidrokarbon yang
berkisar dari suhu yang sangat rendah sampai suhu yang sangat tinggi.
Dalam hal ini, titik didih hidrokarbon (alkana) meningkat dengan
bertambahnya jumlah atom C dalam molekulnya.
Komponen yang titik didihnya lebih tinggi akan tetap berupa cairan dan
turun ke bawah, sedangkan yang titik didihnya lebih rendah akan
menguap dan naik ke bagian atas melalui sungkup-sungkup yang disebut
menara gelembung. Makin ke atas, suhu dalam menara fraksionasi itu
makin rendah. Hal itu menyebabkan komponen dengan titik didih lebih
tinggi akan mengembun dan terpisah, sedangkan komponen yang titik
didihnya lebih rendah naik ke bagian yang lebih atas lagi. Demikian
seterusnya, sehingga komponen yang mencapai puncak menara adalah
komponen yang pada suhu kamar berupa gas.
1) Fraksi pertama
Pada fraksi ini dihasilkan gas, yang merupakan fraksi paling ringan.
Minyak bumi dengan titik didih di bawah 30 oC, berarti pada suhu kamar
berupa gas. Gas pada kolom ini ialah gas yang tadinya terlarut dalam
minyak mentah, sedangkan gas yang tidak terlarut dipisahkan pada waktu
pengeboran.
Gas yang dihasilkan pada tahap ini yaitu LNG (Liquid Natural Gas) yang
mengandung komponen utama propana (C3H8) dan butana (C4H10), dan
LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) yang mengandung metana (CH4)dan etana
(C2H6).
2) Fraksi kedua
Pada fraksi ini dihasilkan petroleum eter. Minyak bumi dengan titik didih
lebih kecil 90 oC, masih berupa uap, dan akan masuk ke kolom
pendinginan dengan suhu 30 oC 90 oC. Pada trayek ini, petroleum eter
(bensin ringan) akan mencair dan keluar ke penampungan petroleum eter.
Petroleum eter merupakan campuran alkana dengan rantai C5H12
C6H14.
3) Fraksi Ketiga
Pada fraksi ini dihasilkan gasolin (bensin). Minyak bumi dengan titik didih
lebih kecil dari 175 oC , masih berupa uap, dan akan masuk ke kolom
pendingin dengan suhu 90 oC 175 oC. Pada trayek ini, bensin akan
mencair dan keluar ke penampungan bensin. Bensin merupakan campuran
alkana dengan rantai C6H14C9H20.
4) Fraksi keempat
Pada fraksi ini dihasilkan nafta. Minyak bumi dengan titik didih lebih kecil
dari 200 oC, masih berupa uap, dan akan masuk ke kolom pendingin
dengan suhu 175 oC - 200 oC. Pada trayek ini, nafta (bensin berat) akan
mencair dan keluar ke penampungan nafta. Nafta merupakan campuran
alkana dengan rantai C9H20C12H26.
5) Fraksi kelima
Pada fraksi ini dihasilkan kerosin (minyak tanah). Minyak bumi dengan
titik didih lebih kecil dari 275 oC, masih berupa uap, dan akan masuk ke
kolom pendingin dengan suhu 175 oC - 275 oC. Pada trayek ini, kerosin
(minyak tanah) akan mencair dan keluar ke penampungan kerosin. Minyak
6) Fraksi keenam
Pada fraksi ini dihasilkan minyak gas (minyak solar). Minyak bumi dengan
titik didih lebih kecil dari 375 oC, masih berupa uap, dan akan masuk ke
kolom pendingin dengan suhu 250 oC - 375 oC. Pada trayek ini minyak gas
(minyak solar) akan mencair dan keluar ke penampungan minyak gas
(minyak solar). Minyak solar merupakan campuran alkana dengan rantai
C15H32C16H34.
7) Fraksi ketujuh
Pada fraksi ini dihasilkan residu. Minyak mentah dipanaskan pada suhu
tinggi, yaitu di atas 375 oC, sehingga akan terjadi penguapan.
Pada trayek ini dihasilkan residu yang tidak menguap dan residu yang
menguap. Residu yang tidak menguap berasal dari minyak yang tidak
menguap, seperti aspal dan arang minyak bumi. Adapun residu yang
menguap berasal dari minyak yang menguap, yang masuk ke kolom
pendingin dengan suhu 375 oC. Minyak pelumas (C16H34C20H42)
digunakan untuk pelumas mesin-mesin, parafin (C21H44C24H50) untuk
membuat lilin, dan aspal (rantai C lebih besar dari C36H74) digunakan
untuk bahan bakar dan pelapis jalan raya.
a) Perengkahan (cracking)
Dengan cara seperti ini, maka dari minyak bumi dapat dihasilkan elpiji,
nafta, karosin, avtur, dan solar. Jumlah yang diperoleh akan lebih banyak
dan mutunya lebih baik dibandingkan dengan proses perengkahan termal
atau perengkahan katalitik saja.
b) Alkilasi
c) Polimerisasi
d) Reformasi
e) Isomerisasi
Dalam proses ini, susunan dasar atom dalam molekul diubah tanpa
menambah atau mengurangi bagian asal. Hidrokarbon garis lurus diubah
menjadi hidrokarbon garis bercabang yang memiliki angka oktan lebih
tinggi. Dengan proses ini, n-butana dapat diubah menjadi isobutana yang
dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan baku dalam proses alkilasi.
2) Proses ekstraksi
Melalui proses ini, dilakukan pemisahan atas dasar perbedaan daya larut
fraksifraksi minyak dalam bahan pelarut (solvent) seperti SO2, furfural,
dan sebagainya. Dengan proses ini, volume produk yang diperoleh akan
lebih banyak dan mutunya lebih baik bila dibandingkan dengan proses
distilasi saja.
3) Proses kristalisasi
Pada proses ini, fraksi-fraksi dipisahkan atas dasar perbedaan titik cair
(melting point) masing-masing. Dari solar yang mengandung banyak
parafin, melalui proses pendinginan, penekanan dan penyaringan, dapat
dihasilkan lilin dan minyak filter. Pada hampir setiap proses pengolahan,
dapat diperoleh produk-produk lain sebagai produk tambahan. Produkproduk ini dapat dijadikan bahan dasar petrokimia yang diperlukan untuk
pembuatan bahan plastik, bahan dasar kosmetika, obat pembasmi
serangga, dan berbagai hasil petrokimia lainnya.
Desitilasi merupakan
proses pemisahan fraksi-fraksi minyak bumi berdasarkan trayek didihnya,
dengan cara pemisahan bertingkat sesuai dengan trayek didik yang telah
ditentukan. Pada dasarnya Minyak mentah yang telah ditamapung di
dalam tanki bahan baku selanjutnya akan di pompa untuk dimasukkan
kedalam CDU (Crude Destilation Unit), tetapi sebelum dimasukkan ke
dalam CDU, crude oil telah dihilangkan garamnya dengan menggunakan
desalter serta melalui alat penukar panas yang disebut dengan HE (Heat
Exchanger), crude oil menyerap panas pada HE yang menggunakan panas
dari produk yang telah diolah sebelumnya, untuk mendapatkan panas
sesuai yang diinginkan, maka crude oil akan dipanaskan lg di dalam
Furnice/tungku dengan suhu 350C, setelah itu di masukkan kedalam
kolom CDU.
Sumber : http://www.prosesindustri.com/2014/10/proses-destilasi-minyakbumi-crude-oil.html
Distillation is simply defined as a process in which a liquid or vapor mixture of two
or more substances is separated into its component fractions of desired purity, by
the application and removal of heat. The process is based on the fact that the vapor
of a boiling mixture will be richer in the components that have lower boiling points.
Hence, when this vapor is cooled and condensed, the condensate will contain more
volatile components. At the same time, the original mixture will contain more of the
less volatile material.
Sumber : http://chemeng-processing.blogspot.co.id/2009/02/basic-theorydistillation.html
Distillation is a technique by which two or more substances with different boiling
points can be separated from each other. For example, fresh water can be obtained
from seawater (water that contains salts) by distillation. When seawater is heated,
water turns into a vapor that can be condensed and captured. The salts in the
seawater remain behind.
http://www.scienceclarified.com/Di-El/Distillation.html#ixzz41CNK0cLA
http://ddbonline.ddbst.de/DIPPR105DensityCalculation/DIPPR105CalculationCGI.exe