Loads

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Loads

Related Topics
Formwork
Australian Standards
British Standards
Eurocodes -Singapore

Australian Standards

Bondek and Lysaght W shall be designed as formwork for two stages of construction.
Stage 1 prior to the placement of the concrete, which includes the time:
during handling and erection of the formwork; and
once the formwork is erected but prior to the placement of the concrete
When a live load due to stacked materials can be adequately controlled on the site at less than 4
kPa, the reduced design live load shall be clearly indicated on the formwork documentation.
Stage ll during placement of the concrete up until the concrete has set (until fcm reaches 15 MPa
and concrete is able to act flexurally to support additional loads such as stacked materials). No
loads from stacked materials are allowed until the concrete has set.
Dead Load of sheeting:
Bondek
Gsh = 0.13tbm (Gsh is in kPa, tbm is in mm)

(AS 3610-1995, Clause 4.4.2.1)

Lysaght W
Gsh = 0.1176tbm (Gsh is in kPa, tbm is in mm)
Fielders range of profiles
Fielders
Decks
KL57

BMT

Mass (kg/m2)

Ash (mm2)

0.60
0.75
1.0

8.09
9.97
13.10

956
1195
1593

RF55
2 pans

0.60
0.75
0.90
1.0

8.57
10.56
12.55
13.87

1013
1266
1519
1688

RF55
3 pans

0.60
0.75
0.90
1.0

8.38
10.32
12.27
13.56

990
1238
1485
1650

KF40
2 pans

0.60
0.75
1.0

7.04
8.67
11.39

832
1040
1386

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KF40
3 pans

0.60
0.75
1.0

6.78
8.35
10.97

800
1000
1334

KF70

0.75
1.0

9.17
12.23

1100
1467

Dead Load of concrete:

The dead load of concrete (Gc) shall include an allowance for the weight of reinforcement as well
as the effect of ponding, and is calculated as:
Bondek
Gc = (D + 0.7
Ash
)
(AS 3610-1995, Clause 4.4.2.2)
Where D = slab thickness,
24.5 kN/m3 (incl, reinforcement),
maximum deflections at
serviceability loading (maximum allowed deflections for particular deflection limits)
Lysaght W
Gc = (D + 0.7
0.5hr Ash/1000)
Where hr = 78mm (sheeting depth)
Fielders range of profiles;
Fielders Deck profiles
KF57
RF55 2 pans & 3 pans
KF40 2 pans & 3 pans
KF70

Dead load of Concrete Gc (kPa)

Gc = (D + 0.7
Ash
)
Gc = (D + 0.7
Ash
)
Gc = (D + 0.7
Ash
)
Gc = (D + 0.7
Ash
)

Uniform vertical live load:

For Stage l construction
Quvl = 1.0 kPa
For Stage ll construction
Quvll = 1.0 kPa

(AS 3610-1995, Clause 4.4.2.3)

Concentrated vertical live load:

Qc = 3.0 kPa (over an area 1.6 m2 placed at any location)
(AS 3610-1995, Clause 4.4.2.3)
Vertical live load due to stacked materials:
For Stage l construction, user defined
QMl = 4 kPa to 1 kPa if load is less than 4 kPa, this shall be clearly specified on formwork
documentation.
For Stage ll construction
QMll = 0 kPa
(AS 3610-1995, Clause 4.4.2.4)
Load combinations for strength:

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For Stage l construction

Fdl = 1.20Gsh + 1.5QUVl + 1.5QMl
(AS 1170.0-2002 Clause 4.2.2)
Pattern loading should be considered:
All spans are loaded
Only one span is loaded with factored QUV1 + QM1 loads (number of load cases should be
equal to number of spans), all the rest of spans shall be loaded with factored Gsh only.
The span is unpropped length between props (permanent or temporary)
For Stage ll construction
Fdlla = 1.20Gsh + 1.20GC + 1.5QUVll
Fdllb = 1.20Gsh + 1.20GC + QC

(AS 1170.0-2002 Clause 4.2.2)

Pattern loading should be considered:

All spans are loaded
Only one span is loaded with factored GC + QUVll loads (number of load cases should be
equal to number of spans) or GC + QC , all the rest of spans shall be loaded with Gsh only.
The span is unpropped length between props (permanent or temporary)
Load combinations for serviceability:
No Pattern loading should be considered:
Fdef = Gsh + Gc

(AS 3610-1995, Clause 4.5.4.4)

Table 5.1.1
Summary of load combinations and load cases, AS:
Load combination
Pattern Loading
Fdl = 1.20Gsh +
1.5QUVl + 1.5QMl

No of load
cases
1

1.20Gsh + 1.5QUVl + 1.5QMl

applied on all spans
1.20Gsh (applied on all spans) +
n
(1.5QUVl + 1.5QMl) (applied on
one span only)
Fdlla = 1.20Gsh +
1.20Gsh + 1.20GC + 1.5QUVll
1
1.20GC + 1.5QUVll
applied on all spans
1.20Gsh (applied on all spans) +
n
(1.25GC + 1.5QUVll) (applied on
one span only)
Fdllb = 1.20Gsh +
1.20Gsh + 1.20GC + QC
1
1.20GC + QC
applied on all spans
n
1.20Gsh (applied on all spans) +
(1.20GC + QC) (applied on one
span only)
Fdef = Gsh + Gc
Gsh + Gc (applied on all spans)
1
Note: 1.Load case is a load combination with one particular load pattern arrangement.
2. n = number of spans

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Related Topics
Loads

British Standards

Bondek, Powerdek and Smartdek shall be designed as formwork for two stages of construction.
Stage 1 prior to the placement of the concrete, which includes the time:
during handling and erection of the formwork; and
once the formwork is erected but prior to the placement of the concrete
When a live load due to stacked materials can be adequately controlled on the site at less than 4
kPa, the reduced design live load shall be clearly indicated on the formwork documentation. (4 kPa
and 1kPa options)
Stage ll during placement of the concrete up until the concrete has set (until fcm reaches 20 MPa
and concrete is able to act flexurally to support additional loads such as stacked materials). No
loads from stacked materials are allowed until the concrete has set.
Dead Load of sheeting:
Bondek
Gsh = 0.13tbm (Gsh is in kPa, tbm is in mm)
Powerdek 100
Gsh = 0.19tbm (Gsh is in kPa, tbm is in mm)
Powerdek 120
Gsh = 0.2tbm (Gsh is in kPa, tbm is in mm)
SMARTDEK
Gsh = 0.103tbm (Gsh is in kPa, tbm is in mm)
Dead Load of concrete:
The dead load of concrete (Gc) shall include an allowance for the weight of reinforcement as well
as the effect of ponding, and is calculated as:
Bondek
Gdc = (D + 0.7
sh/
)
Where D = slab thickness,
23.5 kN/m3 (wet concrete density),
maximum
deflections at serviceability loading (maximum allowed deflections for
particular deflection limits)
Powerdek
Gdc = (D + 0.7

sh

SMARTDEK
Gc = (D + 0.7
0.5hr Ash/1000)
Where hr = 51mm (sheeting depth)
Ash
Ash
Ash
Ash
Ash

(0.7mm) = 889mm2/m
(0.75mm) = 952.5mm2/m
(0.9mm) = 1142.7mm2/m
(1.0mm) = 1269.8mm2/m
(1.2mm) = 1524mm2/m

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Where can be user defined: density of concrete can vary from 23 to 27 kN/m3
With default value 23.5 kN/m3
Uniform vertical construction (live load) Qc:
For Stage l and 2 of construction

(BS 5950 : Part 4 : 1994, Clause 2.2.3.1)

Qc = 1.5 kPa
But not less than 4.5/Lp
Where Lp = effective span of profiled sheeting which is the smaller of:
- the distance between centres of permanent or temporary supports, and
- clear span between permanent or temporary supports plus overall depth of profile sheets
Storage (stacked materials ) loads Qs:
Storage loads and construction loads do not apply to the same area.
For Stage l construction, user defined
Qs = 4 kPa to 1 kPa if load is less than 4 kPa, this shall be clearly specified on formwork
documentation.
(BS 5950 : Part 4 : 1994, Clause 2.2.3.2)
Load distribution is similar to construction loads
Load combinations for strength:
Stage l construction
(BS 5950 : Part 4 : 1994, Clause 2.2.3)
F1a = DLFGsh + LLFQc
F1b = DLFGsh + LLFQs
Where defaul values for safety factors:
DLF = 1.4
LLF = 1.6
Pattern loading
Pattern loading should be considered:
All spans are loaded
Only one span is loaded with Gsh + Qc or Qs load (number of load cases should be equal to
number of spans), all the rest of spans shall be loaded with Gsh only.
The span is unpropped length between props (permanent or temporary)
Stage ll construction
Flla = DLFGsh + DLFGdc + LLFQc
Where default values for safety factors:
DLF = 1.4
LLF = 1.6
Pattern loading should be considered:
All adjacent spans should be loaded with Gsh + Qdc + Qc. Where one span is loaded with
specified value of Qc, another one with 1/3Qc, all the rest of spans loaded with Gsh only
Only one span is loaded with Gsh + Qdc + Qc load (number of load cases should be equal to
number of spans), all the rest of spans shall be loaded with Gsh only.
The span is unpropped length between props (permanent or temporary)
Load combinations for serviceability:

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No pattern loading shall be considered

Fdef = Gsh + Gdc
Summary of load combinations and load cases due to pattern loading:
Table 5.1.2
Summary of load combinations and load cases, BS:
Load combination
Pattern Loading
F1a = DLFGsh +
LLFQc

F1b = DLFGsh +
LLFQs

Flla = DLFGsh +
DLFGdc + 1.6Qc

Fdef = Gsh + Gdc

DLFGsh +LLFQc (applied on all

spans)
DLFGsh (applied on all spans) +
(LLFQc) (applied on one span
only)
DLFGsh +LLFQs (applied on all
spans)
DLFGsh (applied on all spans) +
(LLFQs) (applied on one span
only)
DLFGsh(applied on all spans) +
DLFGdc + LLFQc (applied on
adjacent spans, max. left to right)
DLFGsh(applied on all spans) +
DLFGdc + LLFQc (applied on
adjacent spans, max. right to left)
DLFGsh (applied on all spans) +
(DLFGdc + LLFQc) (applied on
one span only)
Gsh + Gdc (applied on all spans)

No of load
cases
1
n
1
n
n-1

n-1
n

Note: 1. Load case is a load combination with one particular load pattern arrangement.
2. n = number of spans
3. Load applied on adjacent spans are not equal One span of continuous sheeting shall be
loaded with weight of wet concrete plus Qc load as given above. The other span shall be taken as
loaded with the weight of the wet concrete slab plus a construction load of one-third of the basic
construction load

Related Topics
Loads

Eurocodes -Singapore

Lysaght Bondek II, Powerdek and Smartdek shall be designed as formwork for two stages of
construction to SS EN 1991-1-6:2009
Stage I:
Prior to placement of concrete:
During handling and erection of the formwork and
Once the form work is erected but prior to the placement of concrete.

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Stage II:
During placement of the concrete up until the concrete has set (until fck reaches 20 Mpa
and concrete is able to act flexurally to support additional loads such as stacked materials)
No loads from stacked material are allowed until the concrete has set.
Dead Load of sheeting:
Bondek
Gdk = 0.13tbm (Gdk is in kPa, tbm is in mm)
Powerdek 100
Gdk = 0.19tbm (Gdk is in kPa, tbm is in mm)
Powerdek 120
Gdk = 0.2tbm (Gdk is in kPa, tbm is in mm)
SMARTDEK
Gdk = 0.103tbm (Gdk is in kPa, tbm is in mm)
Gdk = Self weight of steel decking (kPa)
Dead Load of concrete:
The dead load of concrete (Gc) shall include an allowance for the weight of reinforcement and
reduction in weight due to the shape of decking profile as well as the effect of ponding. The effect
of ponding shall be taken as 0.7 of the sheeting when supporting the plastic concrete (BDII-1
design manual 1994). Dead load is calculated as:
Bondek
Gc = (D + 0.7
sh/
)
Where D = slab thickness,
Where can be user defined: density of concrete can vary from 24 to 26 kN/m3
With default value 24 kN/m3
SS EN 1991-1-1:2008 Table A1
Include a warning message when value is out of range.
maximum deflections at serviceability loading (maximum allowed deflections for particular
deflection limits)
Ash (0.75 BMT Bondek)= 1259 mm2/m
Ash (1.0 BMT Bondek) = 1678 mm2/m
Ash (1.2 BMT Bondek) = 2014 mm2/m
Powerdek
Gc = (D + 0.7

sh

Ash (100x1.0mm) = 2227 mm2/m

Ash (100x1.2mm) = 2672 mm2/m
Ash (100x1.5mm) = 3340 mm2/m
Ash (120x1.2mm) = 2833 mm2/m
Ash (120x1.5mm) = 3540 mm2/m
Smartdek
Gc = (D + 0.7
0.5hr Ash/1000)
Where hr = 51mm (sheeting depth)
Ash (0.7mm) = 889mm2/m
Ash (0.75mm) = 952.5mm2/m
Ash (0.9mm) = 1142.7mm2/m
Ash (1.0mm) = 1269.8mm2/m
Ash (1.2mm) = 1524mm2/m

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Where can be user defined: density of concrete can vary from 24 to 26 kN/m3
With default value 24 kN/m3
Uniform vertical construction (live load) Qca,:
For Stage l
Qca1 = 1.0 kPa
NA2.12 to SS EN 1991-1-6:2009
For Stage 2
Qca2= 0.75 kpa
NA2.13 to SS EN 1991-1-6:2009
Qca2 = Construction load due to work personnel and small site equipments (kPa)

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Storage (stacked materials ) loads Qcb:

Storage loads and construction loads do not apply to the same area.
For Stage l construction, user defined
Qcb = 4 kPa to 1 kPa if load is less than 4 kPa, this shall be clearly specified on formwork
documentation.
Qcb = Construction loads due to storage of movable items(kPa)
Load distribution is similar to construction loads
Mounding of concrete ( concrete heaping) loads Qcf:
For Stage 2:
SS EN 1991-1-6;2009 Table 4.2
SS EN 1994-1-1-:2009 Section9.3.2
Concrete heaping is applied over 3m x3m area and zero over remainder area.
Qcf = 0.75 kpa
IN the software this is considered as 1.6m x strip width . Strip width is 1m
If Span >3 m, then a reduction factor is applied in the software to get equivalent load:
Reduction factor = f = 2/L1 * (3000 - 4500000/L1);
Refer Euro Excel spread sheet
Load combinations for strength:
Stage 1 construction
Reference: SS EN 1990: 2008 Section 6.4.3.2 & Table A1.2(A)
F1a = 1.35 Gdk+1.5 Qca1+1.5 Qcb
Pattern loading
Pattern loading should be considered:
All spans are loaded
Only one span is loaded with Qca +Qcb load (number of load cases should be equal to
number of spans), all the rest of spans shall be loaded with Gdk only.
The span is unpropped length between props (permanent or temporary)
For Stage 2 constructions
Reference: SS EN 1990: 2008 Section 6.4.3.2 & Table A1.2(A)
Flla =1.35 Gdk+1.35 Gc+1.5 Qca2+1.5 Qcf
Pattern loading should be considered:
All spans loaded
Only one span is loaded with Gc+ Qca + Qcf load (number of load cases should be equal to
number of spans), all the rest of spans shall be loaded with Gdk only.
The span is unpropped length between props (permanent or temporary)
Load combinations for serviceability:
No pattern loading shall be considered
Fdef = Gdk + Gc
Summary of load combinations and load cases due to pattern loading:

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Table 6.1 load combinations and load cases

Load combination

Pattern Loading

F1a = 1.35 Gdk+1.5

Qca1+1.5 Qcb

1.35 Gdk+1.5 Qca1+1.5 Qcb

(applied on all spans)
1.35 Gdk (applied on all spans) +
1.5Q ca1 +1.5Qcb (applied on
one span only)

Flla =1.35 Gdk+1.35

Gc+1.5 Qca2+1.5 Qcf

Fdef = Gdk + Gc

No of load
cases
1
n

1.35 Gdk+1.35 Gc+1.5 Qca2+1.5

Qcf (applied on all spans)
1.35 Gdk (applied on all spans) +
1.35 Gc+1.5 Qca2 (applied on
one span only)

1.35 Gdk (applied on all spans) +

1.35 Gc+1.5 Qcf (applied on one
span only

1.35 Gdk (applied on all spans) +

1.35 Gc+1.5 Qca2+1.5 Qcf
(applied on one span only)
Gdk + Gc (applied on all spans)

Note: 1. Load case is a load combination with one particular load pattern arrangement.
2. n = number of spans

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Related Topics
Loads

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