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93 7 20 12:00-17:15
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12:00-13:30

13:30-13:40

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14:00-15:30

GSM/GPRS W-CDMA

15:30-15:45

15:45-16:15

E6704Alab Application

16:15-17:05

W-CDMA RF(conformance testing)

17:05-17:15

( )

ALL RIGHT RESERVED.

AGILENT OWNED THE COPYRIGHT
OF THIS PAPER.

8960 User Group Meeting

July 2004
New Challenges on
3G WCDMA
Mobile design & Testing

Michael Leung

CEng MIEE
Senior Application Consultant
Wireless Communication
Agilent Technologies Co. Ltd

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 1 -

My background
Regional Wireless Application Consultant
-

HK Government: R&D RF/protocol Engineer (3 years in HK/China)

HP/Agilent Technologies (5 years in Asia, 2 years in US/UK)
Regional Asia Support (China, Taiwan, Korea, Singapore, India).
Mobile Mfg and R&D customers:
Motorola, Nokia, BENQ, Sanyo, NEC, Samsung, LG, TCL, Konka,...
- Business Market development in Asia
- Co-work with US/Europe/Beijing R&D colleagues

Technical expertise on:

i) 2G, 2.5G
GSM, GPRS
ii) 2.75G, 3G
EDGE, WCDMA
iii) Wi-Net
Bluetooth, WLAN

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 2 -

WCDMA Mobile
Contents:
Key Challenges on 3G WCDMA mobile design:
-Understand the technical challenges from 2G to 3G
-Discussion the impact on multi-mode/multi-band
mobile design
In-Depth Technical Discussions on :
i) Receiver design & testing requirement
ii) modulator design & testing requirement
iii) Bluetooth & IEEE802 integration
iv) GPS Testing
Common Problems & Troubleshooting Technique.
Appendix (8960 WCDMA testing functions)
8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 3 -

I. Key Challenges on :
3G WCDMA mobile Design

Step 1. From GSM to WCDMA

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 5 -

CDMA Frequency Re-use

The Key to Channel Capacity
1
3

2
6

1
2

1
1
1

FDMA Re-use

CDMA Re-use
 W-CDMA (UMTS)
 cdma2000 (IS-2000)

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 6 -

The Code Domain

Baseband BW

Spread Factor

fc

fc

Encoding &
Interleaving

Walsh/OVSF
Spreading

KTBF function

fc
Background Noise

CDMA
Receiver

CDMA
Transmitter
Baseband
Data

Baseband BW

Spread BW

Walsh/OVSF
Correlator

Decode & DeInterleaving

Spurious Signals

Spread BW

Spread BW

fc
External Interference

fc
Other Cell Interference

fc
Other User Noise

Baseband
Data

Interference Sources
8960 UGM (July 2004)

W-CDMA

- Page 7 -

(3GPP)

3GPP W-CDMA Overview

Both FDD (2x 5 MHz) and TDD (1x 5 MHz)modes supported

Operation specified in bands between 1850 and 2170 MHz

BS time synchronization (e.g, GPS) not required for FDD mode

Circuit-Switched (CS) and Packet-Switched (PS) Data Channels

Network interface compatible with GSM - MAP / GPRS

Physical Parameters:

Chip rate = 3.840 Mcps

RF Bandwidth = 5 MHz

Physical Layer data rates of 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, 960, and 1920 kb/sec

Payload data rates of 12.2, 64, 128, 384, 768, and 2048 kb/sec

Frame length = 10 mSec

Fast Power Control: Bi-directional; 1500 updates/sec

Uplink Frequency
1920-1980 M Hz
1850-1910 M Hz
1710-1785 M Hz
8960 UGM (July 2004)

Downlink Frequency
2110-2170 MHz
1930-1990 MHz
1805-1880 MHz

Rx/Tx Frequency Separation

190 M Hz
80 MHz
95 MHz

- Page 8 -

Step 2.
Overview- WCDMA mobile

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 9 -

Generic Digital Phone Block Diagram

IF

RF

Digital

A/D

Rx VGA

Downconverter

Audio
Out

D/A

Quadrature
Demodulator

Receive Path
LNA

Baseband

0
Phase
Splitter
90

Channel
Equalizer &
Decoder

Memory

A/D
PLL

T/R Switch
or Duplexer

N x Synthesizers

RSSI

A/D

AGC

D/A

Pwr/Burst Cntrl

Speech
Decode

DSP

D/A

AGC

Controller

Speech
Encode

D/A
D/A

S
Power Amp

Driver Upconverter

Tx VGA

Transmit Path

0
Phase
Splitter
90
Quadrature
Modulator

Channel
Encoder &
Spectral
Shaping
D/
A
A/
D

8960 UGM (July 2004)

To Codec,
RF section,
keyboard &
display

Audio
In

- Page 10 -

Multi-mode WCDMA Mobile

(WCDMA, GSM, EDGE)

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 11 -

Multi-mode WCDMA Mobile

(WCDMA, GSM, EDGE)

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 12 -

Single-mode WCDMA Mobile (WCDMA only)

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 13 -

Single-mode WCDMA Mobile (WCDMA only)

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 14 -

Step 3. WCDMA Receiver

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 15 -

WCDMA Mobile Receiver

WCDMA Receive Path
Gain =12 dB
NF =1.5dB
IL=1dB
BW=60MHz

LNA

Gain = 8 dB
NF = 12 dB

Gain = 0 dB
NF = 3 dB

Down-converter

IL=4dB
BW=5MHz

T/R Switch
or Duplexer

ADC
Gain = x dB

TX

8960 UGM (July 2004)

Rx VGA

- Page 16 -

WCDMA Mobile Receiver

Filter Insertion Loss
LNA gain
LNA noise figure
Mixer gain
Mixer noise figure
IF pre-amp gain
IF pre-amp noise
IF filter insertion loss

=1.0dB
=12dB
=1.5dB
=8.0dB
=12dB
= 0dB
= 3dB
= 4dB

=1.26 (Gain = 0.79)

=15.85
=1.41
=6.31
=15.85
=1.00
=1.99
=2.51

Composite Noise Factor (by Friis Equation)

F = 1.26 + (1.41-1)/0.79 + (15.85-1)/(0.79x15.85)
+ (1.99-1)/ (0.79x 15.85x 6.31) + ..
= 1.26+ 0.52 + 1.19 + 0.01
= 2.98
= 4.7dB
Conversion Gain
= -1 +12 + 8 + 0 4
= 15dB
8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 17 -

WCDMA Mobile Receiver

Noise Power (5MHz)
= -174dB/Hz + 10 log 5MHz
= -174 + 67
= -107dBm
Noise Power (5MHz) in ADC
= -107 + 15 + 4.7
= -87.3dBm
If input signal = -114.2dBM ( 64kbps data stream with 10-3 BER),
Signal level at X-------X is equal to:
= -114.2dBm + 15
= -99.2dBm

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 18 -

WCDMA Mobile Receiver

Min. quantization level of the ADC:
(8-bit ADC at 1V pk-pk):
1 bit level = 1V / 2N (where N = number of bits)
= 3.9mV pk-pk
= 1.95mV pk
= 1.38mV rms
= -44.2dBm ( assumed 50 Ohms impedance)
Noise Power threshold (presented to ADC) = -87.3dBm
Minimum signal input at ADC
= -44.2dBm
ADC Gain = -87.3 (-) 44.2 = 43.1dB

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 19 -

WCDMA Mobile Receiver Design

GSM

Wanted Signal

WCDMA

Noise Floor

Noise Floor

Wanted Signal

Sensitivity requirement is -117 dBm @ 12.2 kbps user data rate (34.121 Sect 6.2)
Changing user bit rate changes processing gain (PG) and also sensitivity level
PG = 10 log (3.84Mcps/user symbol rate)
8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 20 -

10

WCDMA Mobile Receiver Design

1.

Full duplex operation

TX noise at RX band must be attenuated

A good duplexer is relatively large and expensive component

2.

High chip rate

Wide BW in baseband -> higher current consumption

Wide band IF filters -> higher loss

In full duplex system TX noise at RX band may desense receiver

If we require that TX is not decreasing RX sensitivity,

noise at RX input must below thermal noise floor (-174 dBm/Hz)

Even if TX chain is relatively low noise, about 40 dB attenuation

4.

Wider band compared to GSM increases slightly filter losses and current

is needed in duplexer
consumption

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 21 -

WCDMA Mobile Receiver Design

Direct-conversion Receiver

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 22 -

11

WCDMA Mobile Receiver Design

Direct conversion problems in CDMA
1. No idle time slots for cancellation
2. High pass filtering possible (dc block in the signal path or servo feedback)
Slow transients
Large component values
3. Long-term average subtracted from signal
DSP controls analog offset
4. Digital methods
Typically for offsets 10-50 % depending on algorithm
5. Own TX interference
Leakage through duplex filter and to RX VCO
TX modulation at mixer output
Double VCO frequency f=4 GHz and differential circuits reduce coupling

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 23 -

Step 4. WCDMA Transmitter:

Power Control

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 24 -

12

UE Power Class
Tx Power Class

FDD

TDD

33 dbm (2W)

30 dbm (1W)

+1/-3 dB

+1/-3 dB

27 dbm (0.5W)

24 dbm (0.25W)

+1/-3 dB

+1/-3 dB

24 dbm (0.25W)

21 dbm (0.125W)

3
4

+/- 2dB

+/- 2dB

21 dbm (0.125W)

10 dbm (10 mW)

+/- 2dB

+/- 4dB

Receiver Sensitivity:

FDD: - 117 dBm/3.84 Mcps

TDD: - 105 dBm/3.84 Mcps
- 108 dBm/1.28 Mcps
8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 25 -

Power Control is Important for Proper Operation

In CDMA all users are
on the same frequency
and at the same time

Path Loss 2
Path Loss 1

Power control is
necessary to assure
that all signals arrive
at the same power

RX power at the Node B

(base station) receiver

Mobile 1

Mobile 2

Path Loss 1 << Path Loss 2

RX
Power

Without power control

RX
Power

With power control

User 1

User 2

W-CDMA Channel
8960 UGM (July 2004)

Base Station

User 1
User 2

W-CDMA Channel

- Page 26 -

13

Uplink Power Control

Request
Adjustment

Via TPC bits

In DPCCH

Receive
Request

SRNC
Target
SIR

Compare to
Target SIR

Calculate
SIR

Adjust

UE Power Change DPCCH = TPC x TPC_cmd

Frame #1 Frame #2

Frame #i

Frame #72

TPC = 1 dB or 2 dB (RP-TPC = 3dB)

Slot #1 Slot #2

TPC_cmd = +1, 0 , -1
1500 pwr cntrl commands per second

Slot #i

Slot #15

Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits ( k = 0-7 )

Downlink

TFCI
DPCCH

Data 1
DPDCH

TPC
DPCCH

Uplink

Data 2

Pilot

DPDCH

DPCCH

DPDCH

Data
Pilot

TFCI

FBI

TPC

DPCCH

Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits ( k = 0-6 )

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 27 -

TPC bits Processing

Single Channel
UE needs to process only one set of TPC bits per time slot to compute TPC_cmd
UTRAN will indicate which of two algorithms the UE should employ
Algorithm 1
-TPC bits interpreted as 1 or 0 are mapped directly to +1 and 1 as TPC_cmd values.
-1500 power commands will occur per second
Algorithm 2
-5 consecutive sets of TPC bits over 5 Timeslots are taken
-If all 5 sets of TPC bits =1 , then TPC_cmd = +1
-If all 5 sets of TPC bits = 0, then TPC_cmd = - 1
-If all 5 sets of TPC bits are mix of 0 and 1, then TPC_cmd = 0
Results in 3 Power commands (15/5) per Frame, hence 300 per second

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 28 -

14

TPC bits Processing

Multiple Channels (Soft Handover)
UE in SH, needs to process N sets TPC bits to compute TPC_cmd
UTRAN will indicate which of two algorithms the UE should employ
Algorithm 1
-TPC bits interpreted on per slot basis for each Node B reception
-If all TPC bits = 1, then TPC+cmd = +1 , else TPC_cmd = -1
-1500 power commands will occur per second
Algorithm 2
TPC bits are considered over 3 Timeslots to produce a value called TPC_temp for each Node B
TPC_temp = +1 , if all TPC bits = 1
TPC_temp = -1 , if all TPC bits = 0
TPC_temp = 0, if all TPC bits are mix of 1 and 0
-From this TPC_temp value for each Node B, an Integrated calculation is done to get TPC_cmd
TPC_cmd = +1 , if Average of all TPC_temp(from SH Node Bs) > 0.5
TPC_cmd = -1 , if Average of all TPC_temp(from SH Node Bs) < -0.5
Otherwise, TPC_cmd = 0
-500 commands per second
8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 29 -

W-CDMA Uplink: Coding, Spreading, Scrambling

20 ms Frames
12.2 kbps
voice
channel
2.4 kbps
signaling
channel

10 ms Frames

24 4 bi ts
DTCH
Data Bi ts

26 8 bi ts
Ad d C RC &
Tai l Bits

80 4 bi ts
1/3 Rate
Co nv. C ode r

1st
In terl eaver

40 2 bi ts
Fram e
Segment

96 bits
DCC H
Data Bi ts

12 0 bits
Ad d C RC &
Tai l Bits

36 0 bits
1/3 Rate
Co nv. C ode r

36 0 bi ts
1st
In terl eaver

90 bits
Segment
& Match

80 4 bi ts

40 ms Frames
60 kbps
(Dedicated Physical
Data Channel); up
to 6 allowed on
reverse link

DP DCH
Data Bits
3840 kcps

(Dedicated Physical
Control Channel); 1
used on reverse link

DP CCH
Data Bits

I
SF=64

C ch,6 4,16

Data OVSF
Generator

C ch,2 56 ,0

Control OVSF
Generator

3840 kcps
15 kbps

3840 kcps

SF=256

49 0 bits 49 kbps
Rate
Matchin g
TrC H
Mux
11 0 bi ts
Rate
Matchin g
11 kbps

225
Scramble Code
Generator

Clong,2
Q 3840 kcps

Pil ot, Power

Co ntr ol, &TFCI

2n d
In terl eaver

60 kbps

I Scramble Code

1,-1
Generator
Gain

CCTrCH

Clong,1

1,-1

Complex
Scrambling

Deci
by 2

I Scramble Code

+
+

Gain = - 6 dB

Complex scrambling fixes the unequal distribution of power between I & Q by continuously
rotating the constellation. Unwanted zero crossings result, & HPSK (Hybrid Phase Shift
Keying) spreading cuts these in half, reducing peak CCDF excursions.
8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 30 -

15

Uplink Higher Rate Configuration:

Add More DPDCHs
DPDCH1
Data Bits
3840 kcps

SF=4

OVSF
Generator

OVSF 2
Generator

DPDCH3
Data Bits

225
Scramble Code
Generator

3840 kcps

SF=4

3840 kcps

Gain

OVSF
Generator

Gain

DPCCH
Data Bits
3840 kcps

SF=256

OVSF
Generator

Gain

+
1,-1

Complex
Scrambling

Deci
by 2

3840 kcps

DPDCH2
Data Bits
3840 kcps

SF=4

OVSF
Generator

Up to 6 DPDCHs are allowed

Gain

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 31 -

3G Modulation Format

IS-95 Uplink Reference

Downlink Signal

Uplink Signal

OQPSK modulation

Data modulation: QPSK

Data modulation: BPSK (per channel)

No zero crossings

Complex scrambling

HPSK scrambling

Even power distribution

between axis

Equal DPDCH & DPCCH power

Significant # of zero
crossings

Even power distribution between axis

Reduced # of zero crossings
Reduced overshoot

The uplink I/Q constellation gets more complex ...

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 32 -

16

W-CDMA Uplink: I/Q Constellation View

One DPDCH & one

DPCCH
@ same amplitude

One DPDCH & one

DPCCH @ -6dB relative
to DPDCH

Three DPDCH & one

DPCCH @ -6dB relative to
DPDCH

A simple equal-power DPDCH and DPCCH test maps nicely into a QPSK measurement, but
that is not a standard transmission combination.
Different channel and power configurations significantly affect I/Q mapping and component
stress levels.

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 33 -

Step 5. WCDMA Handovers

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 34 -

17

What is Soft Handover?

MSC

Base Station 1

Land Link

Base Station 2

-Process by which the MS transmits and receives the same information

on multiple cells simultaneously.
-Number of cells in Soft Handover simultaneously are limited by
1. Rake Receiver Fingers in MS
2. Network Capacity Loading(Non-Dynamic)
8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 35 -

The Rake Receiver

Used for Soft Handoff and Multipath Detection

Amplitude

Time

Frequency

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 36 -

18

Merits and Demerits Soft Handover

Merits
-Reception from multiple sources provides additional gain after
diversity combination.
-Improves Quality of Service (reception)
De-merits
-Every additional cell in Soft Handover needs additional channel
-Results into reduction of overall network capacity.
-Enhances overall Downlink and Uplink Interference
Trade-Off
-Soft Handover cannot be eliminated in order to maintain QOS
-Network Capacity needs to be controlled.
-Optimise RF environment to limit Soft Handover , hence
balance between capacity and quality.
8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 37 -

Soft Handover
Before entering soft handover, the mobile

Measures the observed timing differences of the downlink SCHs

from the two or more base stations

Reports the timing differences back to the serving base station

The timing of the new downlink soft handover connection is adjusted

with a resolution of one symbol

This enables the rake receiver in the mobile to collect the

macrodiversity energy from the two base stations

Timing adjustments of dedicated downlink channels is carried out

with a resolution of one symbol without losing orthogonality of the
downlink codes

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 38 -

19

Soft Handover Procedure

Soft Handover procedure needs following:

- Pilot Ec/Io measurements for server and neighbors.

- Cell Addition,Cell Removal and Cell Replacement

Events detection by UE.
- Assignment and Release of Traffic Channel by
Network.

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 39 -

Soft Handover Events - Definitions

Active Set:
-Number of Pilots currently in soft handover.
-Max Limits set by the Network
-Instantaneous values depends on RF environment and Capacity
-Partially limited by Rake Receiver Fingers inside the phone
Neighbour Set
- The Number of Pilots not in Active set and measured by the phone with
detectable CPICH.

Active Set
Neighbor Set
Non Neighbors
8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 40 -

20

Soft Handover Events

Cell Addition
If,
Strongest Neighbor_Ec/Io >( Best_Pilot_Active_Set_ Ec/Io) - Range_1A
+ Hysterisis_1A
For,
A period of Time to Trigger
Than,
This neighbor Pilot is included in Active Set.

Range_1A+Hysterisis_1A (Ex: 5 dBs)

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 41 -

Soft Handover Events

Cell Removal (Event_1B)

If,
Active_Set_Pilot_Ec/Io < ( Best_Pilot_Active_Set_ Ec/Io) - Range_1B
- Hysterisis_1B
For,
A period of Time to Trigger
Than,
This neighbor Pilot is then considered for Cell Removal

Active Set
Range_1B Hysterisis_1B(ex:7 db)

Cell Addition Active Set

8960 UGM (July 2004)

Active Set Cell Removal

- Page 42 -

21

Soft Handover Events

Cell Replacement (Event_1C)

If,
Active Set is Full AND
Best_Neighbor_Pilot_Ec/Io >( Worst_Active_Set_ Pilot_Ec/Io)+
Hysterisis_1C
For,
A period of Time to Trigger
Than,
This neighbor Pilot is Replaced with the Worst Pilot in Active Set

Active Set

Active Set
Neighbor

8960 UGM (July 2004)

Cell Replacement

- Page 43 -

Soft Handover Process - Example

'T
Measurement
Quantity

'T

'T

CPICH 1

Range_1B-Hysteris_1B

Range_1A + Hysterisis

Hysterisis_1C

CPICH 2

CPICH 3

Time

Cell 1 Connected

8960 UGM (July 2004)

Event 1A
Add Cell 2

Event 1C
Replace Cell 1 with Cell 3

Event 1B
Remove Cell 3

- Page 44 -

22

Interfrequency Handovers
Interfrequency handovers arise during utilization of hierarchical cell structures (macro, micro,
indoor cells)

Several carriers and interfrequency handovers may also be used for taking care of high
capacity needs in hot spots

Interfrequency handovers are also needed to second-generation systems such as GSM

or IS-95

An efficient method is needed for making measurements on other frequencies while still
having the connection running on the current frequency

Two methods are available to do interfrequency measurements in WCDMA: Dual Receiver

and Slotted Mode

Dual receiver is considered feasible especially if the mobile uses antenna diversity

Slotted Mode is necessary if the receiver has no diversity

One receiver branch can be switched to the other frequency

The information transmitted during a 10 ms frame is compressed by puncturing or
changing the FEC rate and the mobile is free to make a quick measurement on the
other frequency

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 45 -

WCDMA-GSM Handovers Measurement Process

Since GSM use is so widespread, W-CDMA--GSM handovers are quite important

The GSM compatible multiframe structure allows similar timing for intersystem
measurements as in the GSM system itself

The needed measurement interval is not as frequent as for GSM terminals

operating in a GSM system

In this frame, change coding or puncturing to

allow payload bits to finish early so mobile
receiver is free during part of the frame.

WCDMA
UMTS
Frames

12 frames

In this frame, change coding or puncturing to

allow payload bits to finish early so mobile
receiver is free during part of the frame.

120 ms

12 frames
Measure GSM
FCCH and SCH

120 ms
Measure GSM
FCCH and SCH

TIME
8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 46 -

23

II. Multimode testing

GPS, Bluetooth, WLAN, Video

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 47 -

Multimode Mobile Testing: Agilent Solution

GPS signal testing

WCDMA testing
Bluetooth testing

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 48 -

24

Drivers for GPS in mobile phones

E 911 requirement in the USA:

Wireless networks must deploy Enhanced 911 services

FCC mandates deployment by Jan. 1, 2006

To locate the mobile phone when 911 is dialed

Commercial location-based services:

Route guidance, maps

Bus schedules, weather

Tourist attractions and restaurants nearby

Popular today in Asia (KDDI, Kyocera, Samsung, Toshiba)

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 49 -

GPS test signals

Simulate single-satellite GPS signals

Target application: GPS Receiver (RX) testing

Agilent E4438C ESG vector signal generator

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 50 -

25

GPS RX Test
Main Features:
C/A code
1 to 37 selectable satellite ID numbers
-125 kHz to +125 kHz Doppler shifts
Choice of data:
1. default data in preformatted frames
2. pseudo-random sequences
3. user-created (download to ESG)
P code (without data)
Power level accuracy: 0.5-0.6 dB to -127 dBm

External attenuators achieve power below -140 dBm

Tightly-specified phase noise performance

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 51 -

GPS personality overview

C/A code @ 1.023 Mcps

Data @ 50 bps

BPSK
modulation

L1=1.57542 GHz

 Standard civilian GPS

L-band carriers: L1 = 1.57542 GHz or L2=1.22760 GHz

C/A (coarse acquisition) code

1 to 37 selectable satellite (space vehicle) ID numbers

1.023 Mcps chip rate, default

Data modulation, choice of data formats

 Doppler Shifts Motion testing!

-125 kHz to +125 kHz

 P code and experimental parameters

P code and C/A+P code without data modulation

Adjustable filters, satellite clock, IQ phase, relative P:C/A code power...

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 52 -

26

Data choices for different applications

GPS sub-frame (10 words, 300 bits)

1. Telemetry mode

TLM

HOW

Default navigation data (8 words)

Uses: Time-of-week detection, Satellite sync, C/No tests

Selected data source

2. Raw data mode

Uses: Receiver BER tests, Pre-recorded actual NAV data

Pseudo-random bit sequence, User-created data (downloaded to ESG)
Selected data source

3. Encoded mode

Pre-computed parity bits

Uses: Save time for user->no need to calculate parity

Pseudo-random bit sequence, User-created data (downloaded to ESG)
8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 53 -

Example application #1
Sensitivity (signal/noise) test
1. Place device in a Test Mode
2. Set up GPS signal
 Choose C/A code
 Select desired satellite
 Set Doppler

GPS

 Select TLM mode

3. Turn GPS on
4. Observe C/No on PC for low power levels

Mobile Test Mode (GPS)

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 54 -

27

Example application #2
Bit Error Rate (BER) test
1. Place device in a Test Mode
2. Set up GPS signal
 Choose C/A code
 Select desired satellite (ID)

To rear panel

 Set Doppler

GPS

 Select RAW mode

 Select PN9 or PN15
3. Turn GPS on

Clock

4. Observe BER on ESG display

Data

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 55 -

Bluetooth Mobile Testing:

Example: A typical mfg test plan

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 56 -

28

WLAN / Mobile Phone Testing:

Agilent N4010A

89601A VSA Software

8960 UGM (July 2004)

- Page 57 -

Wireless Video (2G & 3G)

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29

Wireless Video Standards

DMIF (Digital media integration framework)

RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol)
RTCP (Real-time Transport Control Protocol)
SIP
(Session Initiation Protocol)
8960 UGM (July 2004)

SDP (Session Description Protocol)

RSVP (Resource Reservation protocol)
ASF
((Advanced Streaming Format))
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
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Traffic Classes and Characteristics

3G Wireless Video communication

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30

Wireless Video Data Rate comparison

H.263 & MPEG4 (below 64Kbit/s)

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What is 3G-324M?
1. Mobile video-phone application
2. Derived from ITU-T H.324 standard for
Low bit-rate multimedia communications
On circuit switched networks
With good video/speech quality and low delay
3. Incorporates changes to make it suitable for wireless communications
BER ~ 10-3 in wireless channels
Compared to BER <= 10-6 for wireline channels

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31

3G-324M Applications

Multimedia entertainment services

Telemedicine
Surveillance
Live Video Broadcasting Cable TV on the Go
Video on demand (movies, news clips)

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3G-324M in CS/PS Domains

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32

3G-324M Block Diagram

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III. Troubleshooting
on WCDMA mobile design

WCDMA?!

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33

1. Troubleshooting Tools :
Phase Discontinuity measurement

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Phase Discontinuity measurement

What is Phase Discontinuity?

WCDMA mobiles can change power each time slot, or every 667 Psec

Power steps can result in phase anomalies over the time slot boundary

Large phase jumps can lead to errors at the receiver

This phenomenon in WCDMA is labeled a Phase Discontinuity

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34

What does TS34.121 require?

Phase Discontinuity shows up in TS25.101 and 34.121 (release 5)
The measurements is a statistical Pass/Fail as below:
Phase discontinuity in
degrees

Maximum allowed rate of

occurrence in Hz

d 30

1500

30 < d 60

300

> 60

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What can be done with Phase Discontinuity?

Basic picture showing:

1.

Blue trace is discontinuity

2.

Yellow trace is RMS Phase

3.

Green trace is UE power

4.

Note

Yellow phase is relative

EVM given for each burst

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35

2. IP to RF Analysis (Data Throughput Monitor)

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IP to RF Analysis (Data Throughput Monitor)

This diagram shows that the mobile receives IP data.

Purple color is the data from IP layer.

Blue color is the data at RF layer.

The white cycle highlight a potential problem.

1. It should be sending IP data continuously without data dropping.
2. There may be problems between layers from RF to IP.
3. It is difficult to analyze why there is a data drop.

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36

IP to RF Analysis (Protocol Logging Analysis)

WCDMA /GSM/ GPRS
Protocol Analysis

8960 UGM (July 2004)

1.

GSM Layer 3

2.

LAPDm

3.

RLC

4.

PDCP

5.

NAS

6.

RRC

7.

MAC

8.

TCP_IP

9.

GMM_SM

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3. WCDMA Mobile Receiver Test

Loopback path between System Simulator and User Equipment

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37

WCDMA Mobile Receiver Test

Construction of a Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH).

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WCDMA Mobile Receiver Test

Type 1 and 2 Loopback mode

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38

WCDMA Mobile Receiver Test

Modified DTCH frame for the 33.6 kbps RMC

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WCDMA Mobile Receiver Test

A typical set of measured BER results based on the 12.2 kbps and 33.6 kbps RMCs.

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39

WCDMA Mobile Receiver Test

A typical set of measured BER results based on the 12.2 kbps and 33.6 kbps RMCs.
0.6
0.6

10
10
9

0.5
0.5

8
7

0.4
0.4

6
0.3
0.3

5
4

0.2
0.2

3
2

0.1
0.1

1
0
0
-100
-100

-101
-101

-102
-102
UE 1
UE 1

UE 2
UE 2

-103
-103
UE 3
UE 3

-104
-104

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

0
0
-107.8
-107.8

-109.6
-109.6
UE 1
UE 1

Measured BER results versus cell power

based on the 33.6 kbps RMC.
8960 UGM (July 2004)

-109.2
-109.2

-110
-110
UE 2
UE 2

-110.4
-110.4

-110.8
-110.8

UE 3
UE 3

Measured BER results versus cell power

based on the 12.2 kbps RMC
- Page 79 -

WCDMA Testing
Conclusion:
Discussion on WCDMA mobile phone design
Multi-mode phone testing
(GPS, Bluetooth, WLAN, Video)
Troubleshooting Techniques.
Appendix (8960 WCDMA testing functions)

8960 UGM (July 2004)

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40

END of Presentation
PDF Handout http://www.agilent.com.tw/find/handouts
For the latest WCDMA Test Application
information:
www.agilent.com/find/e1963a
For the latest WCDMA Lab Application
information:
www.agilent.com/find/e6703b

8960 UGM (July 2004)

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41

www.agilent.com.tw

www.agilent.com.tw/find/handouts

104 2 8
(02) 8772-5888
324 20
(03) 492-9666
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(04) 2472-6128
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(07) 535-5035

2004 Printed
in Taiwan
07/2004
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