Chaldean Magic Parte 2

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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
CHALDEANMAGIC
ITSORIGINANDDEVELOPMENT
NOTES
1Another version of this tablet has been published byMr.Sayce inRecords of the
Past,Vol.1.,p.110(secondedition).
2"Noxiouscherub.Sayce.
3 I shall presently examine more closely these names of the various Chaldean
demons.
4 TheAssyrian version reads "the demon who takes possession of a man." This is
analogoustotheEgyptiandoctrineoftheinterpenetrationofthesoulbyanevilspirit.
SeeanarticlebyM.ChabasinLeBulletinArchologue,June1855,p.44.Ed.
5"Spiritoftheneck."Sayce.
6ThispassagehasnotbeentranslatedbyMr.Sayce.
7ThisistheAccadiannameofthegodwhoiscalledinAssyrianAnu.
8Thatis,"theslaveofthetemple."
9CompareIKingsxviii.28.
10 Many explanations have already been given of the monstrous aberration of the
spirit of heathen devotion, which had produced in the religions of ancientAsia the
infamous rites of qedeschim and qedeschoth I shall not dwell therefore on this
repugnantsubject,butreferthereadertowhathasalreadybeensaid.Ionlywishto
remarkthatourmagicalformulawillhenceforthbeoneofthemostimportanttextson
thesubject.
11"Spreadingquinsyofthegullet."Sayce.
12TheAssyrianversiondoesrotrepeathereeachtime"theulcer."
13Query,anuncleandisease,Lev.xv.1,etc.Ed.
14HerewehavethefirstreferencetoacustomwellknownintheMiddleAges.A
waxenfigurewasmade,andasitmeltedbeforethefirethepersonrepresentedbyit
wassupposedsimilarlytowasteaway.ItwillberememberedthatHorace(Sat.18,30,
etseq.)speaksofthewaxenfiguremadebythewitchCanidainorderthatthelover
mightconsumeawayinthefiresoflove.RomanandMediaevalsorceryhaditsorigin
inthatofancientAccad.Ed.
15UntranslatedbySayce.
http://masseiana.org/lenormant_notes.htm
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16 The words "whose breast," in this and the following verses, are a very happy
explanatoryadditiontotheAssyrianversion.
18IntheAssyrianversion:"thecolicdisease."Isthisaformofcutaneousmaladyin
whichtheskinishardenedandcracksintosores?Ed.
19IntheAssyrianversion"poisonous consumptionwhichinthemouthmalignantly
ascends."
20 Literally, the sputa or effete matter cast off by the lungs in mucus in advanced
stagesofthedisease.
21 This qualification is added by the Assyrian version. Herpetic maladies. See the
EleventhTabletoftheIzdubarSeries,Trans.Soc.Bib.Arch.,Vol.III.partii.p.576,
andVol.IV.partI.pp.65,66.Ed.
22Hereisawordstilluntranslatable.
23 Or an unlucky month. See a list of these in Sayce's "Astronomy of the
Babylonians,"Trans.Soc.Bibl.Arch.,vol.III,part1.pp.158,159.Ed.
24CompareEccles.xl.7,"apleasantthingfortheeyestobeholdthesun."Ed.
26SeeintheplatesofM.Place'sgreatwork(Niniveetl'Assyrie)thepositionofthe
platformofthebedinthebedroomsoftheharemofthepalaceofKhorsabad.
27Wemustfollowtheinversionsofthetextinordertopreservethedivisionofthe
verses.
28Seenoteonpage3.
29Rather"theyshallneverseizehim,theyshallneverreturn."
30SeeapartialrenderingofthispassagebyMr.FoxTalbotin RecordsofthePast,
Vol.III.p.140.Ed.
31Lacuna.
32 Of these magical tablets there were at least 30,000 in the royal library of
Assurbanipal.Smith'sAssyria,p.20.Ed.
33Akindofhobgoblin.AspeciesofLemur.
34SeeNimrod et les Ecritures Cuneiformes, par Joseph Grivel, in Trans. Soc. Bib.
Arch.,III.p.137,whereSilikmulukhiisidentifiedwiththegodAmarudorMarduk.
Ed.
35ThemythicalheroIzduhar,whosenameissaidtomean,"Massoffire."Rawlinson
OntheDelugeTablet,inalettertotheAthenaeum,1873.Ed.
36PerhapsavolcanothoseneattheriverChaboraswerealwaysactive.
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
37Ninkigal,calledintheAssyrianAllat,wasthesisterofIshtarandthewifeofthe
AssyrianPlutoshewascalled"theladyofthegreatregion,"i.e.,Hades.SeeTalbot,
"ThedescentofIshtarintoHades,"RecordsofthePast,Vol.I.p.141.Ed.
38TheAssyrianversionhas"thegenius."
39Intothebodyofthepersononwhosebehalftheinvocationismade.
40ThegodwhopresidesspeciallyovertheriverTigrishekeepshisAccadianname
untiltheAssyrianepoch.HiswifeiscalledNinniuk.
41IntheAssyrianversion"thegodwhohasbegottenhim."
42TheAssyrianversionhasonly"thisman."
43TheAssyrianversionreplacesthisnamebythatofMarduk.
44EldestsonofHea,thegodoftheocean.
45Lib.ii.cap.29.
46IthoughtitbothfittingandusefultogiveinanotetheoriginofallthequotationsI
haveborrowedfromthevolumewhichwillsoonappear,andwhichIdesignatebythe
abbreviation,W.A.I.,IV.Thevolumewasissuedtothepubliconthe1stofAugust,
1875.Ed.
47SeeFoxTalbot,"theWaroftheSevenEvilSpirits,"inRecordsofthePast,Vol.V.
p.163.Ed.
48AsimilartexthasbeentranslatedbyMr.Saycein RecordsofthePast,Vol.II.p.
47,andbyMr.SmithinHistoryofAssyria,p.18.Ed.
49Danielii.2v.11.
50"Redaction"intheoriginal.Ed.
51 The ideograph which expresses this word is a complex character formed of the
signsu, which represents the idea of "gathering" and "cohibition," and the sign an,
"god." It seems therefore that the formation of this character proceeds from anidea
analogoustothatofthe[Greek]oftheNeoplatonictheurgy.
52W.A.I.,IV.col.3.
53Ishallexplainthisexpressionafterwards.
54ThissuddenchangeofpersonisacommonfeatureofallOrientalcompositionto
the present day, the Egyptian papyri and the chapters of the Koran abound with
instancesofit.Ed.
55ThisisthegreatgodBeloftheAssyrians.
56IntheAssyrian,thegoddessBelit.
57IntheAssyrianAdar,theHerculesofthereligionofthebordersofthe Euphrates
andTigris,andthegodoftheplanetSaturn.
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58IntheAssyrianSin,thegodoftheMoon.
59IntheAssyrianIshtar,thegoddessoftheplanetVenus.
60 In theAssyrian Bin or Ramanu (the biblical Rimmon), the god of the luminous
atmosphereandoftheatmosphericphenomena.
61IntheAssyrianSamas,godoftheSun.ComparetheAssyriantitleoftheSungod
Diannisu, "judge of men." Whence, probably, the title of the Indian Bacchus
Dionysus.FoxTalbot.Ed.
62IntheAssyrianAnunnairtsiti,thespiritsoftheearth.
63Theearthpersonifiedasagoddess.Thisisanallusiontoearthquakes.
64TheAssyriantextgives:"thesevengodsofthe(celestial)legions."
65W.A.I.,IV.1.
66W.A.I.,IV.2.
67Thereisabeautifulmythologicalaccountofarebellionbythesesamesevenevil
spiritsagainstthegreaterdeities,translatedbyFoxTalbotinRecordsofthePast,Vol.
V.,p.161.Anewtranslationofthisvaluablemythological document,bytheauthorof
thisbook,willbegivenintheAppendix.Ed.
68"Intheheightsofheaven."FoxTalbot.
69"Theyareseven,theyareseventwiceovertheyareseven."FoxTalbot.
70SeeanotherversionbyFoxTalbotinRecordsofthePast,Vol.II.,p.143.
71 While passing through the press M. Lenormant has found reason to prefer the
readingdugforthatofthelastsyllableofthenameofthegodwhohashithertobeen
renderedSilikmulukhi.Ed.
72SeeanotherversionbyFoxTalbotinRecordsofthePast,vol.III.,p.147.
73TheAssyriansafterwardsidentifiedhimwiththeirMarduk,thegodoftheplanet
Jupiter,buttheywerequitedifferentintheirorigin.Ed.
74W.A.I.,IV.3,4.
75Or,asweshouldcallit,acrownorring,acommonresultofscalpdiseases.Ed.
76Meaning,"hispowerovertheearthandthewatersisdiminished."
77Throbbingofthetemples,producedbythedistensionofthebloodvesselsofthe
head,andindicatingatendencytointernalcephalicdisease,contrarytothepreceding
malady.Ed.
78W.A.I.,IV.,22,1.
79WifeofHea.
80 A French lawyer, a native of Angers who died AD. 1596. His chief work, Le
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Demonomanieetdessorciers,hasbeenoftenreprinted,andisacuriouscollectionof
illustrationsofwitchcraftanddemonology.Ed.
81 A German demonologist, surnamed Piscinarius. He wrote a great book on
witchcraft,entitled,DePresiigusDmoum.HediedAD.1535.Ed.
82AFrenchwriteronDemonology,whocausedmanypersonstobeburnttodeath
forsorceryintheXVIIthcentury.HediedAD.1630.Hischiefworkis LeLivredes
Princes.Ed.
83 The winged bull which guards the gates of theAssyrian palaces is a beneficent
geniusorSedhencethisclassofspiritsreceivesalsothenameofAlap"bull,"aterm
adoptedevenintheAccadian.Thewingedlionor Nirgullu,which sometimes takes
theplaceofthebullinthesameposition,belongsalsotothecategoryoftheLamas.
84ThereisanexcellenttabletoftheserootsinW.A.I.,IV.,Pl.40.Seealsoaspecial
treatiseonthemathematicalvaluesoftheChaldeans,bytheauthorofthiswork.Essai
sur an Monument Mathematique Chaldeen, et sur le Sustm Metrique de Babylon,
Paris,1868.Ed.
85MaynotthemysticaluseofcertainnumbersbythewritersoftheJewishCabala
havehadtheiroriginfromtheseBabyloniantheories?Ed.
86ItmaybeofinteresttoSomereaderstoaddthenamesoftheangels,spiritsand
intelligencesoftheplanets.AccordingtotheCabbala,theyareasfollows:
Planet.
Sun
Venus
Mercury
Moon
Saturn
Jupiter
Mars
Angel.
Rapael
Hamiel
Michael
Gabriel
Zapkiel
Zadykiel
Chainael
Intelligence Spirit.
Nagiel
Smeliel
Hagiel
Noguel
Tiriel
Cochahieh
Elimiel
Lemanael
Agiel
Sabathiel
Sophiel
Zadakiel
Graphael Modiniel
Kircher,dipusgyptiacus,II.,parsp.210.Ed.
87W.A.I.,IV.,15.
88 There is a beautiful hymn to this potent deity, the analogue of the Agni of the
Aryans,in4R.4,I.1.6.ItistranslatedbyTalbotinRecordsofthePast,Vol.VIII,p.
137,andarevisedtranslationofthesamewillappearfurtheroninthework.
89AtownnearthejunctionoftheEuphratesandTigris,theRataofPtolemy,actually
calledAbuShahrein.ThiswastheearliestseatoftheworshipofHea.
90 The deity Marduk is often represented as holding a fir cone in his hand. See
Bonomi, Nineveh and its Palaces, figs. 151, 152 and Smith, Chaldean Account of
Genesis.Ed.
91ThisterriblenameofthesupremeBeing,likethetetragrammatonoftheCabalists,
was probably never uttered at full length. By the possession of this name the early
JewishopponentsofChristianitydeclaredthatthemiraclesofChristwereperformed.
The mystical word Om, of the Buddhists of India and Tibet is supposed to possess
similarvirtuestothepresentday.Ed.
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92W.A.I.,IV.,19,1.
93W.A.I.,IV,1,1.
94 See Tobit vi. 13. There is probably no Biblical hook which has received more
illustration from the researches of students into Babylonian demonology than this
HebraoChaldaic History, and the Book of Enoch, especially chaps. vii., sec.2,.and
viii.Ed.
95W.A.I.,IV,27,5.
96Thuscausingittofalloutofitsnestandhekilled.Ed.
97W.A.I.,IV.,16,2.
98Or"Ostriches,"A.V.
99Heb.Ziim.
100Heb.lyim.
101Or"NightMonster,"A.V
102Isa.xxxiv.13,14.
103W.A.I.,IV.,6,6.
104SeeRecordsofthePast,Vol.IV.,p.53.
105 This lady was renamed by her husband, Raneferu, "most beautiful sun," as a
markofhisaffection.SeeBirch,Egypt,p.150.Ed.
106OrBentrash.
107The report was, "a malady has penetrated her limbs," literally, "there is an evil
movementinherlimbs,"query,akindofnervousparalysis.Ed.
108HewasaroyalscribealsohisnamewasTetemhebi.Ed.
109 The assent of the deity was given by a nod, or inclination of the head of the
statue,"hemovedtheheadverymuch"KhonsuwasalsoaFiredeityhewasthethird
memberofthegreattriadofElephantine.Ed.
110Dr.Birch,intheIVthvolumeofthenewseriesoftheTransactionsoftheRoyal
SocietyofLiterature,andatfullinRecordsofthePast,Vol. IV.,p.53. See alsoDe
Rouge, Etude sur une stele Egyptienne appurtenant a La Bibliotheque imperiale,
Paris,1858.Ed.
111W.A.I.,IV.,15.3.
112 Compare another beautiful hymn on behalf of the king in Records of the Past,
Vol.III.p.1.Ed.
113TheHindusofDaccabeingvisitedwiththesmallpox,whichprovedveryfatalto
them, invented a goddess of the malady, whom they represented as a white woman
coveredwithspots,andwhomtheybesoughttoturnawaytheafflictionfromthem
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Ed.
114IntheAssyrianAsakku.
115 In the story of the descent of Ishtar into Hades, Namta the goddess of those
gloomyregions.
116W.A.I.,IV.,29,2.
117InEgyptianmythologyanearlysimilartheoryprevailed,everypartofthebody
havingitsspecificdeity,alsowasinvokedtoprotectitbothinthislifeandafterdeath.
Itwaswrittenofthedeceased,"thereisnotalimbofhimwithoutagod."Ritualofthe
Dead,cap.xlii.,"Thechapterofturningawayallinjury,andturningbacktheblows
madeinHades."Ed.
118IntheAccadianRapganmea,intheAssyrianLalarto.
119IntheAccadianRapganmea,intheAssyrianLalasso.
120IntheAccadianRapgamnea,intheAssyrianAksahara.
121RecordsofthePast,Vol.1.,p.143.
122"Iwillraiseupthedeadsohethedevourersoftheliving."FoxTalbot.
123IntheAccadianGalalandKielGalal,intheAssyrianLilandLilit.
124Blair,TheGrave.
125Roberts,OrientalIllustrationsofScripture,p.542.
126W.A.I.IV.,6.
127WA.I.IV.,3,2.
128Thediademproperwassimplyanembroideredfillet,sometimesdecoratedwith
artificialleavesandflowersingoldandgems,itwastiedinaknotbehindthehead,
the two ends falling upon the shoulders this was the Egyptian, Etruscan, and
Assyrianformoftheornament.ThelaterGreeksandearlyRomansconverteditintoa
doubleortriplebandageforthehair,andtheByzantineprincesseschangeditintoa
thincircletofsolidgold.Ed.
129Qy.,aneuphemismforthevirilemembers?Ed.
130RecordsofthePast,Vol.III.,p.141,alsoTrans.Soc.Bib.Arch.,Vol.II.,p.24.
Ed.
131IntheAccadianana,inAssyrianminu.
132W.A.I.II.,16.
133OrNinkigalinFoxTalbotstranslation.Ed.
134"Heformed,forherescape,thefigureofamanofclay.TheoriginalhasAssinnu,
whichIhavederivedfromtheChaldeewordforclay.Butthisisamereconjecture."
FoxTalbot,RecordsofthePast,Vol.I.,p.147.Ed.
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135"Aweher(Ninkigal)withthenamesofthegreatgods."FoxTalbot.Ed.
136 Our readers will at once recollect the reserve of Herodotus in mentioning the
nameofOsiris.Ed.
137Cf.theMemraoftheCabalisticJews.
138IntheAccadianSagu,intheAssyrianMamil.
139W.A.I.IV.,16.
140IntheAssyrianNirba,thegodofharvests.
141Thatis,"grindhimtopowder,""comedufardquillebroie."
142ThepreparationofoneofthesetalismansisprescribedintheXVIIIthformulaof
thelonglitanytranslatedabove.SeealsoRecordsofthePast,Vol.III.,p.142,note.
Ed.
143 It must be noted that the oldest Egyptian scarabs and amulets were wrought in
steatite and soft materials, it was not till the revived empire that they obtained the
powerofengravinginhardstones,indeedthefinestamuletswroughtinlapislazuli
belongtotheGrecoEgyptianperiodEd.
144Lenormant,ChoixdetextesCuneiformes,No.24.
145 This iteration is a common form of concluding the magical texts onAssyrian
divination or talisman cups. Many are engraved and translated in Layard's Nineveh,
andanexceptionallyfine,albeit,lateexample,ispublishedbyRev.J.M.Rodwellin
Trans.Soc.Bib.Arch.,Vol.II.,p.115.Ed.
146Lenormant,ChoixdetextesCuneiformes,No.26.
147Forengravingsofthese,seeBonomi,NinevehanditsPalaces,p.179.
148SeeRecordsofthePast,Vol.V.,p.138.
149Herefollowsanamewhichhasnotyetbeendeciphered.
150Thisspaceforapropernamehasbeenleftblankfortheinsertionofthatofthe
maninwhosefavourtheincantationwastobeused.
151SeealsoRecordsofthePast,Vol.III.,p.142.
152InAssyrian,"Hehasconfirmedhisspellofagreementuponhim."
153W.A.I.IV.,2.
154W.A.I.IV.,17.
155ThepiousmanIshallexplainthisexpressionlater.
156W.A.I.IV.13,2.
157BritishMuseum,TabletK1254.EditedinmyEtudesAccadiennes,II.,1,No.15.
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158Theplague.
159Hea.
160Thesedialogueswhichoccurveryfrequentlyintheincantationsareonlybriefly
indicatedherebythefirstwordsoftheirprincipalparts.
161TheBuddhistsofCeylonstillapplytothediseasedpartofthebodytheimageof
thedemon,whoisconsideredtohavepropagatedthedisease,thinkingtocureitthus.
J.Roberts,OrientalIllustrationsofScripture,p.171.
162ItiscuriousthatinEgyptallgoodandhealingandlifeproceededfromtheWest,
thelandofthesettingsun,andallevilfromtheEast,thelandinitsrising.SeeRitual
oftheDead, Caps. xv., and xiii., "TheChapterofnotcausingaPersonto go tothe
EastfromHades."Ed.
163 Many nearly similar monstrous combinations are found on the Gnostic gems,
especially those from the East. A very large collection of them is contained in
Montfaucon, LAntiquite Explique.Ed. [Lenormant is possibly referring to
Pazzuzu who was the demon of the harsh, southerly winds, and whose image was
usedsobrilliantlyinWilliamFriedkin'sfilmTheExorcist,1973.JL.]
164InBabylonianAccount of Genesis. See also Trans. Soc. Bib.Arch., Vol. IV., p.
287.
165SeeFoxTalbot,"InscriptionofEsarhaddon"inRecordsofthePast,Vol.III., p.
21.
"Bullsandlionscarvedinstone,
whichwiththeirmajesticmien
deterwickedenemiesfromapproaching.
Theguardiansofthefootsteps,thesaviours
ofthepathofthekingwhoconstructedthem,
rightandleftIplacedthematthegates."
166IntheAccadianNindarandNirgal.
167W.A.I.IV.,13,1.
168WA.I.IV.,2,4.
169SoalsotheEgyptianshadsevenmysticalcows,orHathors,andsevenbulls.The
cowsweremysteriouslyconnectedwithlifeanddeath.SeeRitualoftheDead,Cap.
cxlix.Ed.
170 Here is the name, which is still however doubtful, of a kind of gnawing and
destructiveanimal.
171Thosewhoareinterestedinthesedistinctionsmayreadwithprofittheworksof
Dr.JohnDee,astranscribedbyhisassistant,JohnKelly,andeditedwithamplenotes
byMericCasaubon,thesonofthefamousreformer.Itcontainsperhapsthefinestand
latest examples of the peculiar rites of the ChaldaoMediaeval sorcerers.Ed. [The
editor errs here he of course means Edward Kelly who scried on behalf of Dr Dee
throughashewstone,andwhoseexploitsarerecordedinCasaubon'sAtrue&faithful
relationofwhatpassedformanyyeersbetweenDr.JohnDee...andsomespirits,etc.
London(1659).Seehere.JL.]
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172SeeTylor,PrimitiveCulture,andResearchesintotheEarlyHistoryofMankind,
fornumerousillustrationsofthesesuperstitionsgatheredfromallpartsoftheworld,
andofallreligions.Ed.
173WA.I.IV.,6,6.
174W.A.I.IV.,17.
175InLesOriginesIndoEuropenes,onlesAryasPrimitifs,1859.
176BritishMuseum,K43.
177W.A.I.,IV.,56,2.
178Thetranslationofthesetwoversesisstillverydoubtful,andrestsmostlyupon
conjecture.Ourinterpretationisamereguess.
179W.A.I.IV.,10,2.
180CalledbytheLatinsCarmen,whencetheEnglishwordcharm.
181AstheLaplandwitchesaretraditionallysaidtodo.
182"ProlgomenesdIbnKhaldoun,"translationbySlane,Vol.1.,p.177.
183WA.I.IV.,7.
184SeealsoRecordsofthePast,Vol.III.,p.147.
185Hea.
186"Fromthecurseofhisfather,
Fromthecurseofhismother."Smith.
187"Thefingerpointing."Smith.
188"Theevilinvocation."Smith.
189Belit,thewifeofthegodBel,ofwhichshewasmoreliterallythefeminineform.
BilatorBeltis,assheissometimescalled,wastheAssyriangoddessofwar.Ed.
190Themoongod,fatheroflshtarofArbela.SeeabeautifulAssyrianpoem,"The
Death of the Righteous Man," translated byFoxTalbotin Records of the Past,Vol.
III.,p.135.
191 Nabo or Nebo was the supreme intelligence considered as an abstract spiritual
entity.Hewasthegodofwisdomandoflearning.
192 This was exactly the distinction maintained in the Dark and Middle Ages of
Europe, when a Pope Sylvester and a Saint Dunstan were both accredited with
magical powers, while at the same time invoking the curses of the church upon the
professorsofthehellishorblackart.Ed.
193"Allthesebeingslikewise,andthosewhopossessacontrarypowerareinvisible,
andperfectlyimperceptiblebyhumansenses,fortheyarenotsurroundedwithasolid
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body, nor are all of them of one form, but they are fashioned in numerous figures
sometimesalsothosethataremaleficchangetheirformshencethereisnoevilwhich
they do not attempt to effect, for in short, being violent and fraudulent in their
manners,andbeingalsodeprivedoftheguardiancareofmoreexcellentdemons,they
make for the most part vehement and sudden attacks, sometimes endeavouring to
concealtheirincursions,butatothertimesassaultingopenly.Hencethemolestations
which are produced by them are rapid but the remedies and corrections which
proceed from more excellent demons appear to be more slowly effected, for every
thingwhichisgood,beingtractableandequable,proceedsinanorderlymanner,and
doesnotpassbeyondwhatisfit."Porphyry,DeAbstinentia,sec.39.Ed.
194SeeProclus,ElementsofTheology, props. cxi., cxliii., and clvii. But better still
Iamblichus, On the Mysteries, lib. i., cap. xviii., "How some of the gods are
beneficent, but others malefic," for which the subtle Platonist gives an astrological
reason:andtheanswerofAbammontoPorphyry,cap.ii.Ed.
195 "Others who are conscious what they are doing in other respects are divinely
inspired according to the phantastic part. Some indeed received darkness for a co
operator,otherscertainpotions,butothersincantationsandcompositions,and some
energize according to the imagination through water, others in a wall sic (well?),
othersintheopenair,andothersinthelightofthesun,orsomeothercelestialbody."
Iamblichus,OntheMysteries,lib.ii.,cap.xiv.
196 See a singular account of Moslem incantational magic in Lane's Modern
Egyptians,Vol.II.,thesecretofwhichisstillunexplained.
197 See Robert Hunter, History of India, cap. 4, where it is shown that an exactly
similarprocessofpoliticalantagonismhasconvertedtheasurasoftheAryans from
angelstobecomethedevilsoftheVedas.
198SincepublishedasLaDivinationetlaSciencedesPresageschezlesChaldeens,
1875.
199"TheartofdivinationinEgyptisconfinedtocertainoftheirdeities.Therearein
thiscountryoraclesofHercules(Onouris),ofApollo(Horus),ofMinervaandDiana
(Neith and Nepthys?), of Mars (Besa), and of Jupiter (AmenRa). But the oracle of
LatonaatButos(Sekhet)isheldingreaterestimationthananyoftherest:theoracular
communicationisregulatedbynofixedsystem,butisdifferentlyobtainedindifferent
places." Herod., Euterpe, lxxxii. This is a fair example of the inaccuracies blended
withfactsanddisguisedbyfalseassimilationswithwhichthewritingsoftheGreek
historianabound.Ed.
200Euterpe,dxliv.
201TheAncientofHeaven,theOldestoftheearth,
Lordofallexistences,theSupportofthings,
theSupportofallthings,
TheONEinhisworks,someamongthegods,
Lordoftruth,Fatherofthegods,
Makerofmen,Creatorofbeasts,LordofExistences.
"HymntoAmen,"RecordsofthePast,Vol.II,p.127.
202Lenormant,AncientHistoryoftheEast,Vol. I., p. 315. "The Egyptians are the
first of mankind who have defended the immortality of the soul." Herod., Euterpe,
cxxiii.
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203SeeRitua1oftheDead,caps,cxxx.tocxl.,"TheAdorationstotheSun."
204SeePierret,Dictionnaired'ArcheologieEgyptien,art."RaouPhre."Ed.
205 These harks had different names according to the deities which were in them.
ThatofthesunRawascalledUua,ofthegodPthahMafekh,ofOsirisBaris(?),and
of Khonsu Sekhu. They were often carried in procession on the shoulders of the
priests, the figures of the deity standing under a shrine covered with a transparent
linenveil.Ed.
206Theworshipofthisgodpassedthroughtwohistoricalphases.Atonetimehewas
held in honour and accounted as one of the greater gods ofAbydos. He appears to
havehadapositionanalogoustothatoftheThehandeityMentu,inwhichhewasthe
adversaryoftheserpentApophis,thesymbolofwickednessanddarkness.Sometime
lateron,inconsequenceofpoliticalchanges,theworshipofSetwasabolished,and
hisstatuesdestroyed.ItisdifficulttostateatwhatperiodSetwasintroducedintothe
Osirianmythosasapersonificationofevil,andbecamethemurdererofOsiris.The
contestsofHorus,theavengerofthefatherOsiris,arerelatedatconsiderabledetailin
theinscriptionsofthetempleofEdfuwhichhavebeenpublishedbyM.Ed.Navillein
TextesrelatifsduMytheduHorus,1870.Thetreatise(byPlutarch)DeIsideetOsiride
makes Nephthys the companion of Set, and she is represented united with him in a
groupintheMusedeLouvre,SalledesDieux.TheanimalsymbolicalofSetwasa
carnivorous quadruped having a long curved snout and upright square topped ears,
whichcharactersareoftenexaggeratedtodistinguishhimfromthejackalofAnubis.
Pierret,Dictionnaired'ArcheologieEgyptien.Ed.
207SeealsoHerod.,Euterpe,cxliv.,withI.archer'sandBeloc'snotesinloco.Ed.
208SeeDeveria,LeLivredel'HemisphereInferieur,inCat.Manuscripts,etc.,Muse
duLouvre.Ed.
209SeeDeHorrack,"LamentationsofIsisandNephthys"inRecordsofthePast,Vol.
II,page117.Ed.
210Cap.lxxxix.,"TheChapteroftheVisitoftheSoultotheBodyinHades."Ed.
211Asubjectrepeatedlyfigured.SeeSharpe,EgyptTexts,p.185.Ed.
212Ritual,"PreservationoftheBodyinHades,"caps.xxvii.toxlii.Ed.
213CalledalsotheAmenti,"theplaceofthegods."
214 Ritual, cap. cxxv., "The Book of Going to the Hall of the Two Truths, and of
separating a person from his sins when he has been made to see the faces of the
gods."Ed.
215TheinfernalhippopotamusheadedgoddessThoueris,thedevourerofthesouls.
TheregionofHadeswascalledAkar,asdistinctfromtheothermysticalregions in
thekerneter,viz.,theAahlu,"FieldsofPeace,"andtheAuhnaruorabodesofOsiris.
Ed.
216Cap.cxxvi.,"ThegodsoftheOrbit.""Extractyealltheeviloutofme,obliterate
yemyfuelannihilatemysins,guardye,andgiveyemetopassthepylon,togofrom
the plains," etc. to which the cynocephalus deities reply, "Thou mayest O, we
obliterate all thy faults, and annihilate all thy sins, thou hast been severed from the
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
world, ye dissipate all thy sins, thou hast severed thyself from earth, thou hast
dissipatedallthesinswhichdetainedthee,cometotheRusta(adwellingofOsiris).
Thou openest the secret doors of theWest. Thou comest forth and goest in as thou
wishest,likeoneofthespiritshaileddailywithinthehorizon."Ed.
217"TheGoodBeing."AverycommonfunerealtitleofthedeityOsiris.Ed.
218 Cap. cxlvi., "The Beginning of the Gates of theAahlu (Fields of Peace) or the
abodeofOsiris."Ed.
219Caps.cl,toclxi.,"MysticalAmulets."
220 Cap. xlii., "The Chapter of turning away all evil, and Turning back the Blows
madeinHades.""Thereisnotalimbofhimwithoutagod."Ed.
221Oftenthatofapig,asonthesarcophagusofSetiI.intheSoaneMuseum.Ed.
222 The technical name of this metempsychosis was the Meskem, and its nature is
dweltuponinsomedetailinBunsen'sEgypt'sPlaceinUniversalHistory,Vol.V.p.
146.Ed.
223Cap.clxiii.
224Seealsocaps.c.,ci.,cxl.,andcxxx.Ed.
225Cap. xxx.,"The Chapter ofhow a Personavoids thathisheart shouldbe taken
fromHiminHades."Ed.
226Hermopolis.
227"Onabrickofburntclaypaintedwithreallapislazuli."Birch.
228Cap.lxiv.,"Thechapterofcomingforthastheday."Ed.
229 See especially caps. xxix. to xli., Comprising nearly the whole section of the
RitualoftheDead,whichwascalled"ThepreservationofthebodyinHades."Ed.
230 Chabas, Bulletin Archeologique, p. 44. Other examples are given in Maspero,
MemoiressurquelquesPapyrusduLouvre,sec.iv.andbyBirch,"MagicalPapyrus
intheBritishMuseum,"inRecordsofthePast,Vol.VI.,page116.Ed.
231Theliquorhakwasaspeciesofwine,ofwhichthereweretwoqualities,andof
whichthebestwasimportedfromSyria.Ed.
232Deveria,CataloguedesManuscritsduLouvre,p.171,etseq.
233Tumwasthedeifiedpersonificationofthesuninthelowerhemisphere.
234Thewhitecrown,whichwasmorecommonlycalledtheAtefcrown,wasagrand
headdresswithdisk plumes and pendant uri. It was symbolical of the kingdom of
Egyptandofthedivinityofthegods.Ed.
235LePapyrusMagiqueHarris,ChalonsurSaone,1860.
236 Anhur, "That which brings to Heaven:" an Egyptian deity, who is always
represented as in a marching attitude, and robed with a long dress. He wears a
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
headdressoffourplumes,withtheusualuraeusserpentofcelestialdeity.Heholdsa
cordinhishands,whichissupposedtosymboliseoneoftheforcesoftheuniverse.
HewasaformalsoofthesolargodShu,andinthatcharacterhehadforhisconsort
thegoddessTefnut,theHeavenlyCow.HewastheAnouris,or EgyptianMars,ofthe
Greek writers.Anhur was chiefly worshipped in the city and nome ofAbot, which
wassituatedintheeasternhankoftheNile,intheThebaid,andwasafterwardscalled
bytheGreeksThinites.(PierretandBirch).Ed.
237Asacobraserpentraisesuphimselftoinflicthisfatalbite.Ed.
238 Month or Mentu. The solar deity of Hermonthis. He was the god of war par
excellence,andthekingsofEgyptfrequentlycomparedthemselvestohiminbattle.
SeeRecordsofthePast,Vol.II.,page71.Ed.
239ThestarSirius,asconsecratedtothegoddessIsis.Ed.
240TheEgyptianspeopledtheriverofHadeswithamultitudeofinfernalandghastly
deitieswhichareherereferredto.Ed.
241SeeRitualoftheDead,Caps.xxxi.andxxxii.
242Amen Khem, or the Ithyphallic Horus, one of whose mystical titles was "The
HusbandofhisMother."Ed.
243 Query, Is not this a rubric which has run into the original text, as it has often
happenedtotherubricsandglossesoftheRitual.
244 "Harsheft, terrible face," or "very valiant," a surname of Horns the warrior. He
wasthelocaldeityoftheHeracleopolitenome,andtheArsaphesofPlutarch,DeIside
etOsiride.Ed.
245 Anaitis or Anata was a Semitic goddess of a warlike character, somewhat
approaching the Bellona of Classic mythology. She was represented as a naked
woman standing on a lion, and sometimes on a crocodile, holding a spear or and
wearing a peculiar crown formed of tall feathers. Her worship was introduced into
Egypt probably about the time of Rameses II. after his Syrian victories, one of his
daughters,Bentanath,beingnamedafterthegoddess.Ed.
246Ankhuskhsenb.Thiswastheusualphrasewhichfollowedthenamesofdivine
personages,andespeciallykingsintheofficialinscriptions.SeeBirchandEisenlohr,
"TheGreatHarrisPapyrus"inRecordsofthePast,Vol.VI.,page21.
247Porphyry,apud.Euseb.Prep.Evang.V.7.
248 See Records of the Past, Vol. IV., pp. 134136. "I have undergone these
misfortunesonaccountofthisbookwhereofthousayest,'Letitbegivenme.'Speak
nottomeofit,forbecauseofitwehavelostthedurationofourlifeuponearth."And
further on, "Beware of taking the book in question. How couldest thou retain it? in
consequenceoftheforceofitsextraordinaryeffects."Ed.
249Caps.lxii.andlxii,"FestivaloftheNamesofthegods."Ed.
250NotonlyisitrecordedonsomemonumentsoftheXIIlthdynastythattheyare
dedicatedtocertaingodsinalltheirnames,butthesameissaidinthetablesofthe
godPtahthedemiurgus,andRathesolarprinciple,foundonmonumentsofthetime
of Rameses II. See Burton, Excepta Hieroglyphica, pl. lvi.lvii. These "thousand"
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
names,suchasIsisissaidtohavepossessed,werepartofthemysticalnatureofthe
gods, and no doubt traced in some logical order the principal events of the life of
Osiris,orrecordedhisattributes.BirchinBunsen,Egypt'sPlaceinUniversalHistory,
Vol.V.p.111.
251Oneofthenamesoftherisingsun.Hewasproperlyadeificationofthelightof
the solar disk, and represented the sun god Ra triumphing over the Typhonic and
chaoticpowers.Hewasgenerallyfiguredaswearinguponhisheadthehindquarters
ofalion,theideographoftheword"force."Pierret,Dict.dArch.Egypt.
252 Or Khnum, the soul of the gods and maker of gods and men.The deity of the
vivificforceofnature.Ed.
253ThegoosebeingthemotheroftheeggoutofwhichthegodSeb,thefirstofthe
deities,wascreated.
254ThedeityHapiorHapiknoui,thepersonificationoftheriverNile.Ed.
255MerelyasalateChaldeeexampleofthepersonificationofthetheurgicfiatofthe
SupremeBeing,comparethefollowingpassagesfromtheBookofWisdom,vii.25,
and Ecclus. xxiii. 17. The connection between these statements and that advanced
position of the Jewish Fathers when they endowed the Memra with an actual
existenceandpotentialitybelongstotheprovinceofthetheologian.
256Devria,CataloguedesManuscritsEgyptiensduLouvre,p.174.
257Set.
258TheHalloftheTwoTruths.
259ThisisOsiris.
260ThefortytwoassessorsofthetribunalofOsiris.
261"HeisHarupukakashaiushabauwhenmentionedbythelandofHes,whichis
of the land of An, of the land of the Phut." In this way I translate the expression
Aabui, which I consider as a word which has been borrowed from the Semitic
languages.
262IntheAccadianDingira.
263Anon.,Compend.deDoctr.Chaldaic.,seeStanley,Histor.Philosoph.,Vol.II.,p.
1125.
264 Or rather the god whose scale in the numerical theological system of the
Chaldeanswasrepresentedbythesignasinglestroke,whichalsoindicatedthesacred
cycle60.
265 Damascius (Kopp, Ed.) Quaestiones de primis principiis, Francofurtum ad
Moenum,1826,p.381,ed.Kopp.
266InscriptionofBorsippa,col.1.,i,2,W.A.I.I.,31,4.
267 The discovery of the Creation Tablet by Mr. George Smith confirms and
illustrates the position of M. Lenormant, and, while tracing the development of the
Assyrian religion to a deification of the powers of nature, analogous to the earlier
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
hymnsoftheRigVeda,yetatthesametimeprovesthatthattheoreticalexplanation
wasofasubsequentintroductionintothefaithofMesopotamia,asthecosmogonyis
mostcomplexandinvolved.IshalladdthistextfromFoxTalbotstranslationatthe
end of this chapter, and must refer the reader to the original paper from which it is
extractedintheTransactionsoftheSocietyofBiblicalArchaeology,Vol.IV.,partII.
Ed.
268Babila,"TheGateof(theGod)Ilu."TheBabyloniannamefromwhence,byan
ironical alliteration, the name of Babel, "Gate of Confusion," was derived by the
Hebrewhistorians.Ed.
269DePrincip.,125,p.384,ed.Kopp.
270Accordingtotheresultsofthemostrecentscholarsthefollowingisthepedigree
ofthegodsofChaldea.
AbzuTiamat
__________|__________
MummuLakmuorLakhamu
_________|____________
SarKisar
________________|_________________
Anu,AnatuElu,Bel,orBilatHeaDavkina
||
Sin____|_______
|SamasMarduk,
|Ziratpanit
Ishtar
Tammuz.Ed.
271 Notably of Elephanta near Salsette. Brahma, creator Vishnu, preserver Siva,
destroyer.Ed.
272Anon.,Compend.deDoct.Chaldaic.seeStanley,Histor.Philosoph.,Vol.II.,p.
1125Damasc.DePrincip.,III,p.345,ed.Kopp.Lyd.,DeMinsib.,IV.,78,p.121.
273 So in GrecoRoman mythology the moon was similarly regarded as a triform
goddessunderthenamesofDiana,Luna,andHecate,atriadoftenrepresentedinthe
bronzeandmarblestatuettes.Ed.
274InthesamemannerandbythesameidiomasthegodHorusKhemwascalled
"TheHusbandofhisMother"inEgyptianmythology.Ed.
275TheAdonisoftheGreekwriters,"theTammuzyearlywounded"ofMiltonand
thepoets.Ed.
276 See for these Smith's important translation of theArchaicChaldean legends in
the Chaldean Account of Genesis, 1875, and Sayce in the Astronomy of the
Babylonians,1874.Ed.
277II.,30.
278 The twelve are arranged in the following order: Anti, Bel, Nuah, Belit, Sin
Samas,Bin,Adar,Marduk,Nergal,star,Nebo.ThebestworkofreferenceforEnglish
students of these ChaldeoGreek mythological texts is Cory's Ancient Fragments, a
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
mostconciseandadmirablelittleworkeditedbyanadmirableGreekscholarnowtoo
rarelyreferredto.Ed.
279W.A.I.III.,66.
280FromwhencethenameoftheearlyconquerorKudurLagamarorChedorlaomer
wasderived.Gen.xiv.1101.
2812Kingsxxiii.5.
282Lib.ii.30and31.
283Chap.i.10andx.14.
284Theseare evidently the two superior male triads with Belit,as theyareseen in
manyinscriptions.
285G.Smith,NorthBritishReview,January1870,p.309.
286The Olympus of theAccadians has just been illustrated by a translation of The
HymntotheMountainoftheWorld."Itwasamountainonthesummitofwhichthe
godsresided,intheinteriorofwhichwasHades,thelandofNoreturn,"surrounded
by seven walls guarded with only one door each. In the midst of Hades issued the
river of the water of life, by drinking of which the goddess Ishtar obtained
immortality, and was allowed to return to earth after her journey in search of Duzi.
SeeanoticeofthisdiscoverybyMr.BoscaweninTheAcademy,No.187,December
4,1875.
287SoinEgyptalsotheeponymousdeitiesandtriadsofthedifferentnomesbecame
heultimatelyregardedasdifferentandevenantagonisticdeities.Ed.
288IntheAccadianAsna.
289IntheAccadianDingiri.
290IntheAccadianMulge.
291IntheAccadianNinge.
292IntheAccadianUd.
293AfterwhommanyearlykingsofBabyloniawerenamed,suchasNaranisin,the
successorofSargon,RimsinandArdusin.SeeSmith,"EarlyHistoryofBabylonia"in
RecordsofthePast,Vol.III.,pp.117.Ed.
294UnVedaChalden,inVol.II.ofmyPremieresCivilisations.
295 See De Rogue, Melanges l'Archeo1ogie Orientate, pp. 51 and 52 and also
Lenormant,Manualdel'HistoireAnciennedel'Orient,3rdEd.,Vol.III.,pp.127303,
and352.
296M.LenormanthasshowninhisLettresAssyriologiques,Vol.II.,thattheancient
religionofArabiaborethesamecharacter.
297M.Soury,intheRevuedesDeuxMondesofFebruary1,1875.
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298 Essai du commentaire des fragments cosmogoninies de Berose, p. 110, and the
followingpages.
299SeeLeDelugeetl'Epopeebabylonienne,inVol.II.ofmyPremieresCivil.
300AtleastitissotranslatedintheAssyrian,buttheoriginalmeaningofthe Cairo
Huthiseemsstillmoreexpressive:"Hewhoextendshisactionovertheearth,hewho
broodsovertheearth."
301Onthisconception,seemyLetttresAssyriologiques,Vol.II.,p.164175.
302ForafurtheranalysisofthedeitiesOuranosandVaruna,seeCox,Mythologyof
theAryanNations,Vol.I.,pp.334,349,357,and327,330andII.,pp.12,215.Also
Hodges'editionofCory'sAncientFragments,pp.1014.Ed.
303Atleast,thosenameswhichkeepthepurelyAccadianformandhavenoSemitic
equivalent,onlyappearinthedivinegenealogicaltables,whereaplacehasstillbeen
leftthembutitisquiteasubordinateplace,anddoesnotcorrespond at all to their
ancientimportance.
304Itiscertainlyaveryremarkablefactthatnomentionismadeofthegodofthe
moon, or even of its Accadian names of Aka and Hurki, except in the two
invocationswhichIquotehereandtheincantationtranslatedfartherback,wherethe
accountisgiveninanepicform,ofthewarofthesevenwickedspiritsagainstthat
planet.
305ThiswasessentiallythepointwhereinGnosticismandSabaismdifferedintheir
conceptions of the heavenly bodies. Taught by, or at least familiar with a certain
school of Greek philosophy, theAstroscientists believed that the planets moved of
their own free will in orbits controlled by divine law. The Gnostics taking up this
conception,seemtohavethoughtwiththedoctorsoftheCabbala that the spirits of
the planets were independent of those celestial spheres, and formed an hierarchy of
themselves.Ed.
306WA.I.IV..i,col.2.
307IntheAssyrianBel.
308IntheAssyrianBelit.
309IntheAssyrianAda.
310IntheAssyrianSin.
311IntheAssyrianIstar.
312IntheAssyrianBinorRamanu.
313IntheAssyrianversion,"impetuosity."
314IntheAssyrianSanias.
315 Compare the litany placed at the end of the incantation immediately preceding
thisone,onthesametablet:
Spirit of the heavens, conjure it Spirit of the earth, conjure
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
them!
SpiritofMulgelal,lordofthecountries,conjurethem!
SpiritofNingelal,ladyofthecountries,conjurethem!
SpiritofNmdam,sonofthefirmament,conjurethem!
SpiritofTiskhu,ladyofthecountries,whogiveslighttothe
night,conjurethem!
316Wehavenotsufficientinformationtotranslatethenameoftheobjectofwhich
thesespiritsaresaidtobelords,eni.
317Thesearethefemalespiritscorrespondingtotheprecedingonestheyarccalled
ladies,nin,ofthesameobject.
318Orperhapsbetter"Lordoftheheavenlyvault."Ed.
319IntheAssyrianversion,"ofthefatherandthemother."
320IntheAssyrianSin.
321TheAssyrian version has only, "his ship." Here we have an allusion to a myth
whichisasyetunknown.
322ThecelestialOcean.TheNuofEgyptianmythology.Ed.
323 This rendering is merely provisional and very doubtful the name given by the
signwhichrepresentsthetownofNineveh.
324"Theladyoftheblushofheaven,"anameoftheplanetVenus.
325"Theladyofthemagicwand,"oneofthenamesoftheinfernalgoddessNmkigaf,
intheAssyrianAhlat.
326OrKhusbisthemeaningis,"hisstrokeispropitious."
327"Thespringwhichsurroundsthesublimemountain."
328ThiswasinasensethetheoryofevenMiltonhimselfwhenhewrote:
"Millionsofspiritualcreatureswalktheearth,
Unseenbothwhenwewakeandwhenwesleep."
(ParadiseLost,Lib.IV.,1.6779.)
as it is to this day the belief of the orthodox Turk, who on the conclusion of his
prayers, bows to the right and the left as saluting the genii of good and evil
respectively,bywhomheisattended.Ed.
329 This was also known to the Egyptian mythology, the hieroglyphic inscriptions
repeatedlymentionthespiritsofearth,air,fire,andwater,andtheywererepresented
as frogheaded and lionheaded respectively. In the long inscription of Darius at El
Khargehthesefourgeniioccupyaprominentposition,andtheyalsooccurinthetexts
ofthemythofHorusinthelatePtolemaictempleofEdfu.SeeNaville,Textedela
MythedHorus,pl.iv.andTrans.Soc.Bib.Arch.,Vol.V.,part1.
330Seeanablearticleon"TheHighestGodsoftheArianRaces,"byDr.Roth,inthe
Transactions of the German Oriental Society, vol. VI., p. 67. Also Journal of the
Asiatic Society, Vol. 1., New Series, p. 51, "Contributions to a Knowledge of the
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
VedicTheogony,"byDr.Muir.Ed.
331SeeallthisworkedouttoperfectionandadaptedtotheJudaicsystemintheBook
ofEnoch,caps.lxviii.toixxvii.Ed.
332Lib.II.,sec.31.
333 See this idea as a point of the Homeric myth fully worked out in Gladstone's
HomericSynchronisms,page230.
334SeeChesney's,ExpeditiontotheEuphratesandTigris,Vol.I.,page57,Vol. II.,
page641.
335SeeTheNotesonHerodotus,byG.Rawlinson,Lib.I.,sec.194.
336WA.I.IV..20,2.
337W.A.I.II.,48,1.55,56,c,d,distinguishesbetweenthezenith,nuzku,Assyrian
elitsame,andthemiddlepointoftheheavens,anasaga,Assyriankiribsame.
338W.A.I.II.,51,l.11,a,h.
339 This idea had passed to the Assyrians see the great inscription of Sargon at
Khorsahad,I.126,publishedinRecordsofthePast,Vol.VII.
340Acompound,signifyingliterally, "aboundinginwaves."Theorthographyofthis
name is derived from a more ancient form, in which the order of the elements was
reversed,suabbutthegrammarsshowusthattheformabzuwassubstitutedforitin
thespokenidiom.
341ThisismerelyanalterationoftheAccadianword.
342Lubat,translatedintheAssyrianbibbu,isthegoatwhichleadstheflock.
343 The Accadian spelling of this name gives it the sense of "the dwelling of
impulse"itistranslatedintheAssyrianbycoin,fromtheroot .Itisevidentthat
oneofthetwolanguageshasplayeduponthewordwhichitborrowedfromtheother,
inordertogiveitapeculiarsignification.
344W.A.I.II.,50,1.27,c,d.
345IhavefoundthedecisiveproofofthisrenderingtheusualspellingA.AN, does
notrepresentacompoundword,itisacomplexideographicexpressiontranslatedby
asimpleword.
346SeealsowithrelationtothetheologicaluseofthenamesTianandShin,Malan's
WhoisGodinChina?1855.
347Theuseofthissignisnot,asappearsatfirstsight,thenecessarynotificationofa
primitive sidereal character of the religion. This figure of the star has been
appropriatedtotheexpressionofthegeneralideaof"theheavens"ratherthantothat
ofgod,itistrebledtorepresenta"star."
348E,ea,house.
349WasnotthiscosmologyoftheearlyGreeksalsoderivedfromthissource,several
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
oftheirphilosophersholdingthatallthingswereproducedfromwaterandreturnedto
wateragain?Ed.
350W.A.I.IV.,2.1.36.
351AstheEgyptiandeityRafromNut,seeNaville,"LitanyofLa,"inRecordsofthe
Past,vi.vii.
352ForagoodillustrationofOannesDagon,seeBonomi,NinevehanditsPalaces,p,
325.Ed.
353Eaan,"Heathefish."
354FortheidentityofOannesandHea,seeAppendixI,attheendofthispartofthe
volume.
355AccordingtoBerosus,asquotedbyApollodorus,thereweremanyof thesefish
avatars of the Supreme Being which are called Annedoti, the first after the lapse of
fortysari,thesecondaftertwentysix,thethirdaftereighteen(ortwentyeight)sari,
thenafourth,andfinallyafifthnamedOdacon.SeeHodge'sCory,pp.51,52.Ed.
356Layard,MonumentsofNineveh.
357Lajard,CultedeMithra,pl.xvi.,no.71pl.xvii.,nos.3,5.
358W.A.I.IV.,4,2,recto,I.13,15.
359Fragment15ofmyedition.
360Fragment16.
361SeealsoLenormant,LeDelugeetl'epopeeBabylonienne,1873.
362W.A.I.IV.,25,col.I.
363Beneficientonthewaves.
364Masterofthehelm(?).
365W.A.I.,IV.,15,3.
366 I was more positive about this point in the French edition now should remark
thatthissongoftriumphmaywithjustasmuchreason,beplacedinthemouthofthe
sonofHea,SilikmulukhiorMarduk,victorinhisstruggleagainsttheDragonofthe
Abyss. But in any case, it was one of these two gods, who specially combated the
demonsandthepowersofdarkness.
367W.A.I.11.,19,2.
368SeeanothertranslationofthishymnbytheRev.Prof.Sayce,inRecordsofthe
Past,Vol.VII.
369 Prof. Sayce has pointed out still further the Aryan analysis of this hymn,
especiallyasregardsthechakraorwheelofBuddha,andthemysticaldiskofBrahma.
Ed.
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370Assyrianversion:"whichlikethewaterspoutdevourseverythingaroundit."
371Cf.themythoftheSheshaserpentofBrahma,whichisalsosevenheaded,and
Canopies,thecreatingdeity,whorestsuponitsfoldsasthecreaturefloatsuponthe
empyrealwaters.Ed.
372 In the same way one of the appellations of the god of the moon, "the lord of
growth,"isindifferentlyeniunaandeniu,withorwithoutthecasualsuffixna.
373Cf.theEgyptianperiphrasisSqebhu,"placeoffreedom,"whichwasalsousedto
designatethetomb.Ed.
374FortheremainderofthissingulartextseeRecordsofthePast,Vol.I.,page130,
andSchrader,HollenfartderIstar.
375W.A.I.IV.,24,2.
376IcontrastwiththisthemythofEuridice,andespeciallyPersophone.
Hesaid,andsuddenfromherseatarose
Hislovelybrideherheartwithtransportglows.
ThenPlutofeared,lestfromtherealmsabove,
AndCeres,objectofherfiliallove,
She'dfleerreturnand,fraudulent,decreed
Thefairshouldtastetherichpomegranate'sseed
Afatalpledge..."etc.Homer,HymntoCeres.
ThewholeofthemythsofPersephoneandIshtarwillbear,andwillrepay,theclosest
analogy.Ed.
377W.A.I.IV.,29,1.Inanotherbilingualdocument(W.A.I.IV.,19,verse1)the
same power of recalling the dead to life is attributed to the goddess Gala,
exceptionally associated in this instance with Silikmulukhi, the Maruduk of the
Assyrianversion.
378DeVit.philosoph.prom.
379Dante,Inferno,CantoXXXIV.
380W.A.I.V.,27,2.
381Hisnamemeansporter.
382W.A.I.IV.,27,2.
383Dilbat,theplanetVenus.
384W.A.I.IV.,23,1.
385SirHenryRawlinsonunderstandstheobjectoftheseprayersquitedifferentlyhe
callsthedocumenta"bilingualtabletonthemanufactureofasacredbullinbronze."
Myreaderswillnodoubtbeastonishedatthisdifferenceofopinion,butthereasonof
itisthatalthoughthesenseoftheprayersthemselvesiscertainandthetranslationof
themcomparativelyeasy,theexecutoryformulaewhichaccompanyeachofthemare
as yet very obscure, and in some cases incomprehensible. I apprehend that the
illustriousfounderofAssyriological sciencetranslatesasthecrucibleintowhichthe
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
melted metal is poured the word lilis, which appears both in theAccadian and the
Assyriantexts,andwhichIconsidermeansanenclosureorgratingIshallendeavour
later to justify my interpretation philologically from other examples. Sir Henry
RawlinsonhasalsoprobablybeenguidedbytheAssyrianphrasewhichfollowsthe
lastprayerquiteattheendoftimetablet,andwhereabullisreallymentionedenua
alapanabitmummutuuseribu"afterwardstheyleadthebullintothebitmummutu."
But what is this bit mummutu? It seems to me that it is connected with the word
mummu,"chaos,"Hebrew[Heb.]confusionitwouldthenbe"theabodeofconfusion,
of the state of chaos," which is a very suitable name for the gloomy and infernal
region,andsomuchthemorebecausetheAccadianequivalentof mummuismumu,
andbecausewehavejustremarkedthenamegiimunaasappliedtoHades.
However if Sir Henry Rawlinson were right in his designation, and had understood
better than ourselves the occasion for which these prayers were destined, our
translationwouldstillbeexact,andtheallusionstothedispositionofplacesevident
and correct enough to justify our interpretation of these fragments. If the word in
questionmeansthecrucibleinwhichthebronzeismelted,eachstageofthisprocess
iscomparedwiththeentrancetotheinfernalpit,andconsequently in this case also
theygiveusinformationabouttheconceptionofitcurrentatthattime.
386Thesesevengodsareenumeratedinaiscythiologicaltablet,W.A.I.III.,(5).
387IntheAssyrianversion,"atthehighdoors."(?)
388IntheAssyrianversion,"whichopens."(?)
389TheAssyrianversionassimilateshimtoSerakh,thegodofharvests.
390 A metaphorical way of saying he hears the earth with its harvests on his
shoulders.Ed.
391The tablet only gives theAssyrian versionfor this one whilstall the others are
bilingual.
392 The text has "the god" as an allusion to the metamorphosis related above of
Ungalturdaintothebirdofthesamename.ThisgodiscalledSarturdabySmithin
his Chaldean Genesis, who also regards the Zu bird as a species of eagle, but the
wholeofthemythisatpresentuncertain.Sarturdaappearstohavebeenthepersonal
deityadoredbyIzdubar.Ed.
393HereisanotherincomprehensiblewordineithertheAccadianortheAssyrian.
394OneoftheappellationsofNindaraorAdar,bywhichheisdistinguishedinthe
Assyrianversion.
395"Theheroofthedawn,"thegodoftheplanetMercuryunderhissiderealname
the conception of this god is necessarily anterior to the time when the same planet
was attributed to the Nebo of the ChaldaioBabylonian religion. TheAccadian god
Dunkunuddu, called in the Assyrian Dapina (as an abbreviation for yum dapinu,
"accompanying the day") continues, however, to figure in the lists of divine
personages,althoughheisnolongermentionedintheinvocationsofalaterdate.W
A. I. III., 69, 1. 1520, c, d, gives a list of hisAccadian titles, amongst which we
noticeenigusur,"lordofthelight,"ungalgusurra,"lordofthelight,"ungal udula,
"kingoftheday."
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
396W.A.I.IV.,22,1,1.51.
397W.A.I.IV.,1,col.1.12.
398W.A.I.IV.,1,col.1,1.22.
399W.A.I.IV.,1,col.2,1.51.
400W.A.I.IV.,col.2,1.51.
401W.A.I.IV.,col.2,1.23,24.
402Cf.theEgyptiansolarmythofthegodRainhischaracterofTum,thesungodof
Hades,ortheunderworld.SeeRecordsofthePast,cap.III.Ed.
403W.A.I.IV.,3,I.
404TheseminessituatedintheWadyMagarahatthefootoftheSinaiticmountains,
were celebrated also for their production of mafka or turquoise, and the goddess
Hathor was specially regarded as their local deity.After the period of Shafra of the
fifth dynasty the works were abandoned for several centuries, but were again re
openedandworkedwithconsiderableenergyandprofitbyThothmesII.andIII.,and
the first three monarchs of the Rhamesside line. The neighbourhood abounds with
excavations,votivestele,andthedebrisofneglectedworkings.Ed.
405Hist.Nat.,XXXVII.,110.
406AthenumFranaisofAugustJ9,1854.
407W.A.I.II.,58,6.
408Whilethesesheetswerepassingthroughthepress,M.Lenormanthasseenfresh
reasonforrestoringthelastsyllableofthisnameasitstoodoriginally.Ed.
409W.A.I.IV.,17verso.
410 Here we have a fresh indication of the talismanic use of images of demons in
ordertorepulsetheirattacks.
411W.A.I.IV.,20,2.
412Inthehorizon.
413Theterrestrialsurface.
414W.A.I.IV.,17recto.
415HereoccursaversewhichIamnotyetcompetenttotranslate.
416Thereaderwillconsultwhathasbeensaidfartherbackofthedemonofthewest
wind,andthementionoftheevilwindsinthelongincantation,atranslationofwhich
opensthefirstchapterofthiswork.
417Theaugmentativeandfactitiveformofsea,"thecardinalpoint,fromwhencethe
windblows."
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
418TheRimmonoftheOldTestament.
419W.A.I.IV.,14,2recto.
420TheAssyrianversionsubstitutesforthistitlethenameofDavkina.
421W.A.I.IV.,14,2rectoandverso.
422TheAssyrianversionomitsthiscomparison.
423W.A.I.II,56,1.2632,c,d.
424W.A.I.II,59,I.3340,d,e.
425W.A.I.II.,58,6recto.
426Thepramanthaorfirewheel.Ed.
427W.A.I.IV.,14,2verso.
428Davkina.
429W.A.I.IV.,21,1stverso.
430 Not understanding the exact meaning of the word here, I have replaced it by a
conjecturebasedonthegeneralsenseofthepassage.
431Thereseemstobeanallusionheretothemilkyway.
432W.A.I.IV.,5,col.4.
433W.A.I.IV.,I,col.2,1.42.
434W.A.I.IV.,15.
435W.A.I.IV.,26,3.
436IntheAssyrianversion,"hero,fire,whorisest,malewarrior."
437Literally,"whopushesforward."
438IntheAssyrianversion,"thedeepmountains."
439JulyAugust.
440Oppert,InscriptionsdeDourSarkayan,p.15andRecordsofthePast,vol.VII.
441ChaldeanAccountofGenesis,p.131.
442Theinsertionoftheelementdhubetweenthesignisandbarprovesthatizisin
thiscasesimplyamutedeterminative,sinceifizbarorgizbarhadbeenconjoinedthe
compoundwouldnecessarilyreadduizbarordugizbar.
443W.A.I.IV.,56,col.1,1.37.
444SeeTransactionsoftheSocietyofBiblicalArchaeology,Vol.III.,p.460.
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
445 His name sometimes has variations, of which we cannot understand the sense,
suchas Silikrimulu.We may notice that of Silikkuru, meaning "lie who arranges
thegoodOmen."
446W.A.I.IV.,30,3.
447W.A.I.IV.,6,col.5.
448Or"Spiritofthehouse,expelthem."Ed.
449W.A.I.IV.,15.
450 See my Premieres Civilisations, Vol. II., page 169 and the following. The
translationofthetextthatisgivenhereisconsiderablyamended.
451W.A.I.IV.,29,1.
452IntheAssyrianversion,"thefloweriswithered."
453IntheAssyrianversion,"oftheEuphrates."
454TheAssyrianversionomitsthisword.
455W.A.I.IV.,26,4.
456W.A.I.IV.,29,1.
457IntheAssyrianversion,"mercifulone."
458Babylon,astheAssyrianversionhasit.
459 "The house that attires its head," the name of the Pyramid of Babylon, the
principalseatoftheworshipofMardukinBabylon.
460"Thehouseoftherighthand,"or"thehouseofequity,"thenameofthestepped
toweratBorsippa.
461"Thesupremehouseoflife,"thenameofanothertempleatBorsippa.
462IntheAccadian sakmigaorsakgigga,intheAssyrian zalmatqaqqadi,literally
"thosewithblackheads,"anotunfrequentdesignationofmankind,whichappearsto
relatetothetraditionsoftheprimitiveexistenceoftworacesofmen,oneofadark
complexiontheotherofafair,notunlikethechildrenofmenandthechildrenofGod,
mentionedinthefirstchaptersofGenesis.
463IntheAssyrianversion,"thedevelopmentoflife."
464Hereoccursagapofseverallines.
465IntheAssyrianversion,"themercifulone."
466SeeG.Rawlinson,TheFiveGreatMonarchiesoftheAncientEasternWorld,Vol.
II.,p.328Vol.III.,p.348.
467SeemyLettresAssyriologues,Vol.I.,p.102.
468SeeBleek'seditionofHaug'stranslationoftheAvesta.
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
469"MemoirontheAtropatenianEcbatana,"in Journal of the Royal Geographical

Society,Vol.X.,andJournaloftheRoyalAsiaticSociety,London,Vol.XV.,p.254.
470 The Good Being, the Pure One, the Brilliant, all titles ofAhuramazda, and all
analogoustothoseascribedtotheChaldeandeities.Ed.
471W.A.I.IV.,7.BritishMuseum,K1284.
472Layard,MonumentsofNineveh,NewSeries,pl.vi.
473Lajard,CultedeMithra,pl.xvi.,No.7pl.xvii.,Nos,I,3,5,5.
474Ap.Photius,Bibliotheca,cod.270,p.1593.ButtheBabylonians,liketherestof
the barbarians, pass over in silence the same principle of the universe, and they
constitute two, Tauthe and Apason, making Apason the mother of Tauthe, and
denominatingherthe"motheroftheGods"...FromtheseproceedsanonlyBegotten
sonMoyms,fromthemalsoisderivedanotherprogeny,DacheandDachus,andagain
athird,KissareandAssaros,fromwhichlastthreeothersproceed,Anus and Illinus
andAus(Oes).Damascius,Hodge'sCory,p.92.
475Hab.264.
476No.10inmyedition.
477W.A.I.II,56,1.63,a,b.
478No.11inmyedition.
479W.A.I.II.,58,1,60,a.
480Documentswhichareasyetunpublished.
481W.A.I.I,55,7,1.21,II,58,I.54,a,b.
482W.A.I.II.,58,1.55,a,b.
483Documentswhichareasyetunpublished.
484W.A.I.II.,53,l.62,a,b.
485W.A.I.II.,53,1.52,a,h.
486 Translations of this have already been published by Mr. Smith, Assyrian
Discoveries,p.398,andthefollowing,andMr.FoxTalbot,RecordsofthePast,Vol.
V.,p.161.
487"Daysofstorm,powersofevil."FoxTalbot.
488Ihereomittwopartlydefacedverseswhichareparticularlydifficulttotranslate.
489IntheAssyrianBinorRamanu(Rimmon).Im.FoxTalbot.
490IntheAssyrianversionSin.
491IntheAssyrianSamas.
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
492IntheAssyrianIstar.
493IntheAssyrianSin.Paku.FoxTalbot.
494IntheAssyrianversion,"withAnatheKing."
495 Four verses are missing here, they having been destroyed by a fracture of the
tablet.
496 This verse is translated according to theAssyrian version, which in this place
doesnotkeepstrictlytotheAccadian text.Thelatterismutilatedandconsequently
veryobscure.
497Herefollowsaversewhichisstilluntranslatable.
498 Nukimmut, an Accadian title of Hea, which has passed into the Assyrian
languageandoccursfrequentlyinthetexts.
499IntheAssyrianversionMarduk.
500ThesewordsaretranslatedaccordingtotheAssyrianversionthemeaningofthe
Accadianseemstobedifferent,butithaspartlydisappeared.Itseems,however,that
theAssyriantranslatormusthavemadeamistake,forAku,someversesfartherback,
iscalledthesonofMulge,andnotofHea.
501WA.I.IV.,5.
502WA.I.III.,62,col.2,1.11,12.
503Cf.thedragonandsunmythofChinesemythology,andthepracticeadoptedby
thepriestsofheatinggongstodriveawaythedemonwhichwasswallowingthesun,
whomhebyultimatelyvomitingforthrestorestohisplaceintheheavens.Ed.
504Thesetwonamesofanimalsarestilldoubtful.
505 See De Wrangell on the shamans in Le Nord de la Siberie, translated by the
PrinceL.Galitzin,vol.I.,p.268alsoP.Hyacinthe,DushamanismeenChine,inthe
NouvelleAnnalesdesVoyages,5thseries,June1551,p.257,andfull.
506P.DeTchihatchef,Voyagescientifiquedansl'Altaioriental,p.45.
507Lamagieetl'astrologiedansl'antiquitetaumoyenage,p.13.
508Castren,Vorlesungen,p.173.
509Maury,op.cit.,p.283.
510C.d'Ohsson,HistoiredesMongols,depuisTchinguizKhanjusqu'TimourBey,
vol.1,p.17.
511P.DeTchihatchef,Voyagescientifiquedansl'Altaioriental,p.45.
512Haxthausen,tudessurlasituationintrieure:lavienationaleetlesinstitutions
ruralesdelaRussie,vol.1,p.419.
513 Levchine, Description des hordes et des steppes des KirghizKazaks, French
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
translation,p.356.
514NouvelleAnnalesdesVoyages,5thseries,vol.IV.,p.191.
515Wrangell, LeNorddelaSiberie,translated by the Prince L. Galitzin, vol. I., p.
265,andfoll.
516 In the first of my Lettres Assyriologiques, Vol. 1. See the articles written by I.
MauryintheJournaldesSavants,ofFebruary,March,AprilandMay1872.
517Herodotus,lib.1.,132.
518 See Westergaard, in the preface of his edition of the ZendAvesta, p. 17. And
aboveallSirHenryRawlinson,JournaloftheRoyalAsiaticSociety,Vol.XV.,p.247
and foll. Canon Rawlinson's translation of Herodotus, Vol. 1., p. 426431 and The
FiveGreatMonarchiesofAncientEasternWorld,2ndedition,Vol.III.,p.350355.
519 See Rawlinson, "Inscription of Darius at Behistun," Persian text, in Records of
thePast,vol.I.,p.107.
520InscriptionofBehistun,table1.,10.
521Table1.,14.
522SeeRecordsofthePast,vol.V.,p.141.
523SeeOppert,Expedition,Vol.II.,p.178.
524Herodotus,III.,79Ctes,Persic,p.68.
525InBunsen,AegyptensStelleinderWeltgeschichte,vol.V.,p.116.
526SeeSpiegel,Avesta,Vol.II.,p.6.
527Herodotus,vii.,19,113,191.
528TheFiveGreatMonarchiesofAncientEasternWorld,vol.III,p.357362.
529Ammian,Marcell.,XXIII.Atath.,II.,36.
530Haug,EssayonthePehleviLanguage,p.37.
531Cf.thefollowingextractsfromtheAvesta:
1Idesirebymyprayerwithupliftedhandsthisjoy.
Firsttheentirelypureworksoftheholyspirit,Mazda.
(Then)theunderstandingofVohumano(goodmindedness),
andthatwhichrejoicesthesouloftheBull.
2Idrawneartoyou,OAhuraMazdawithgoodmindedness,
Give me for both these worlds the corporeal as well as the
spiritual,
Giftsarisingoutofpurity,whichmakejoyfulinbrightness.
Gatha1.
Also
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
12Wepraisethee,weacknowledgeourselvesasthydebtors,
MazdaAhura.
13 With all good thoughts, with all good words, with all
goodworks,wedrawnighuntothee.
14Thisthybody,thefairestofallbodies,weinviteMazda
Ahura.
15Thegreateraimupthegreatlights,
16thatwhichtheycallthesun.Yacnaxxxvi.
532Ezra1.2,3.
533Lajard,CultedeMithra,pl.ii.,xxv.seeTheFiveGreatMonarchies,2ndedition,
vol.III.,p.355.EspeciallyonthemonumentsatPersepolis,andthePehlevisealsin
theBritishMuseum.Ed.
534Table4,4.
535Herodotus,bk.III.,25I.,19,96,101VIII.,33,53Cic.,DeLeg.,II.10Strab.,
XI,p.634Pausan.,X.,35,2.
536Herodotus,bk.I.,153III.,37.
537Ibid.,bk.I.,6,III.,27,20.
538Ibid.,bk.III.,29.
539Ibid.,bk.III.,29.
540Ibid.,bk.I.,187III..16,37Diod.Sic.,lib.X.,41.
541 Herodotus, lib. I., 131 cf. lib. IV., 16. "The Persians, according to my own
knowledge,observethefollowingcustom.Itisnottheirpracticetoerectstatues,or
temples, or altars, but they charge those with folly who do so, because, as I
conjecture,theydonotthinkthegodshavehumanformsastheGreeksdo.Theyare
accustomed to ascend to the highest parts of the mountains and offer sacrifice to
Jupiter.Andtheycallthe wholeCircleoftheheavensbythenameofJupiter.They
sacrificetothesunandmoon,totheearth,fire,water,andthewindstothesealone
they have sacrificed from the earliest times, but they have since learnt from the
ArabiansandAssyrianstosacrificetoVenusUrania,whomtheAssyrianscallVenus
Mylitta,theArabiansMyhitta,andthePersiansMithra."
542Ap.Clem.Alex.,Protrept.,I.,5.
543DeVit.Philos.,proem,6.
544JournalofRoyalAsiaticSociety,vol.XV.,p.254.
545TheFiveGreatMonarchies,2ndedition,vol.II.,p.345andfoll.
546Dio.Chrysost.,Orat.of.XXXVI,p.149,editorReiskeClem.,Recogn.IV.,29
cf.Ammian.Marcell.,XXIII.,6.
547Onlyinthe21stfargardoftheVendidadSade.
548SeeSpiegel,Avesta,Vol.I.,p.258,andfoll.Vol.II.,p.119,120.
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
549SeeSpiegel,Avesta,vol.,I.,p.273andfoll.
550I.,98.
551QuotedbySirHenryRawlinson,JournaloftheRoyalAsiaticSociety,Vol.X.,p.
127.
552VahrariV.ascendedthePersianthroneAD.420.
553SirH.Rawlinson,JournaloftheRoyalAsiaticSociety,Vol.XVIII.,p.134.
554Victor Place, Niniveetl'Assyrie, pl. 36, 37. See my Essai de Commentaire des
FragmentscosmogoniquesdeBerose,p.369andfoll.
555SeemyEssaideCommentairedesFragmentscosmogoniquesdeBerose,p.157
andfoll.ThisgoddesswasalsointroducedintotheEgyptianmythologyinthetimeof
theRamessidesprobablyfromAsiaticsourcesalso.Ed.
556I.,140."Butwhatfollowsrelatingtothedeadisonlysecretlymentionedandnot
openly,viz.,thatthedeadbodyofaPersianisneverburieduntilithasbeentornby
some bird or dog, but I know on a certainty that the Magi do this, for they do it
openly.ThePersiansthenhavingcoveredthebodywithwaxconcealitintheground.
The Magi differ very much from all other men, and particularly from the Egyptian
priests,forthelatterholditmatterofreligionnottokillanythingthathaslife,except
which things as they offer in sacrifice whereas the Magi kill everything with their
ownhands,exceptadogoraman,andtheythinktheydoameritoriousthingwhen
theykillants,serpentsandotherreptilesandbirds."
557Yacna,lvii.,6.
558 D'Eckstein, Questions sur le Antiquites Semitiques, xv., Oppert, Annales de
PhilosophieChretien,January1862,p.61Spiegel,Avesta,vol.I.,p271vol.II.,p.
216andfoll.SeealsowhatIhavesaidinmyManueld'Histoire,Vol.II.,p.316.
559Ap.Damasc.,DePrincip.,125.
560Mos.choren.,I.,5.
561SeemyEssaideCommentairedesFragmentscosmogoniquesdeBerose,p.422
andfoll.
562DeIs.etOsir.,p.369,editorReiske.
563VII.,114.
564TheFiveGreatMonarchies,2ndedition,Vol.III.,p.359.
565SeemyLettresAssyrioloques,Vol.I.,p.99.
566SeeFergusson,TreeandSerpentWorship,London1873,in4to.
567GeorgeRawlinson,TheFiveGreatMonarchies,2ndedition,Vol.I.,p.122.
568W.A.I.II.,19.
569Ihavecomparedelsewhere(inmyPremieresCivilisations,vol.II.,p.131) this
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
allusionwiththeBrahmaniclegendofManthanam.SeeRecordsofthePast,Vol.I,p.
127.
570Lajard,Memoiresurlesbasreliefs,etc.,Sectionii.,iii.attheend.
571Yacna,IX.,25.
572VendidadSade,1.,69.
573Burnouf,JournalAsiatique,3rdseries,vol.XLV.,p.457andfoll.
574SeeRoth,DieWerkevonFeriduninIndienundIran,intheZeitschr.,Vol.II.,p.
216andfoll.Spiegel,Avesta,Vol.II.,p.7.
575SeemyLettresAssyrioloques,Vol.I.,p.97101.
576Rapportouministredel'instructionpublique,Paris1556.
577Layard,NinevehandBabylon,p.41andfoll.,8194.
578Berosus,Ap.Clem.Alex.,Protrept.,1.,5.
579EssaideCommentairedesFragmentscosmogoniquesdeBerose,p.157andfoll.
580SeeBreal,Depersicisnominibusapudscriptoresgrcos,p.5andfoll.
581TheFiveGreatMonarchies,2ndedition,vol.III.,p.360andfoll.
582Cyrop.,VII.,5,53Econom.,IV.,24.
583 Whilst the AryanMedes borrowed the person of Anat from the Chaldaio
AssyrianreligionthelatterreceivedfromthemthenameofMithra,asanappellation
ofthesun.
584SeeBurnouf,CommentairesurleYanu,p.351.
585VendidadSade,1.,5256.
586SeeRecordsofthePast,Vol.V.,p.149.
587Ap.Schol.adNicandr.Theriac.,V.,613.
588Yacna,LVII.,6.
589SeeG.Rawlinson,TheFireGreatMonarchies,2ndedition,Vol.III.,p.351.
590 Ezek. xxi. 26. The wands or arrows of fate are marked on many Babylonian
cylindersasheldinthehandofMarduk(Lajard,CultedeMithra, pl. xxxii., No.2
liv.,A, No. 5), or of Istar (Lajard, pl. xxxvii., No. 1), the divinities of the planets
JupiterandVenus,themostfavourabledeitiesaccordingtotheideasofastrologers.
591Thereiscertainlyaresemblancebetweenthisdivinationandthemagicthrowing
ofdicethatweseementionedinthetabletK342oftheBritishMuseum.
592DeViti.Philos.,6.
593Plin.,Hist.Nat.,XXX.,2.
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
594Plin., XXX., 1 Euseb., Chron.,I.,45Praep.Evangel., I. 10V., 14 Suid., V.

Apul.,Apolog.,27.
595Plin.,XXX.,5.
596 Strab., 1., p. 24 XVI., p. 76 Lucian, De Necrom.. p. ii Ammian. Marcell.,
XXIII.,6Origen,Adv.Cel.VI.,50Min.Fil.Octavian,26Clem.Alex., Pros.I.,p.
17,edit.PotterS.Cyprian,DeIdol.inOpp.,vol.,I.,p.414.
597Ammian.Marcel.,XXIII.,6.
598 Plat., 1., Alcib., 37 Justin, I. Diogen. Laert., I., 8 Plin., Hist.Nat., XXX., 32
XXXII.,49,etc.
599 The best of these translations is the German, published by M . Schiefner at
Helsingforsin1852.
600 Mythologia Fennica, 1789 Vorlesungen ber die Finnische Mythologie, 2nd
edition,St.Petersburg,1856.Seealsothetwodissertations,UeberdieZauberkunst,
andAllgemeineUebersicht,etc.,inKleinerSchriften,publishedbyM.Schiefner.
601 For further interesting details respecting the Greenlanders, Finns, and the
AngekoksoftheEsquimaux,seeDr.Rink'sLegendsandTalesoftheEsquimaux,and
LettersfromGreenland.Ed.
602SeeLonnrot,AbhandlunguberdiemagischeMedicinderFinnen.
603Theworldofdarkness,theabodeofwickedspirits.
604Kalevala,partI.,12thruna.Cf.theAryanmediaevallegendofthePiedPiper of
Hamelininitsvariousforms.Ed.
605Kalevala,24thrunaofthefirsteditionthetextofthesecond,publishedin1849,
seems to be inferior in this place. Cf. the Greek myth of the golden bough which
alonesecuredthelivingintheirvisittoHades.
606Kalevala,partII.,14thruna.
607 Cf. the Egyptian myth of the salutary virtues of the sweat of the god Ra, as
relatedintheMagicalPapyrusintheBritishMuseum,RecordsofthePast,Vol.VI.,
p.116.Ed.
608Kalevala,partI.,9thand10thrunas.
609Kalevala,partI.,3rdruna.
610J.Wille,BeskrivelseoverSiliejords,p.243.
611 We must compare it with one of the Accadian names of the god Sun, Bisela.
BeiwawasalsothesolargodoftheLaps.
6127thrunaofthefirstedition,14thofthesecond.
613SeeonthissubjectmyPremieresCivilisations,Vol.I.,p.114126.
614Part15thruna.
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
615G.Rawlinson,TheFireGreatMonarchies,2ndedition,Vol.I.,p.9699.
616 Cf. the cultus of the Pythian Apollo, in the intoxication of the priestess at
Delphos.Ed.
617 Abhundlungen uber die Magische. See also for an illustration of the Egyptian
demonomedical system which had a like basis, "Le Grand Papyrus Ebers" in
L'Egyptologie, par M. E. Chabas, and also the original text itself, Papyrus Ebers,
Leipzig,fol.,1876.Ed.
618W.A.I.IV.,3,col.2.
619 "May the disease of his head be carried away into the heavens like a violent
wind,"saysanAccadianincantation(W.A.I.II.,1,col.2.)Andanother,"May the
diseasesofthehead,theinfirmitiesflyawayintotheskylikegrasshoppers,maythey
dartintovastspacelikebirds."
620Cf.theJewishceremonyofexpellingthegoatofAzazelintothedesert.Ed.
621Thecommonsedge,Carexpalustris (?) of which there are about thirty English
species.
622Kalevala,15thruna.
623Theyextendedalsothenamesyntytothesupernaturalfacultybywhichthecurer
recognizedthediseaseanddiscernedtheremedy.
624 There is positive proof that theAssyrians themselves entitled the anteSemitic
idiomofChaldea"theAccadianlanguage,"andwehavenorealreasonfor differing
fromthem.
625InmyEtudesAccadiennes,Vol.I.,parts13.Ihavetreatedfurtherofthissubject
withnumerousadditionsandreferences,inanothervolumeLaLanguePrimitivedela
Chaldee (Paris 1875), which has been received in a most flattering manner by the
philologicalpublicofEnglandandGermany.Imaybeexcusedforpassingoverthe
polemics which were the origin of this last work. I have only to do here with what
partakes of a really scientific character, and do not therefore need to speak of the
fantasticalnotionsofM.JosephHalevy,whichwilleverremainastrangemonument
ofignoranceandfalseassertions.ThisscholarhaspresumedtospeakoftheAccadian
tongue, without a full knowledge of it, and all that he says is inexact. He has been
contradictedbythemasterhandofM.EberhardSchraderinZeitschriftderDeutsch.
Morgenl.Gesellschaft,Vol.XXIX.
626 By this term, which seems to me best suited to the facts observable in the
Accadian, I understand what is spoken of commonly in the UgroFinnic orTurkish
grammaras"derivedverbs."
627Castren,andastillbetterauthority,Schiefner,haveshownthattheintroductionof
this new principle in Huriatic was due to the influence ofYakut, a language of the
TurcoTartaricgroup,andinTungusic,whichbelongstothecircleofNjertchinsk,to
theinfluenceofBuriate.
628LucienAdam,GrammairedeLaLangueMandchou,p.52.
629 [Note: The philological footnotes for this table, and the proceeding ones, have
beenomittedfromthiseditionasbeingtoonumerousandunnecessary.JL.]
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
630 But not however the internal contraction which suppresses a syllable in the
middleofaword.NoexampleofthisisfoundintheAccadian,thoughitisoftentobe
metwithintheancientdialectsofSusiana.
631 Great attention should be paid to facts of this kind, for they often exercise a
modifying influence on the ideas which we connect with certain words. Here is an
example of it. We have two forms (expressed by two different ideograms) for the
Accadianword"fish,"aandan.IcomparedittotheFinnickalaandtheHungarian
hal,towhichan,fromaphoneticpointofview,reallycorresponds.ButIbelievedso
farintheanteriorityoftheforma,whichwasmyreasonfornotagreeingwithM.
Donner'sopinionconnectingkalakalwitharootkal.WellIwaswrong,foritisonly
acontractionofanandevenanatheproofofitrestsinthestatementthatImade
abouttheillativeanaku(andnotaku)inwhichtherootassumesitsoriginalformto
supportthesuffixa.
632SeemyLangueprimitive,etc.p.47,etseq.
633 See Inscriptions of Dungi, king of Ur, in "Early History of Babylonia," in
RecordsofthePast,Vol.III.,p.1.
634SeethepartunderthistitleinVol.II.ofmyPremieresCivilisations.
635SeeRawlinson'sTheFiveGreatMonarchies,2ndedition.p.156,etseq.,176.
636 See my Commentaire des Fragments cosmogoniques de Berose, p. 55. Mr.
BoscaweninTrans.Soc.Bib.Arch.,Vol.IV.,p.167170,haspublishedthefragments
of a bilingual text of an ancient king whose name is unfortunately lost, relating to
someworkscarriedonatthePyramidofBabylon,fromacopymadeinthetimeof
Assurbanipal but the expressions of this text seen, to me to imply the notion of a
restorationandimprovementontheoriginal,consideredasthecompletionratherthan
thefoundationoftheedifice.
637Oppert's,HistoiredesEmpiresdeChaldeeetdAssyrie,p.6.
638 See particularly Smith's "Early History of Babylonia," Trans. Soc. Bib. Arch.,
Vol.I.
639 These viceregents have two different titles, like the towns, between which we
stillfinditimpossibletodistinguish:
1st.AccadianpatesiAssyriannuab.
2nd.AccadiannirutaAssyriansakkanakku.
640 See in my Choix des Textes cuneiformes, No. 5, the inscription of Iumutabil,
viceregent of Diru, whom I have erroneously represented as a prince of Babylon
itself,byafalseassimilationoftheArchaicformoftheinitialletterintheideographic
grouprepresentingthenameofhistown.
641See"InscriptionoftheBirthofSargina,"inRecordsofthePast,Vol.V.,p.1.
642Quatremre,MemoiregeographiquesurlaBabylone,p.21.
643Pers.51.
644Dan.iii.4v.19vi.26vii.1.
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645TheAssyriantribescontinueduptoalateperiodintheirnomadicmodeoflife.
We have a curious proof of this in the fact that the word which inAssyrian means
"town," and which is in every case peculiar to Assyria proper, was ag, a word
radically and ethnologically identical with the Hebrews "tent." In Babylon it seems
that they used the word i, which also had a place in the Hebrew language with the
same meaning Prof. Sayce ascribes its origin to theAccadian ura, "town," but this
lastpointisstilldoubtful.
646 WA. I. I., I. 11 IV., 18, 2. The town itself seems to have been calledAusar
beforethegod,whosenameappears tohavetakenthis formand then thatofAssur
only in order to join artificially to a Semitic root (Assyrian Hebrew ), the
name of the ancient Sar of the Accadians, the ideographic expression of which
became the usual orthography of the god Assur. The choice of the characters
generallyemployedinwritingAusarasthenameofatownareofsuchanatureasto
leadustoconcludewithProf.Saycethatthenameoftheplace,ausar,"theborderof
thewater,"isofAccadianetymology,anetymologywhichagreesperfectly withthe
situationofthetown.
647SeeSmith's"NotesontheEarlyHistoryofAssyriaandBabylon,"in Recordsof
thePast,Vol.III.,p.xxx.
648 See Smith's Chaldean Account of Genesis, p. 26. This very solution of many
apparent geological and ethnographical difficulties has been already anticipated by
DomenickM'Causlandinhissingularandplausiblework,AdamandtheAdamite.
649Steph.Byz.
650 Arrian., Ap. Eustath. ad Dionys., Perieg., 100 Apollodor., II., 4, 5 Chronic.,
pasch.I.,p.74,ed.Dindorfcf.Herodot.,VI.,54,andVII.,61Lucan, Phars.,VI.,
449.ThenameofPerseusmustbeheretheHellenicformofaBabyloniannamewith
which we are not yet acquainted, probably the same that had given rise to the
ParsoudosofCtesias.
651SeemyPremieresCivilisations,Vol.II.,p.23,etseq.
652 cf. Lenormant's Intro. l'Histoire de l'Asie Occidentale,p.240, et seq. Movers',
Die Phoenizier, Vol. II., part i, p. 269, 276, 324, et seq. part 2, p. 104, 105, 388
Knobel's Die Volkertafel der Genesis, p. 251, 339, et seq. DEckstein in the
AthenaeumFranais,April22nd,May22nd,andAugust19th,1854.
653Gen.x.,812.
654Oppert'sComptesrendus...d'Archeologie,vol.I.
655Ibid,,1874,p.3746Trans.Soc.Bib.Arch.,Vol.III.,p.136,etseq.
656Trans.Soc.Bib.Arch.,Vol.II.,p.243,etseq.
657SeemyLangueprimitivedelaChaldee,p.369.
658Gen.x.11.
659Gen.xi.22,31xv.7.
660Gen.x.22.
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
661SteledeSamsiVul,col.4,I.38.
662SeemyPremieresCivilisation,Vol.II.,p.218.
663Ibid.,Vol.II.,p.221.
664WeshalltouchuponthequestionofSumirandAccad,againintheAppendix.
665IagreeentirelywithM.Schrader'stheory,thatthevariousSemiticnationsofthe
north and west, who originated in Arabia, the common cradle of their race, had,
previoustothetransmigrationwhichplacedthemintheirsettledhabitations,oneand
all been subject to the contact and influence of Accadian Babylon, and that this
affectedthemforcibly,andmodifiedtoagreaterdegreetheirpeculiarcharacteristics.
ButthereisnoneedtosupposeonthisaccountthattheyhadeversettledinBabylon
itself.Thecontactmusthavetakenplaceinaneighbouringcountry,intheplainson
therightbankoftheEuphrates,wheretheancienttribesofthesenations,iftheycame
fromthecentreofArabia,naturallyencampedbeforetheybegantheirmarchtothe
north.
666Tacit.,Just.,V.,11.
667 See Oppert's Athenaeum franais, October 21st, 1854 De Rouge's Revue
ethnographique, 1859, p. 110 and my Manuel dHistoire ancienne de l'Orient, 3rd
edition,Vol.I.,p.122,etseq.
668Guigniaut'sReligionsdel'Antiquite,vol.II,part3,p.523.
669 The basreliefs of Susiana prove to us the existence of tribes with a stronger
Melanianelementinthem,andofanalmostpureNegroidtypeseeG.Rawlinson's
TheFiveGreatMonarchies,2ndedition,Vol.II.,p.500.
670Mr.GeorgeRawlinson(TheFiveGreatMonarchies,2ndedition,Vol.II.,p.497)
had made a similar remark about the figures on the basreliefs relating to the
BabylonianwarofAssurbanipal.
671SeemyLangueprimitivedelaChaldee,p.382386.
672Ibid.,p.327.
673Thosenamesofwhichwealreadypossesstheoriginalformsare,ifwecompare
the forms given in the extract of Hersus with the original forms: = AdiUru =
Muluurugal = Ubaratutmm = Khasisadma or Adrakhasis (the two forms are
equally used) Etana. All these personages are specially classed as Chaldeans by
Berosus.
674SeemyLangueprimitivedelaChaldee,p.363,etseq.
675 I shall recur, however, in an Appendix to the difficult question of Sumir and
Accad, and I shall then make use of the new documents on this subject with which
sciencehaslatelybeenenriched.
676 Rapport au ministre de l'instruction publique, Paris, 1858 Expedition en
Mesopatamie,Vol. II., p. 7786 Schrader's "1st dasAkkadischer der keilinschriften
eineSpracheodereineSchrift,"inVol.XXIX.oftheJournaloftheGermanAsiatic
Society.
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
677Oppert'sExpeditionenMesopatamie,Vol.II.,p.6365.
678SeeSayce,LecturesonAssyrianPhilology,lectureIII.
679Theattemptatadistinctionbetweenki,andqi,buandpu, did not appear until
quite a late period, towards the end of the eighth century B.C., and its use never
becamegeneral.
680Smith'sThePhoneticValuesoftheCuneiformCharacters, p. 4and myEtudes
accadiennes,Vol.I.,fasc.I,p.45,etseq.
681Oppert'sComptesrendus...d'Archeologie,Vol.I.,p.74.
682 The character which is used to designate the vine, and afterwards wine, is a
compoundsign,andofthesecondaryformation,thecombinationofwhichhasbeen
tracedtothecompoundgestru,"treeoflife,"whichisitsAccadianrendering.
683 See my Etudes Accadiennes, Vol. I., fasc. 3, p. 72, et seq. and farther on the
AppendixII.
684 Commentaire des Fragments cosmogoniques de Berose, p. 51, et seq. Etudes
accadiennes,Vol.I.,fasc.3,p.7175.
685 Lassen's Die altpersische keilinschriften von Persopolis, p. 5156, and in the
ZeitschriftfurdieKundedesMorgenlandes,Vol.VI.,p.49,50etc.
686W.A.I.I.,20,1.33,etseq.
687SeemyLettresAssyrioloques,1stseries,Vol.I.,p.19,etseq.
688SeemyCommentairedesFragmentscosmogoniquesdeBerose,p.317,393and
myEtudesaccadiennes,Vol.I.,fasc.3,p.73,etseq.
689"Recherchessurl'origineetlaformationdel'cultureChinoise,"intheMmoires
del'AcadnuedesInscriptione,2ndSeries,Vol.VIII.
690SeemyPremieresCivilisations,Vol.I.,p.115,etseq.
691Boeckh'sMetrologische,Berlin,1838Bertheau'sZurGesehichtederIsraeliten,
p.99,etseq.
692TheNamaribili,or"BookoftheIlluminationofBel."Ed.
693IhaveadheredtotheoriginalformofthisparagraphasitappearsintheFrench
edition, because I fully believe in its fundamental data which ascribe the origin of
astrologyandastronomytotheKushitoSemeticelement.ButInowthinkthatsome
oftheseassertionsaretoopositive,andrequireexplanationinanote.
For instance, it was going rather too far to conclude from the fact that all the
fragmentsofastrologicalandastronomicalbooksinourpossessionatpresentare in
Assyrian, that none were ever written in any other language, and so not in the
Accadian.AndW.A.I.III,55,2,oughtperhapstobeconsideredasan astronomical
tabledrawnupafterthedocumentsin"thelanguageofAssur"comparedwiththosein
"the language of Sumir and Accad." The Accadian language possesses a complete
scientificnomenclatureforastronomyandastrology,andsomeoftheexpressionsare
often independent as their formation of the corresponding Assyrian expressions.
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Again in the great work compiled by order of Sargon I. and NarainSin, we find in
place ofAssyrian terms written phonetically, ideographic expressions, which might
justaswellhavebeeninventedbypeoplespeakingtheSemiticlanguagesasbythose
speaking the Accadian. We are also ready to grant that even with regard to such
fundamentaltermsas"conjunction"(intheAccadianribana,intheAssyrianqasritu),
thatareregularallophonicwords,thatistosayAccadianwords writtenphonetically,
and taken afterwards improperly as indivisible ideographic groups rendered by the
correspondingAssyrian words. This proves, at least, that the element speaking the
Accadianlanguagecultivatedearlyandattentivelythescienceofthestars,anddidnot
leavethemonopolyofittothedoctorsoftheAssyrianelement.ButIfailtoseeinit
withProf.SayceanabsoluteproofthatthisscienceisasinventedbytheArcadiaAsI
have already remarked above, considering the long coexistence of the two
populations,eachkeepingitsownlanguage,althoughtheywereconsolidatedintoone
and the same political state, I cannot think it necessary that everything written or
expressedintheAccadianshouldnecessarilybeofAccadianorigin.
On the other hand, it seems to me impossible not to attribute to theAccadians the
sexagesimal computation, which was the basis of the whole Chaldean system of
mathematics.Thedoublecycleof60and600years,exactlylikethesossesandneres
of Chaldea, exists amongst the Uigurs, the Mongols, and the Mantchoos like the
cycleofHoangtiinChinafromtheearliesthistoricepochs,acycleof60yearsmixed
withothersof61daysand60months,whichwasbroughtintothiscountryfromthe
countries of the Kuenlun like all the primitive civilization of the Hundred Families
cycleswhicharebornoneofanother,andproceedfromthesexagesimalnumeration,
have been also introduced into India, where a Babylonian computation hardly
accountssatisfactorilyfortheirappearancesucharethecycleof60yearsattributed
to Parhsara, and the figures of 3600 years assigned to the period of Vekpa I, of
216,000 to that of Pradjpati, and of 432,000 to Kaliyuga. We have not long
analogousonthepartoftheSemiticracesortheCanaanitesliketheEgyptians.Frret,
Ideler,Bunsen,andLepsius,werestruck,asnoonecanfailtobe,bytheconnection
between all the chronological computations which I have just mentioned, and their
relation to the Chaldean system. But no one could explain this connection now,
however,webegintoseemoreclearlysincewehaveprovedtheTuranianor Altaic
characteroftheAccadianswhointroducedthesexagesimalnumerationintoChaldea.
694Itisnotdifficultnowtounderstandtheoriginoftheapparentcontradictionwith
regardtotheChaldeans,concerningtheinformationcollectedbyDiodorusofSicily,
andtheaccountsoftheprophetsofIsrael.Asafractionofthe peopleofAccad,the
Chaldeanshadtheright,asDiodorustellsus,ofcallingthemselvesthemostancient
oftheBabylonianswhileasthepeculiartribeofKaldirulingoverallthecountriesas
far as Babylon, Isaiah was not mistaken in terming them a new nation. On the
contrary, these two assertions are both alike equally true, according to the point of
viewfromwhichweregardthem.
695Manyyearsbefore,thekingofBabylon,whobelongedtothetypeacknowledged
asMongolic,andwhoseimagemaybeseenononeoftheblackstonesintheBritish
Museum(seepl.I.ofmyLangueprimitivedelaChaldee), bore a SemiticAssyrian
name,Marudukidinakhe.
696Ihaveshownelsewhere(Etudesaccadiennes,Vol.I.,fasc.3,p.79)thattheuse
of theAccadian began to decline from the time that Sargon I., king of Aganii, by
subjecting the whole of the country, as far as the Gulf of Persia, to a new dynasty,
proceeding from the northern provinces, secured the political preponderance of the
KushitoSemiticelement.Fromthatmomentthecustomwasestablished,thatprivate
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
contracts were written inAssyrian, whenever one of the contracting parties bore a
Semitic name, and consequently belonged to the same race as thereigningdynasty.
ThisdeclinewentonrapidlyundertheCissiankings,ofwhomHammurabiwasthe
first,whenthecapitalwasdefinitelyfixedatItabylun.Itmusthavebeenunderthese
kings,whooccupiedthethroneformanycenturies,thattheAccadianceasedtobea
livingandspokenlanguage.
697HistoryofAssurbanipal,p.325.
698Nowthatoneofthesedocumentshasbeenpublished(W.A.I.IV.,15,2)andcan
be minutely studied, I find it difficult to allow that it was really composed under
Assurbanipal. It seems much more like an ancient hymn. I imagine that the copyist
insertedthenameofthismonarch(undertheAccadianizedformof Ausarbanibila)
inthefinalprayerfortheking,wheretheremustoriginallyhavebeenablank,filled
upaccordingtoconveniencebythenameofthekingreigningwhenthehymnwasto
beused.IshouldattachmoreimportancetothefactthatanAccadiannamereappears
for the last king of Babylon. The title of this monarch means, "Nebo is majestic,
glorious" we have two forms of it, one purely Assyrian, Naluuadu, the other
Accadian, Nabiituq. Now the second is not an allophonism for Nabunadu, for
althoughintheCanonofPtolemyAlexander Polyhistorthiskingiscalledaccording
to Berosus [Greek] or [Greek] = Nabunadu.Abydene called him [Greek], Nabu
nituq therefore this king elected by the Chaldeans from their very midst (Brose,
fragment14,ed.C.MullerAbyden,fragment8,ed.C.Muller),whocallshimselfin
hisowninscriptions"chiefmagus,"ruluersga(WA.I.I.,65,2,3,4),the ofthe
Bible(Jer.xxxix.,3)boresimultaneouslytwosynonymousnamestheoneAssyrian
Nabunidu,theotherAccadianNabunituq,andusedthemindifferentlyinhisofficial
inscriptionssomeoftheGreekhistoriansofBabylonadoptedthefirstforminwriting
ofhim,othersthesecond.ThisindicatedakindofrenaissanceoftheAccadianasthe
sacred and classical languages of the time of the last Babylonish empire. It also
proves that theAccadian is indeed the "language of the Chaldees" in the sacerdotal
senseofthename,whichthebookofDanieldescribesasoneoftheprincipalpathsof
studymarkedoutforyoungpeopledestinedtoalearnedcareer.
699JournalAsiatique,7thseries,Vol.II.,p.42.
700Cf.thevariouspapersonthe"westerlydriftingofNomads,"byH.Howorth,in
theTransactionsoftheAnthropologicalInstitute,Vol.I.,part7,p.2,226,andofthe
Ethnological Society of London, and his History of the Mongolia, lately published.
Ed.
701"TheOriginofSemiticCivilization,"Trans.Soc.Bib.Arch.,Vol.I.
702 This opinion of mine is not so different as may appear at first sight born that
expressed by M. Schrader in his works which are so justly renowned throughout
scientific Europe, and particularly in his excellent paper in the jahrbucher fur
Theologie for the year 1874, entitled "Semitismus und Babylonismus." Iagreewith
himcordiallyinhisviewthatBabylonism,ashecallsit,differsradicallyfromapure
andoriginalSemitismasrepresentedbytheArabs further,thattheinfluenceofthe
mostancientBabylonishcivilizationwhichheldswayovertheSemitictribesofthe
north, was the result of constant communication before the establishment of their
nations in their definite regions, and which introduced amongst them all the ideas,
institutions, religious, social and scientific traditions foreign to Arabia, which they
hadincommonwithBabylon.
ThepointonwhichwedifferisthatheconsiderstheoldBabylonishcivilizationasa
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
homogeneous whole, referring it entirely to the first element of the population who
spokethenonSemiticlanguage,whi1stIhavemadeabolderattempttopenetratethe
darkness of the prehistoric past connected with tire countries watered by the
EuphratesandtheTigris.
Insteadofattributingthiscivilizationtoasinglerace,Iseeinitamixedproductof
the retributions of two nations of different origins, and I am trying, with a certain
degree of success, to analyse it and discover what belongs to its two factors. H.
Schrader seems to me rather be absorbed in the presence of the Semitic race in
Babylonia, and consequently considers everything which does not belong to pure
Semitismtobequiteunconnectedwithit.Ithink,onthecontrary,thatthepopulation
whospoketheSemiticlanguageinBabyloniaandChaldeawasnotcomposedofthe
Semitic race properly socalled, but of Kushites or people belonging to a
neighbouring ethnic family endowed with peculiar characteristics, somewhat
resemblingthoseoftheEgyptians.SoIthinkthecomparisonwithoriginalandpure
SemitismisnotenoughforthesolutionoftheproblemoftheoriginoftheChaldaio
Babylon nation. We must also compare it with the ethnology of Egypt under the
primitive dynasties, and with as much as we can discover of the genius and
institutions of the Kushites in other countries, in Yemen for instance, before
attributingtotheAccadianTuranianseverythingwhichwasnotthoroughlySemiticin
thecivilizationofBabylon.
703RevuedesDeuxMondes,1erSeptembre,1873,p.140.
704 It is very probable, as M. Schrader's judicious and suggestive remark would
imply,thattheexampleandinfluenceoftheAccadianswasthemeansofintroducing
amongstsomeoftheSemitictribes,theparallelismusmemorum,which became the
foundationofHebrewpoetry,thoughitwasquiteunknowntotheArabs.
705W.A.I.II.,10.Itismorecompleteinmy ChoixdeTextescuneiformes,No.15
some corrections in Friedriech Delitzsch's Assyrische Lesestucke, p. 37 et seq.
Translations,differingalittlefrommineintheminordetails,butagreeingwithitin
the really important facts, have been brought out by M. Oppert (Journal Asiatique,
7thseries,Vol.1.,p.g,etseq.)andby Prof.Sayce(RecordsofthePast,Vol. III., p.
23,etseq.).InowcorrectonafewpointstheversionwhichImadeinthefirstFrench
editionofthiswork.
706Assyrianversion:"Inanycase,infuture."
707Thatistosayifhehasagreedtoitinproperformbyadeed,inwhichcasethe
markofhisnailservesasasignature.
708Assyrian:"hewillacknowledgehispaternity."
709Assyrian:"hishair"only.
710Assyrian:"inthetowntheybanishhim"(literally,theyconfinehim).
711Itismostlikelythathere,aswellasinthefollowingsentence,thedisownedchild
istheonedrivenfromthehouse.
712 Literally, "the chief" but we cannot take it in the sense of proprietor as Prof.
Saycedoes.Itrefersonthecontrarytothefactthatthecountrymanagerisanswerable
tohimforanyharmdonetotheslavescommittedtohiscare.
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
713Byhisownfault.
714Cf.theMosaiclaw,Ex.xx.710xxi.20,21.Ed.
715Literally,"electedher,declaredher."
716Literally,"subgendoeamnoncompressit."
717Therightofrejectionafterthecompletionofthemarriageisnotthethinghere
referredto.Thetermsemployedseemtoimplythatalegalunioncouldbecontracted
onlywithonewoman.
718Itiswellknownthatpositivemonumentalinformationhasbeenfoundtoconfirm
thewritingsofHerodotus,ontheannualauctionofyounggirlsatBabylonseemy
PremieresCivilisations,Vol.II.,p.229.
719 The reader who desires to follow up this subject cannot do better than read
Herbert Spencer's magnum opus, Descriptive Sociology, Vol. V., "The Asiatic
Nations" Lubbock's Origin of Civilisation and Tylor's Researches into the Early
HistoryofMankind.Thecollectionoffactsandthecollocationofthedeductionstobe
derived from them may be considered as imparting almost a prophetic sense to the
studentofArchaichistory.Ed.
720SeeSumerouAccad,parJulesOppert,Paris,1876.
721InmyEtudesAccadiennes,Vol.1.,fasc.3.
722IenaerLiteraturzeitung,1874,p.200.
723AssyrienStudien,p.3,120,etseq.
724 M. Fried. Delitzsch has answered the objection which might be made to the
difference of order in the designation of a lexicon as "AssyrianAccadian," and the
arrangementofthecolumnswheretheAccadiancomesbeforetheAssyrian.Although
theAccadian is in the first column, the lexicographical tablets are nonethelessthe
remains of an "AssyrianAccadian" dictionary, since the arrangement is determined
bytheaffinityofsoundbetweentheAssyrianandnottheAccadianwords.
7251stdasAkkadischeetneSprache,p.46.
726SeeamongstotherstheprismofEsarhaddon,col.4,I.
727Smith'sHistoryofAssurbanipal,p.235.
728Col.5,1.3941.
729Trans.Soc.Bib.Arch.,Vol.II.,p.130,I.andRecordsofthePast,Vol.III.,p.25.
730Ibid.,p.137,1.20,21.
731AsIhavealreadyremarkedabove,thecountryofChaldeaisdesignatedaspartof
the country of Accadia, in the inscriptions of Shalmaneser III. on the obelisk of
SamsiBinthetwonamesseemtobeidentified.
732SeeFinzi,Ricercheparlastudindellantichitaassira,p.164.
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
733 Mr. Smith tried a little while ago to propagate an entirely different opinion,
making Sumir the south and Accad the north of Babylonia, on the ground of an
assimilationbetweenthecitysouthofBabylonitself,whosenameeveryAssyriologist
hadreadasAganeuptothattimeandthecityofAccadspokenofinGenesis.Thelast
sign in the orthography of the nameAgane can indeed in its polyphony represent a
dental,butitisalwaysal(intheAccadianadh)andneverad.Inthatcaseweshould
haveAgate,thatistosayorwhichcouldonlybeassimilatedtoAkkad,bya
fantasticchangeofarticulation,ofwhichneithertheAccadiannortheAssyrianallow.
Ithereforerepudiateexplicitly,asProf.Saycehasalreadydone,theidentificationthus
suggestedbytheingeniousEnglishAssyriologist.
I also object to his reading a dental in the last syllable. Indeed the reading Agane,
which has the advantage of taking the sign there used in its original and most
commonacceptation,seemstomefullyjustifiedbyitsagreementwiththe[Greek]of
Ptolemy (V., 18, 7), which I also see in the of the Talmud of Babylon (Baba
mecia,86aBababathra,129a).ThisAgmaorAgamaisgivenasthe neighbouring
towntoPomBeditha(Neubauer,GeographieduTalmud,p.368), which refers it to
the north of Babylon, situated on the Euphrates like the Agamna of the Greek
geographer,andthispositioncorrespondsexactlywiththedescriptionofAganeinthe
cuneiformdocuments.
734Ifthisassimilationwerenotadmitted,theBiblicalwouldhavenoequivalent
in the indigenous Babylonian and Assyrian documents, which would at least be
strange.
735Histor.dynast.,p.18,ed.Pococke.ThesameAbullFaradjafewlinesfurtheron
mentionsafabuloustradition,whichisofrealinterest,inthatitistheonlytraceleft
by the ancient people of the Sumeri in oriental recitals. It is the legend of Samirus,
"withthreeeyesandtwohorns,"thefirstkingofBabylonafterNimrod,whoinvented
weightsandmeasuresandtheartofsilkweaving.
736PerhapsalsoSurripak.Ihaveshownelsewherethestrikingcoincidencebetween
the Biblical tetrapolis of Nimrod and the tetrapolis of Izdhubar or Dhubar in the
BabylonianEpopee.ThelatterwascomposedofBahilu,Uruk,Surippak,andNipur
Surippak corresponds with Accad in the book of Genesis. However, I prefer the
restitutionof(orelsethatthetownofUriscalledAccadifanyoneisunwillingto
admitthatthetextisimperfect)onaccountofthepassageinWA.I.III.,70,1.154:
uri=(ideogr.ofAccad)= Akkadu,andthepassagefinishesbyreferringthenameof
Accadtothesouth,theprovinceofwhichUrwasthecapital.
737W.A.I.II.,46,1.i,c,d.
738 Inscription of Khorsabad, 1. 31 see H. Rawlinson in Vol. IV. of Canon
Rawlinson'sHerodotus,Englishedition,p.250254.
739WA.I.II.,48,I.13,C,d.
740AssyrischeLesestucke,p.39.
7411stdasakkadischeeineSprache?p.39.
742W.A.I.II.,39,1.9,c,d.
743SeemyEtudesur...cuniformes,p.72,etseq.102,etseq.
43/45
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
744Ibid.,p.177.
745ObeliskofSamsiBin(ShamasVul),col.3,I.53.
746Ptol.V.12DioCasso,LXVIII.22Ammian.Marc.XVIII.5,20Eckel, Doctr.
num. vet., Vol. III., p. 519 Ritter, Erdkunde, Vol. X., p. 118, 158, 247, 696, 718
Layard,NinevehandBabylon,p.249.
747Maracid,vol.II.,p.57Aboulfeda,p.445Oczovina,Vol.II.,p.262.
748Chabas,Voyaged'unEgyptien,p.225.
749Maspero,DeCarchenioppidusitu,p.26J.deRouge,Melangesd'archeologie,
vol.I.,p.46.
750Onefactatleastiscertain,thatinconsequenceofmoreancientethnicchangesof
whichBabylonwasthescene,andofwhichwehavetriedtogiveanidea,founded
partlyonconjecture,thenameofthepeopleofthiscountry,theSumirians,earlylost
theexactindividualmeaningwhichthenameoftheAccadiansretainedmuchlaterit
assumedavaguecharacter,andbecameoneofthosememoriesofthepastwhichare
usedinroyaltitlesevenaftertheyrepresentnothingsubstantial.
IfthekingsofAssyria,whentheymadethemselvesmastersofBabylon,tookthetitle
of Sar Sumeri a Akkadi, it was a regular affectation of archaism, a revival of the
ancientprotocolwhichtheythoughtgaveanaugustcharactertotheirsovereignty.But
wemustnotomittonoticethattheytooktoitagainafteraperiodofsuspension,orat
least uncertainty as to its use, under the monarchs of the Cissian dynasty. In their
AccadianinscriptionsthesekingsreassumetheancienttitleusgaKiengikiAkkad,an
entirely geographical title, together with those of usgat Kadingira or ungal Karu
Dunyas"kingofBabylon,"andungalKassi"kingoftheKassi"theyevenuseditas
anallophonicexpressioninsomeoftheirAssyrianinscriptions,W.A.I.IV.,41,col.i,
I.30.
Butwhentheysubstituteaphoneticexpressionfortheallophonicexpressionofthis
titleintheinscriptionsinthesamelanguage,theydonotwritesarSumeriuAkkadi
butsarKassiuAkkadi(seetheinscriptionpublishedinpartinWA.1.II.,35,2,and
morecompletelybyMr.Boscawen,Trans.Soc.Bib.Arch.,Vol.IV.,p.1Icanthink
alsooftwootherexamples).TheyreplacedthenSumeribyKassi,asadesignationof
the inhabitants of Babylonia, really because part of the nation of the Elamite Kassi,
the people to whom these kings themselves belonged, had come and settled as
conquerorsinBabylonia.Theyareoftenmentionedinthepreciousdocumentknown
astheSynchronousHistoryinconnectionwitheventswhichhappenedtinderthelater
Cissian kings, and even tinder the first princes of the Assyrian dynasty which
followed them. The Kassi seem to have been at that tune a conquering and ruling
peopleinBabylonia,triumphingovertheoldinhabitantswhostillretainedtheirown
languagehowever,somethinginthesamewaythattheTurksnowrulemostoftheir
Europeanprovinces.
751SeethesametermswhichIusedinmyEtudesaccadiennes,Vol.1.,p.91.
752Thesignhasthemeaning"toput,place,"intransitively"tosit,"atleastasoftenas
thatof"serve,"andthisrenderingismuchmoreusualthan"adoration,worship."
753WA.I.III.,2,4.
44/45
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CHALDEANMAGICNOTES
754M.Opperttranslates"countryofthelanguageoftheslaves,"butIdonotknow
fromwhatinformation.
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