Exogenous sources:

IR, UV, X, Y rays

a particles, air pollutants
Chemical drugs
lonizing radiation

RO

OH

NO

O2

ROO
Kidneys
Eyes
Reproduction
system
Nervous system
Respiratory system

Shielding
effects
by AOs

ROS and RNS

H2O2

Endogenous sources:
O2 metabolism, immune
response, Inflammation,
activated neutrophils,
Respiratory burst of
macrophages

OONO
NO2

O3
HOCl

Sources
Nutrient derived
Antioxidant enzymes
Metal binding proteins
Phytonutrients

Cell
Prooxidants

Oxidative
stress
O

Glycation of proteins
COOH

DNA strand break

and mutations

Oxidation of PUFA
in cell membrane

Cancer

Atherogenesis

H2H

COOH

H2H

COOH

Oxidation of protein
amino acids

Altered oxidative
metabolism

Autoimmune
diseases

Diabetes and
neurodegenerative
diseases