Technology in Action Technology in Action: Chapter Topics

ELE 107-Week 1-B: History of Computers
Technology
inAction
Technology in Action
AlanEvans KendallMartin
Technology in Focus:
The History of the Personal
Computer
MaryAnnePoatsy
TenthEdition
Copyright 2014PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHall
The First Personal Computer:

The Altair
Chapter Topics
The First Personal Computer: The Altair

The Apple I and II
Enter the Competition
Other Important Enhancements
The Graphical User Interface
The Internet Boom
Making the Personal Computer Possible:
Early Computers
1975
Sold as a kit
No keyboard: Used switches for input
No monitor: Used lights for output
Bill Gates and Paul Allen among first

owners
Wrote compiling program
The Apple I and II

Apples success fostered competition
Built by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak

Operating system stored in ROM

IBM PCs

The Osborne: The Birth of Portable Computing
Prior to 1980: Known for mainframes

1981: Entered small-computer market with
IBM PC
Introduced in 1981
Cost $1,795
Weighed 24.5 pounds
Started at $1,565
5 inch screen
Sold at retail outlets (Sears)
Overnight success
1982: Named Machine of the Year
Other Important Advancements

The Importance of BASIC

1970s and 1980s: Computer hardware
was developing
Programming languages in the 1950s

FORTRAN, ALGOL, and COBOL
Other advances in
Used mainly by businesses
Programming languages
Used to create financial, statistical, and

engineering programs
Operating systems
Application software
Led to more useful and powerful machines

8

The Importance of BASIC (cont.)

Advent of Operating Systems
Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic

Instruction Code (BASIC)
Early programs and data saved on

audiocassettes
Introduced in 1964
Revolutionized software industry
Programs needed to be rewritten each

time
Easily learned by beginning programmers
Floppy disk drive was introduced in 1978
Became key language for PC
Programs could be saved so operating

systems were developed
Led to creation of Microsoft

10
11

Advent of Operating Systems (cont.)
Operating systems coordinate with specific
processor chip
Apple computers Motorola chips: Disk
Operating System (DOS) OS (1977)

Advent of Operating Systems
1980: Microsoft developed MS-DOS
Operating system for IBM PCs
Created by Bill Gates
PCs using Intel chip used MS-DOS
PCs Intel 8080 chips: Control Program for

Microcomputers (CP/M) OS
12

Software Application Explosion: VisiCalc and Beyond
13

Software Application Explosion
Includingdiskdrivesinpersonalcomputersset
offanexplosionofsoftwareapplications
Spreadsheets
VisiCalc
Lotus 1-2-3
Microsoft Excel
Word Processing
WordStar
Word for MSDOS
WordPerfect
14
15

Xerox: Birth of the GUI

Graphical User Interface (GUI) allowed
users to interact with computer more
easily
Xerox Alto (1972)
Previously used command or menu driven

interfaces
File Management system with directories

and folders
GUI not invented by a computer company
Mouse and network connectivity
Introduced What You See Is What You

Get (WYSIWYG)
Never sold commercially

16
17

The Lisa and the Macintosh
The Internet Boom
Apple Lisa (1983)
1993: Mosaic browser introduced
First successful PC using GUI
1994: Netscape launched
Windows, drop-down menus, icons, a file

system with folders and files
1995: Internet Explorer introduced by

Microsoft
Very expensive
1998: Netscape became open source
Apple Macintosh (1984)

1/3 cost of Lisa
Introduced 3-inch floppy disk
18
19
Making the Personal Computer Possible: Early Computers
Making the Personal Computer

Possible: Early Computers
The Pascalene Calculator and the Jacquard Loom
Computers are the compilation of the

results of individual inventions
First accurate mechanical calculator
Early machines helped create the personal

computer of today
Used revolutions of gears to count by tens
Created by Blaise Pascal in 1642

Could be used to add, subtract, multiply,
and divide
Basic design used in mechanical
calculators for 300 years
20

The Pascalene Calculator and the Jacquard Loom (Cont.)
21
Babbages Engines
Analytical Engine: 1834
Created by Joseph Jacquard

Revolutionized fabric
industry
Cards had punched holes;
automated weaving complex
patterns
Process adopted later;
record and read data in
computers using punch
cards
Designed by Charles
Babbage
First automatic calculator
Based on Difference
Engine
Never developed
Drawings and descriptions
similar to todays
computers
22
23
Hollerith Tabulating Macinine
Z1 and Atanasoff-Berry Computer
1890: Created by Herman Hollerith
Z1 (1936)
Created by Konrad Zuse
Mechanical calculator
Included control unit and separate memory
functions
Important breakthrough for future computer
design
U.S. Census Bureau: Tabulate census data

Automatically read data from punch cards
1896: Hollerith started the Tabulating

Machine Company
Later became International Business
Machines (IBM)
24
25
Z1 and Atanasoff-Berry Computer (cont.)
Z1 and Atanasoff-Berry Computer (cont.)
AtanasoffBerry Computer (ABC)

(1939)
Created by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry
First electrically powered digital computer
Used vacuum tubes to store data
First computer to use the binary system
26
27
Harvard Mark I
Turing Machine
Created by Howard Aiken and Grace

Hopper
Used by U.S. Navy for ballistic and
gunnery calculations
Hoppers greatest contributions:
Abstract computer model: Could perform

logical operations
Hypothetical model: Mathematically
defined a mechanical procedure
Inventing the
compiler
Coining the term
computer bug
Infinite tape that could be read, written to,

and erased; precursor to todays RAM
28
29
ENIAC
UNIVAC
Universal Automatic Computer
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

First successful high-speed electronic digital
computer
First commercially successful digital computer

Operated on magnetic tape, not punch cards
- Big and clumsy
Considered first-generation computer
- Used 18,000 vacuum

tubes
Last to use vacuum tubes to store data
- Filled 1,800 square feet

30
31
Transistors and Beyond
Transistors and Beyond (cont.)
Transistors (1945)
Integrated circuits (1958)
Invented at Bell Laboratories
Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments
Replaced vacuum tubes
Small chip containing thousands of transistors
Considered second generation computers
Enabled computers to become smaller and

lighter
Considered third generation computers
32
Microprocessor Chip
33
Computer Generations
First-generation (1944)
Introduced by Intel Corporation in 1971
Used vacuum tubes to store data
Small chip containing millions of

transistors
Second-generation (1945)
Used transistors to store data
Functions as the central processing unit

(CPU)
Third-generation (1958)
Used integrated circuits
Intel and Motorola became leading

manufacturers
Fourth-generation (1971today)
Considered fourth generation computers

Use microprocessor chip

34
35

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ELE 107-Week 1-B: History of Computers

The First Personal Computer:

The First Personal Computer: The Altair

Bill Gates and Paul Allen among first

The Apple I and II

Enter the Competition

Built by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak

ELE 107-Week 1-B: History of Computers

Enter the Competition

Enter the Competition

Prior to 1980: Known for mainframes

Sold at retail outlets (Sears)

1982: Named Machine of the Year

Other Important Advancements

Other Important Advancements

Programming languages in the 1950s

Used mainly by businesses

Used to create financial, statistical, and

Led to more useful and powerful machines

Other Important Advancements

Other Important Advancements

Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic

Early programs and data saved on

Programs needed to be rewritten each

Easily learned by beginning programmers

Floppy disk drive was introduced in 1978

Became key language for PC

Programs could be saved so operating

Led to creation of Microsoft

ELE 107-Week 1-B: History of Computers

Other Important Advancements

Other Important Advancements

PCs Intel 8080 chips: Control Program for

Other Important Advancements

Other Important Advancements

The Graphical User Interface

The Graphical User Interface

Xerox Alto (1972)

Previously used command or menu driven

File Management system with directories

GUI not invented by a computer company

Mouse and network connectivity

Introduced What You See Is What You

Never sold commercially

ELE 107-Week 1-B: History of Computers

The Graphical User Interface

The Internet Boom

Apple Lisa (1983)

1993: Mosaic browser introduced

First successful PC using GUI

1994: Netscape launched

Windows, drop-down menus, icons, a file

1995: Internet Explorer introduced by

1998: Netscape became open source

Apple Macintosh (1984)

Making the Personal Computer Possible: Early Computers

Making the Personal Computer

The Pascalene Calculator and the Jacquard Loom

Computers are the compilation of the

First accurate mechanical calculator

Early machines helped create the personal

Used revolutions of gears to count by tens

Created by Blaise Pascal in 1642