MIMO

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 15, NO.
6, JUNE 2016
3837
Wireless Information and Power Transfer

in Multiway Massive MIMO Relay Networks
Gayan Amarasuriya, Member, IEEE, Erik G. Larsson, Fellow, IEEE, and H. Vincent Poor, Fellow, IEEE
AbstractSimultaneous wireless information and power

transfer techniques for multiway massive multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO) relay networks are investigated. By using two
practically viable relay receiver designs, namely 1) the power
splitting receiver and 2) the time switching receiver, asymptotic
signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) expressions are
derived for an unlimited number of antennas at the relay.
These asymptotic SINRs are then used to derive asymptotic
symmetric sum rate expressions in closed form. Notably, these
asymptotic SINRs and sum rates become independent of radio
frequency-to-direct current (RF-to-DC) conversion efficiency
in the limit of infinitely many relay antennas. Moreover, tight
average sum rate approximations are derived in closed form for
finitely many relay antennas. The fundamental tradeoff between
the harvested energy and the sum rate is quantified for both relay
receiver structures. Notably, the detrimental impact of imperfect
channel state information (CSI) on the MIMO detector/precoder
is investigated, and thereby, the performance degradation caused
by pilot contamination, which is the residual interference due
to nonorthogonal pilot sequence usage in adjacent/cochannel
systems, is quantified. The presence of cochannel interference
(CCI) can be exploited to be beneficial for energy harvesting at
the relay, and consequently, the asymptotic harvested energy is
an increasing function of the number of cochannel interferers.
Notably, in the genie-aided perfect CSI case, the detrimental
impact of CCI for signal decoding can be cancelled completely
whenever the number of relay antennas grows without bound.
Nevertheless, the pilot contamination severely degrades the sum
rate performance even for infinitely many relay antennas.
Index TermsWireless information and power transfer,
massive MIMO, AF relaying.
I. I NTRODUCTION
IRELESS power transfer refers to the transmission of

electrical energy from a power source to an electrical
load without wired interconnections, a concept that was originally conceived by Nikola Tesla in the 1890s. Since radio
Manuscript received August 4, 2015; revised December 3, 2015; accepted

January 21, 2016. Date of publication February 15, 2016; date of current version June 7, 2016. This work was supported in part by the Natural Sciences
and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) post-doctoral fellowship program, and in part by the U.S. National Science Foundation under
Grant ECCS-1343210. The work of E. G. Larsson was performed while visiting Princeton University. This work was presented in part at the IEEE Global
Communications Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, 2015 [1]. The associate
editor coordinating the review of this paper and approving it for publication
was W. H. Mow.
G. Amarasuriya and H. V. Poor are with the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA (e-mail:
gbaduge@princeton.edu; poor@princeton.edu).
E. G. Larsson is with the Department of Electrical Engineering (ISY),
Linkping University, Linkping 581 83, Sweden.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TWC.2016.2530067
frequency (RF) signals can carry both energy and information at the same time, the concept of simultaneous wireless
information and power transfer (SWIPT) has recently been
envisioned [2][5]. Energy harvesting techniques from RF signals have been originally proposed for low-power applications
including energy-constrained wireless sensor networks, wireless charging systems, and wireless body area networks [4].
Nevertheless, by introducing fundamental changes in receiver
design [3] and by employing smart antenna technologies [5],
SWIPT can be realized in practical wireless networks. Thus
in this paper, SWIPT is investigated for multi-way relay networks (MWRNs) with massive multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) enabled and energy-constrained amplify-and-forward
(AF) relays.
MWRNs facilitate full mutual data exchange among multiple
spatially-distributed user nodes via intermediate relay nodes.
These MWRNs are more spectrally efficient than two-way
relay networks and one-way relay networks, and consequently,
multi-way relaying serves as the next evolution of conventional
wireless relaying technology [6], [7].
Very large-scale antenna arrays or massive MIMO has been
identified as one of the disruptive technology directions for the
5th generation (5G) wireless standard [8]. In massive MIMO,
a very large number of antennas (orders of magnitude more
than in the conventional MIMO) are exploited for not only
multiplexing signals among spatially-distributed user nodes but
also for focusing the radiated energy toward intended directions [9][11]. Thereby, massive MIMO can potentially provide
unprecedented spectral and radiated energy efficiency gains
compared to conventional MIMO [10].
Prior related research: In [2], the fundamental trade-off
between the energy and information transfer rates over a single noisy channel is investigated. In [3], practical receiver
designs/structures are proposed for SWIPT in MIMO broadcast
channels. Specifically, in [3], by using separate information and
energy receivers, the optimal transmission strategy is studied
for achieving different trade-offs between maximal information
rate and harvested energy (i.e., rate-energy regions). Further, in
[3], two practical co-located receiver structures, namely (i) the
power splitting receiver and (ii) the time switching receiver, are
proposed, and thereby, the corresponding rate-energy regions
are characterized. A review of multiple-antenna technologies
for SWIPT can be found in [5].
Several notable contributions to the development of SWIPT
in wireless relay networks are next summarized. In [12], relaying protocols based on power splitting and time switching
receiver structures are investigated for energy-constrained wireless relay nodes. Thereby, the outage probability and ergodic
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 15, NO. 6, JUNE 2016
capacity expressions are derived for delay-limited and delaytolerant transmission modes, respectively. Reference [13] proposes a low-complexity antenna switching strategy based on
the principles of generalized-selection combining for SWIPT
in MIMO relay networks. Specifically, in [13], a pre-defined
number of best antennas is selected for information processing,
while the remaining antennas are used for harvesting energy.
In [14], SWIPT for orthogonal frequency division duplexing
(OFDM) based two-hop AF MIMO relay networks is investigated. Further, in [15], a joint SWIPT scheme is advocated for
a three-node AF MIMO relay network by formulating and solving a joint optimization problem for maximizing the achievable
rate. Specifically, in [15], an autonomous relay which harvests
power from the source information flow is further helped by
an energy flow in the form of a wireless power transfer at the
destination.
Next, prior related research on SWIPT in massive MIMO
systems is summarized. In [16], the concept of massive MIMO
enabled hybrid data-and-energy access points is proposed, and
thereby, system design parameters are optimized to maximize
the minimum data rate among all user nodes whenever the
number of antennas at the access point grows without bound.
Reference [17] proposes a low-complexity antenna partitioning
algorithm for SWIPT in massive MIMO receivers for mitigating the interference and maximizing the throughput subjected
to a minimum harvested energy constraint. In [18], an energyefficient optimization technique for SWIPT in massive MIMO
systems is investigated by using energy beamforming.
Motivation and our contribution: All aforementioned
research on SWIPT in massive MIMO [16], [17] considers
single-hop systems only. In particular, to the best of our knowledge, SWIPT techniques have not yet been investigated for
dual-hop massive MIMO relay networks. One of the main challenges of energy harvesting in wireless networks is the severe
pathloss between the transmitters and receivers. Although the
rectennas, which are used for converting the RF energy into
direct current (DC) electricity, are surprisingly efficient [4], the
relatively low overall RF-to-DC conversion efficiency of lowcost circuitry hinders the wireless energy harvesting process. In
this context, only a very small fraction of the energy transmitted from the source can be harvested by the energy-constrained
wireless nodes. To this end, a large number of antennas can be
utilized at these energy-constrained nodes for boosting the performance of SWIPT by employing efficient receiver structures.
Not only the aforementioned gaps in the SWIPT literature but
also the potential benefits of massive MIMO for wireless energy
harvesting motivate our work. Thus, in this paper, SWIPT
techniques are investigated for massive MIMO AF MWRNs
with practically viable power splitting and time switching relay
receivers.
The main contribution of this work can be summarized
as follows: System, channel and signal models are developed for SWIPT for massive MIMO MWRNs with two
practically viable relay receiver structures, namely, a power
splitting receiver and a time switching receiver. To begin
with, signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) expressions, amount of harvested energy at the relay, and average
sum rate approximations are derived for finitely many relay

antennas. Thereby, the asymptotic counterparts of these important performance metrics are derived for both power splitting
and time switching relay receiver structures for the case in
which the number of antennas at the energy-constrained relay
grows without bound. Further, the impact of co-channel interference (CCI) on the aforementioned performance metrics
is investigated. Importantly, the effects of imperfect channel state information (CSI) on the design of zero-forcing
(ZF) detectors/precoders is studied, and thereby, the performance degradation caused by the residual interference due
to pilot sequence reuse (pilot contamination) is quantified by
deriving the corresponding asymptotic SINR, harvested energy
and sum rate expressions. In particular, for obtaining valuable
insights into system-design, the fundamental trade-off between
the asymptotic harvested energy and achievable sum rate is also
quantified.
The aforementioned analysis reveals that the presence of CCI
can indeed be exploited for boosting the amount of harvested
energy at the energy-constrained relay. Counter-intuitively, for
the genie-aided perfect CSI case, the detrimental effect of
CCI on the achievable sum rate can be negated completely
in the limit of infinitely many relay antennas. However, pilot
contamination severely degrades the system performance, and
the corresponding residual interference due to pilot sequence
reuse cannot be cancelled even with infinitely many relay
antennas. Further, the transmit power at the relay can be
scaled down inversely proportional to the number of relay
antennas in the perfect CSI case. Nevertheless, in the imperfect CSI case, the user transmit power can only be scaled
inversely proportional to the square-root of the relay antenna
count. The asymptotic performance becomes independent of
the fast fading in the limit of infinitely many relay antennas.
Interestingly, the asymptotic sum rate expressions are independent of the RF-to-DC conversion efficiency. Moreover, the
energy-rate trade-off analysis reveals that massive MIMO can
in fact be employed for potentially boosting the performance
of SWIPT techniques for AF MWRNs with energy-constrained
relays.
Notation: Z H , ZT and [Z]k,k denote the Hermitian-transpose,
the transpose and the kth diagonal element of the matrix, Z,
respectively. E 1 (z) is the exponential integral function for the
positive values of the real part of z [19, (8.211)], and (z) is
the gamma function [19, (8.310.1)]. The operator denotes
the Kronecker product. I M and O MN are the M M identity matrix and M N matrix of all zeros, respectively. The
notation Z CN(, ) denotes that Z is a circularly symmetric
Gaussian distributed random variable.
II. S YSTEM , C HANNEL AND S IGNAL M ODEL
In this section, the system, channel, and signal models of AF
MWRNs are presented. We assume that there are L adjacent
AF MIMO MWRNs each having K user nodes and one relay
node (see Fig. 1). Each user node is a single-antenna terminal,
and each relay is equipped with M antennas. For the sake of
exposition, the system and channel model of the lth MWRN
AMARASURIYA et al.: WIRELESS INFORMATION AND POWER TRANSFER
3839
Fig. 1. A schematic diagram of a three-relay, K -user AF MWRN depicting the

desired channels and co-channel interference.
TABLE I
F REQUENTLY U SED VARIABLES
is explicitly described
as follows: The lth AF MWRN consists
of K user nodes Ulk for k {1, . . . , K } and one relay node
(Rl ), in which each of them operates in half-duplex mode. Here,
we assume that M is significantly larger than K (M K ).
Moreover, the noise at all the receivers is modelled as complex
zero-mean additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN).
In MWRNs, K user nodes mutually exchange their signals via an AF relay node during K time-slots. The length
of the channel coherence interval is denoted by c in units of
symbol durations (see Fig. 2). The channel coherence interval is defined as the product of coherence bandwidth (Bc )
and coherence time (Tc ), i.e., c = Bc Tc . The users-to-relay
and relay-to-users transmissions are termed the multiple-access
(MAC) and broadcast (BC) phases, respectively. The MAC
phase consists of a single time-slot, whereas the BC phase consists of K 1 time-slots. The length of a time-slot is defined to
be u in symbol durations. It is worth noting that K 1 timeslots are needed in the BC phase to accomplish full mutual
data exchange among K user nodes, i.e., Ulk should receive
the symbols belonging to all remaining user nodes, i.e., Uln
for k {1, . . . , K }, n {1, . . . , K }, and k = n. In other words,
Fig. 2. Transmission frames for power splitting and time switching relays
under genie-aided perfect and estimated CSI cases.
each user node should receive data from all remaining user
nodes.
The users-to-relay channel belonging to the lth MWRN is
denoted by Fll and is modelled as
1/2
Fll = F ll D Fll ,
(1)
where F ll CN MK (0 MK , I M I K ) captures the independent, fast Rayleigh fading. Moreover, D Fll is a K K diagonal
matrix and capturesthe pathloss.
The kth diagonal element of

D Fll is denoted by D Fll k,k = k,ll . Thus, the channel coefficient between the kth user and the mth antenna of the relay can
be explicitly written as

[Fll ]m,k = k,ll F ll m,k for m {1, . . . , M}, (2)

where k,ll models the pathloss and is independent over k
{1, . . . , K } as the distances between the users and the relay
are much larger than the antenna spacing. Moreover, k,ll is
3840
assumed to be constant over many channel coherence intervals and is assumed known a priori as it changes very slowly
with time.
The channel matrix from the relay to users in the lth
MWRN in the BC phase can be defined by exploiting the
wireless channel reciprocity property Hll = FllT [9]. For the
sake of exposition, Hll is explicitly defined for notational
simplicity as
Hll =
1/2
D Hll H
ll ,
ll =
where H
F llT
and D Hll =
DTFll .
B. Signal Model for SWIPT With Power Splitting Relays

In this subsection, the signal model for wireless information
and power transfer via the relay architecture with power splitters is presented. To this end, the received signal component
at the input of the information receiver at the relay of the lth
MWRN can be written as
y Rl =
PU (1 )
A. Relay Receiver Designs for Information and Energy

Transfer
In this subsection, the co-located information processing and
energy harvesting relay receiver structures are described.
1) Power Splitting Relay Receiver: In this relay receiver
structure, the power and information transfer is achieved simultaneously by using a passive power splitter at each relay
antenna (before any active analog/digital signal processing)
and directing signal components to the co-located information
processor and energy harvester [3]. Here, the power splitting ratio is denoted by (0, 1). Specifically, the RF-band
signal from each antenna is fed into a power splitter, and
thereby, the signal power is split into a ratio of : 1
for energy harvesting and information transfer, respectively.
The transmission frame format is depicted in Fig. 2(a) and
Fig. 2(b).
2) Time Switching Relay Receiver: In the time switching
relay receiver, the coherence interval (c ) is divided into two
orthogonal portions, one for energy harvesting and the other
for information transfer under the assumption of the availability of genie-aided perfect CSI (see Fig. 2(c)). Thus, the
co-located energy harvester and information processor at the
relay switches periodically between these two modes [3]. The
time switching ratio is denoted by (0, 1) and is defined as
the ratio between the energy harvesting frame length and the
channel coherence interval. Thus, for genie-aided perfect CSI,
the portions of the coherence interval allocated for energy harvesting and information transfer can then be defined as =
c and c = (1 )c , respectively.
However, for the estimated CSI case, the coherence interval needs to be divided into three orthogonal portions and
the third portion is used for pilot sequence transmission
(see Fig. 2(d). Thus, the frame duration used for information transmission is equal to c p , in units of
symbol durations, where p is the length of the pilot
sequence in units of symbol durations. According to the
aforementioned definition, even for the estimated CSI case,
the time switching ratio can similarly be defined as =
/c .
Fli xi + n Rl ,
(4)
i=1
(3)
Similarly, the channel matrix from the user nodes of the ith
interfering MWRN to the relay of the lth MWRN can then be
1/2
denoted as Fli = F li D Fli , where D Fli captures the pathloss of
the corresponding channel. Similarly, the channel matrix from
the relay of the lth MWRN to the user nodes of the ith MWRN
can be presented as Hli = FliT . Frequently used variables in the
sequel are furnished in Table I.
L

where PU is the transmit power of each user node, and xi is

the transmit symbol
vector of the user nodes in the ith MWRN

addisatisfying E xi xiH = I K . Further, n Rl is the effective

2
tive noise vector at the relay satisfying E n Rl n H
Rl = I M R .
In
noise term can be defined as n Rl =
practice, this effective
(1 )n Rl + nRl , where nRl and nRl represent the additive
noise before and after the passive power splitters, respectively.
In particular, in (4), xl refers to the signal transmitted by the
user nodes of the lth MWRN, while xi for i {1, . . . , L} and
i = l are the user signals of the adjacent L 1 interfering
MWRNs.
In the MAC phase, the transmission from the user nodes to
the relay takes place for u symbol durations. Thus, the overall harvested energy at the relay during the MAC phase can be
written as
E h,P S = u PU
L

Tr FliH Fli ,
(5)
i=1
where is the RF-to-DC conversion efficiency. The relay uses

the harvested-and-stored energy in (5) for its transmissions in
the BC phase. Next, the relay employs the receive-ZF detector
to obtain a noise-perturbed signal vector by using (4) as follows:
y Rl = W R,ll y Rl ,
(6)
where W R,ll is the receive-ZF detector and can be written as

1
FllH .
W R,ll = FllH Fll
(7)
1) BC Phase: In the BC phase, the relay uses the transmitZF precoding to broadcast an amplified-and-permuted version
of y R [n] back to K user nodes in K 1 subsequent time-slots
by using the energy harvested during the MAC phase. Thus,
the relay consumes E h /(K 1) amount of energy in each BC
phase transmission. For the sake of exposition, we consider the
jth BC phase transmission at the relay. The signal transmitted
by relay in the jth time-slot in the BC phase can be written as
( j)
y Rl ,t x = WT,ll G R P S j W R,ll y Rl ,
l
(8)
where j is the permutation matrix at the relay in the jth

time-slot of the BC phase. In particular, j is designed to
ensure that the signal of Ulk+1 is transmitted to Ulk for all
k {1, . . . , K } with Ul K +1 Ul1 . Specifically, j (for j
{1, . . . K 1}) can be constructed as j = ( P ) j , where P
is the K K primary permutation matrix and can be defined as

(9)
P = e K e1 e2 . . . e K 3 e K 2 e K 1 ,
3841
where ei denotes a column vector of length K with 1 in the ith

position and 0 in every other position. Moreover, in (8), WT,ll
is the transmit-ZF precoder at the relay and can be written as
1
WT,ll = HllH Hll HllH
.
(10)
where S P1 is the desired signal power and is given by S P1 =

G 2 P S (1 )PU . In (14), the terms I Pn for n {1, . . . , 5}
Rl
represent the interference powers and can be written as

I P1 = (1 )PU G 2R P S
l
Further, in (8), G R P S is the amplification factor at the power

l
splitting relay and is designed to constrain the instantaneous
transmit power of the relay as shown in (11) at the bottom of
this page. In (11), PRl j is the transmit power at the relay in
the jth time-slot of the BC phase. Since the relay consumes
E h,P S /(K 1) amount of energy in u symbol durations, the
corresponding transmit power PRl j can be written using (5) as
PRl j
E h,P S /(K 1)
PU
=
=
u
K 1
L

Tr
FliH Fli
n=1
(15a)
,
(15b)
k,k
L

q=1,q=l
G 2R P S
q

1
H
H
H
H
Hqq Hqq
Hqq Hqq
Hql Hqq
Hqq Hql
i=1
=
E
The aforementioned BC phase continues until the completion of all K 1 relay transmissions in
K 1 subsequent time-slots.
Remark II.1: The received signal yUl , j is contaminated by
the signals transmitted by two sources of interference, namely
(i) MAC phase transmissions of K user nodes in L 1 adjacent
relays and (ii) BC phase transmissions of L 1 adjacent relays.
The first term of (13) accounts for the desired signal, the next
three terms represent the interference terms, and the last term
accounts for the additive noise at the user nodes.
2) End-to-End SINR for Power Splitting Relays: By substituting (4), (7), (8), (10), (11), and (12) into (13), the postprocessing SINR of the signal belonging to the jth user node,
received at the kth user node can be derived as
6
1

I Pn
,
(14)
k = S P1
I P2
1
= R2l G 2R P S FllH Fll
(12)
U2 I K .
G RPS
k,k
i=1,i=l
I P3 = (1 )PU
Next, the received signal vector at the user nodes of the lth
MWRN in the jth time-slot of the BC phase can be written as
in (13) at the bottom of this page. In (13), j {1, . . . , K 1}
and
nU, j is an AWGN vector at the jth user node satisfying
H
nU, j nU,
j
L
1
1

H
H
H
H
Fll Fll
Fll Fli Fli Fll Fll Fll
k,k
(15c)
L

I P4 = (1 )PU
L

q=1,q=l i=1,i=q
G 2R P S
q
1
H
H
H
Hqq Hqq
Fqq
Hql Hqq
Fqq

1
H
H
H
H
H
Hqq Hqq
Fqq
Fqi Fqi
Fqq Fqq
Fqq
Hqq Hql
,
k,k
(15d)
I P5 =
L

L

q=1,q=l i=1,i=q
R2q G 2R P S
q
1
H
H
H
Hqq Hqq
Fqq
Hql Hqq
Fqq

1
H
H
H
Fqq
Fqi Hqq Hqq
Hqq Hql
.
(15e)
k,k
In (14), the term I P6 accounts for the noise power at user nodes
and can be defined as I P6 = U2l .

L

1

H
2
H
H
= PRl j PU (1 )
Tr WT,ll W R,ll Fli FliH W H
R,ll WT,ll + R Tr WT,ll W R,ll W R,ll WT,ll
(11)
i=1
yUl , j =
L

( j)
Hql y Rq ,t x + nUl , j =
PU (1 )Hll WT,ll G R P S j W R,ll Fll xl +

l
PU (1 )Hll WT,ll G R P S j W R,ll

l
q=1
PU (1 )
L

q=1,q=l
k =
Hql WT,qq G RqP S j W R,qq

1
PR j R2 F H F
L

i=1
k,k
Fqi xi +
L

Hql WT,qq G RqP S j W R,qq n Rq + nUl , j
L

Fli xi
i=1,i=l
(13)
q=1
(1 )PU PR j

1
1
1
+ R2 U2 Tr HH H
+ (1 )PU U2 Tr HH H
FH F
(16)
3842
Remark II.2: When the co-channel interference from adjacent MWRNs is ignored, the corresponding SINR for the power
splitting relays can be deduced by letting L = 1 in (14) as
shown in (16) at the bottom of the previous page. In (16),
PR j = PU Tr F H F /(K 1).
Remark II.3: The total power consumption at the relay
can be divided into two components: the power consumption of power amplifiers and the power consumption of all
active circuit blocks. In this paper, it is assumed that the
power consumption of the relay power amplifier is compensated by the harvested energy at the relay. However,
power for active circuit blocks is assumed to be supplied by a battery which can be charged by renewable
power sources such as solar or wind. Specifically, the power
consumption of the circuit blocks can be further decomposed as
PC M(K 1)(PDAC + Pmix + Pfilt ) + Psyn
+ M(PLNA + Pmix + PIFA + Pfilr + PADC ),
(17)
where M and K are the number of relay antennas and the

number of user nodes. Here, PDAC , Pmix and Pfilt are power
consumption values of the digital-to-analog converter, mixer,
and active filters at the transmitter side. Moreover, Psyn , PLNA ,
Pmix , PIFA , PADC and Pfilr are power consumption values at
the frequency synthesizer, low-noise amplifier, mixer, intermediate frequency amplifier, analog-to-digital converter and
all active filters at the receiver side. Notably, PC in (17)
has been written by considering that the relay acts as a
receiver in the MAC phase and a transmitter in the BC phase.
Further, K 1 BC phase transmissions have been taken into
account in calculating the power consumption in the relays
transmitter.
In this subsection, the signal model for information and

power transfer via time switching relays is presented. In this
system model, the energy is harvested by the relay during
the first symbol durations. The time switching ratio can
be defined as = /c , where c is the length of the coherence interval in units of symbol durations, and alternatively, the
energy harvesting frame length can also be written as c . Thus,
during the energy harvesting phase, the received signal at the
relay of the lth MWRN can be written as
y Rl =
PU
L

Fli xi + n Rl ,
I P T S = PU (1 )
G
(21)

PU K
E h,T S /(K 1)
=
Tr FliH Fli
(c )/K
(K 1)(c )
L
PRl j =
i=1
PU K
(K 1)(1 )

G RT S =
l
L

Tr FliH Fli .
(22)
i=1
The BC phase signal model at the time switching relay can be

written by following steps similar to those in (9) and (13).
3) End-to-End SINR for Time Switching Relays: Again, by
following steps similar to those in (14), the post-processing
SINR of the signal belonging to the jth user node, received
at the kth user node, can be derived as
k = S P2
6

1
J Pn
(23)
n=1
i=1
i=1
Tr
1
FllH Fli FliH Fll FllH Fll
Hll HllH
FllH Fll
(18)
where the definitions of PU , xi , and n Rl are the same as in (4).

Then, the harvested energy at the relay can be derived as
L

(19)
Tr FliH Fli .
E h,T S = PU
L

i=1,i=l
C. Signal Model for SWIPT With Time Switching Relays
The remainder of the transmission cycle, i.e., c symbol

durations, is used for mutual data exchange among the user
nodes via the relay.
1) MAC phase: Thus, during the MAC phase, which takes
place in (c )/K time duration, the same signal given in
(18) is received at the relay for information processing.
2) BC Phase: The relay uses the harvested and stored
energy in (19) for the BC phase transmissions during (c
)(K 1)/K symbol durations. It is worth noting that
the BC phase consists of K 1 time-slots each having a
length of (c )/K symbol durations. The relay consumes
E h,T S /(K 1) amount of energy during each of these timeslots in the BC phase.
The relay signal processing is the same as that discussed in
Section II-B in (6), (7), (8), and (10). Further, the amplification
factor for the time switching relay can be constructed by using
steps similar to those in Section (II-B) and can be defined as in
(20) at the bottom of this page. In (20), I P T S can be defined as
G
shown in (21). Moreover, in (20), the transmit power at the relay
in the jth time-slot for j {1, . . . , K 1} of the BC phase can
be defined by using (19) as follows:
where S P2 can be defined as S P2 = PU G 2 T S . Furthermore, in

Rl
(23), J P1 , J P2 , and J P6 can be written as J P1 = I P1 G 2 T S /((1

)G 2 P S ),
Rl
J P2 =
I P2 G 2 T S /G 2 P S ,
Rl
Rl
and J P6 =

1

1
1 H 1
+ R2 Tr Hll HllH
+ IPT S
Fll Fll
PRl j PU Tr Hll HllH
G
U2l ,
Rl
respectively.
(20)
3843
Further J P3 , J P4 , and J P5 can be written as

L

J P3 = PU
q=1,q=l
become orthogonal to each other, and [20]

H

F li i F li j
1, i = j
=
.
lim
M
M
0, i = j
G 2R T S
q

1
H
H
H
H
Hqq Hqq
Hql Hqq Hqq Hqq
Hqq Hql
Consequently, for two statistically independent random matrices Fli and E, by using (26), we have that [20]
k,k
(24a)
L

J P4 = PU
L

q=1,q=l i=1,i=q
G 2R T S
q
1
H
H
H
Fqq Fqq
Hqq Hqq
Hqq Hql
,
k,k
(24b)
J P5 =
L

L

q=1,q=l i=1,i=q
R2q G 2R T S
q
1
H
H
H
Hqq Hqq
Fqq
Hql Hqq
Fqq

1
H
H
H
Fqq Fqi Hqq Hqq
Hqq Hql
.
(27)
By substituting PU = EU /M into (5), the harvested energy at

the relay with power splitters can be rewritten as

L

FliH Fli
E h,P S = u EU
Tr
.
(28)
M
i=1
By using the identity in (27), whenever the antenna count at the

relay grows without bound, the asymptotic harvested energy at
the relay with the power splitters can be derived as
E h,P
S = u E U
L

Tr D Fli .
(29)
i=1
(24c)
k,k
Remark II.4: The corresponding end-to-end SINR for energy

harvesting with time-switching relays can be deduced for the
CCI free case by letting L = 1 in (23) as given in (25)
at the
bottom of this page. In (25), PR j = K PU Tr F H F /((c
)(K 1)).
III. P ERFORMANCE A NALYSIS
In this section, the performance of SWIPT for massive
MIMO MWRNs is investigated by deriving closed-form
expressions for the asymptotic harvested energy, asymptotic
SINRs, asymptotic sum rate, and bounds for the achievable sum
rate. Thereby, the fundamental trade-off between the harvested
energy and achievable sum rate is quantified.
A. Asymptotic (M ) Performance Analysis
In this subsection, the asymptotic harvested energy, SINR
and sum rate are derived for the case in which the number of
antennas at the relay grows without bound (i.e., when M )
for both power splitting and time switching relays.
1) Asymptotic Harvested Energy Analysis: To begin with,
the transmit power at the user nodes is scaled inversely proportional to the number of relay antennas, i.e., PU = EU /M, while
keeping EU fixed. Next, we recall two important identities for
random matrices. When M , the column vectors of F li
k =
FliH Fli
FH E
= D Fli and lim li = 0.
M M
M M
lim
1
H
H
H
Hqq Hqq
Fqq
Hql Hqq
Fqq
H
H
Fqq
Fqi Fqi
Fqq
(26)

1
PR j R2 F H F
k,k
Similarly, by using (19) and (27), the asymptotic harvested

energy at the time switching relay when M can be
derived as
E h,T
S
= EU
L

Tr D Fli .
(30)
i=1
To obtain further insights, the corresponding harvested energy

expressions over independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.)
fading can be written by letting D Fll = ll I K and D Fli = ll I K
for i = l and [0, 1] in (29) and (30) as
E h,P
S = u ll E U K (1 + (L 1)),
(31a)
E h,T
S
(31b)
= ll EU K (1 + (L 1)).
Remark III.1: The asymptotic harvested energy expressions

in (29) and (30) are independent of the fast fading components
of the wireless channels. Notably, these asymptotic harvested
energy expressions are increasing functions of the number of
co-channel interferers, and hence, CCI is indeed beneficial for
boosting the energy harvesting at the relay. Moreover, the array
gain increases monotonically with M, and hence, the transmit
power at user nodes can intuitively be scaled down inversely
proportional to M without any asymptotic performance degradation.
2) Asymptotic SINR Analysis: In this subsection, by first
scaling the transmit power at each user node inversely proportional to the number of relay antennas and then by letting the
relay antenna count grow without bound, the asymptotic SINRs
PU PR j

1
1
1
+ R2 U2 Tr HH H
+ PU U2 Tr HH H
FH F
(25)
3844
are derived. For the relay with power splitters, the asymptotic
SINR of the signal belonging to the jth user node, received at
the kth user node, can be derived as (see Appendix A for the
derivation)
switching relays can be defined as

(K 1)(1 )
E log2 (1 + k ) .
K
K
RT S =
(35)
k=1
k = (1 )EU k,ll / R2 .
(32)
For the time switching relay, the asymptotic SINR of the signal
belonging to the jth user node, received at the kth user node,
can be derived as1
k = EU k,ll / R2 .
(33)
Remark III.2: Several useful insights can be obtained from

the asymptotic SINR expressions in (32) and (33). In the limit
of infinitely many relay antennas, these asymptotic SINRs
become independent of the RF-to-DC conversion efficiency
(). Notably, for both power splitting and time switching relay
structures, the asymptotic SINRs are independent of the number of co-channel interferers (L), and hence, the detrimental
impact of CCI on the signal decoding can be cancelled completely by using a massive MIMO enabled relay. Further, the
transmit power of each user node can be scaled down inversely
proportional to the number of relay antennas, and consequently,
the total transmit power becomes infinitesimal asymptotically.
The asymptotic SINRs in (32) and (33) are independent of the
small-scale fading effects of the wireless channel.
3) Asymptotic Sum Rate Analysis: In this subsection, the
symmetric sum rate definitions for MWRNs with SWIPT are
presented. The corresponding asymptotic sum rate expressions are derived by using the asymptotic SINR analysis in
Section III-A.
Symmetric sum rate for relays with power splitters: When
all user nodes are allowed to transmit simultaneously
with the same rate, the average asymmetric sum rate of
MWRNs with power splitting relays can be defined as
[7]2
RP S
K

(K 1)
=
E log2 (1 + k ) .
K
Next, by substituting the asymptotic SINRs in (32) and (33)

into (34) and (35), respectively, the corresponding asymptotic
sum rates for massive MIMO MWRNs with power splitting and
time switching relays can be readily derived. For the sake of
completeness, the asymptotic symmetric sum rates over i.i.d.
fading can be explicitly derived by letting D Fll = ll I K as

2
R
1
+
(1
)E
(36a)
=
(K
1)log
/
U
ll
2
PS
R ,

2
R
(36b)
T S = (1 )(K 1)log2 1 + E U ll / R .
Remark III.3: The insights drawn for the asymptotic SINRs
in Remark III.2 are still valid for the asymptotic sum rate
expressions in (36) as well. The pre-log factor of K 1 in R
PS
dominates the asymptotic sum rate of massive MIMO MWRNs
with power splitting relays. Nevertheless, an additional pre-log
factor (i.e., (1 ) < 1) in R
T S degrades the asymptotic sum
rate of MWRNs with time switching relays.
B. Asymptotic Harvested Energy Versus Sum Rate Tradeoff
In this subsection, the trade-off between the harvested energy
and achievable rate for power splitting and time switching
relays is quantified. To this end, by first solving for and
in (31) and then substituting it into (36), asymptotic harvested
energy versus sum rate trade-off expressions for relays with
power splitting and time switching receivers can be derived as
follows:

ln(2)R
PS
2
K
1
,
E h,P S = c (1 + (L 1)) EU ll + R 1 e
(37)
E h,T
S
(34)
k=1
Symmetric sum rate for time switching relays: Similarly,

the average asymmetric sum rate of MWRNs with time
1 The asymptotic SINR for the relays with time switching receivers can be
derived by using steps similar to those in Appendix A, and hence, its derivation
is omitted for the sake of brevity.
2 The channel is assumed to be ergodic so that the codeword spans a large
number of realizations of the fast fading.
= K c EU ll (1 + (L 1))
ln(2)R
TS
(K 1) ln 1 +
EU ll
R2

.
C. Average Sum Rate Bounds and Approximations for Finite

Number of Relay Antennas
In this subsection, closed-form approximations for the average achievable sum rate are derived for finitely many relay

K

(k + k )k
k k
K 1
J M K,
J M K,
K ln(2)(M K + 1)
k
k
k=1

x

p
1
(z) px exp z 1 E 1 z 1 +
J(x, z) = (x + 1)
(q) (z) p+qx
(x p + 1)
PS
R
p=0
(38)
q=1
(39a)
(39b)
antennas. To make the analysis mathematically tractable, in

this subsection, we consider the CCI free case (i.e., L = 1).
It is worth noting that the sum rate for the L = 1 case serves
as an upper bound for the average sum rate with CCI (i.e.,
L > 1) as well as for MWRNs with other practical transmission impairments including channel estimation errors and pilot
contamination. The average sum rate approximations derived in
this subsection can hence be useful in practical system design.
1) Sum Rate Approximation for SWIPT With Power Splitting
Relays: A closed-from average achievable sum rate approximation for SWIPT with power splitting relays can be derived as
(39a) at the bottom of the previous page (see Appendix B for
the derivation). In (39a), the function J is defined as (39b) at the
bottom of the previous page. Moreover, in (39a), the variables
k , k , and k are defined as follows:

k = (1 )(K 1)(M K )U2 PU Tr D1

H

1 1
2 2
+ (K 1)U R Tr D F D H ,
(40a)
k = (1 )M(M K )2 PU2 Tr (D F ) ,
k = M(M K )
(40b)
PU R2 Tr (D F ) .
(40c)
2) Sum Rate Approximation for SWIPT With Time Switching

Relays: Moreover, an average sum rate approximation for
SWIPT with time switching relays can then be derived as given
in (41) at the bottom of this page. In (41), the function J is
defined in (39b), and the variables k , k and k are defined as

k = (1 )(K 1)(M K )U2 PU Tr D1

H

1
+ (1 )(K 1)U2 R2 Tr D1
F DH ,
(42a)
k = K M(M K )2 PU2 Tr (D F )
(42b)
k
(42c)
= K M(M K )
PU R2 Tr (D F ) .
IV. CSI ACQUISITION AND I MPACT OF I MPERFECT CSI

In this section, CSI acquisition techniques, detrimental effects of imperfect CSI, transmit power scaling laws,
asymptotic (estimated) harvested energy, SINR, sum rate, and
harvested energy versus sum rate trade-offs are investigated.
Thereby, valuable insights into practical system design are
obtained.
A. Asymptotic Performance Analysis for Imperfect CSI With
Power Splitting Relays
In this subsection, a CSI acquisition technique is first
described, and thereby, the minimum mean square error
(MMSE) estimates for users-to-relay and relay-to-users channels are obtained. Then, the asymptotic harvested energy, SINR
and sum rate expressions corresponding to the imperfect CSI
case for SWIPT with power splitting and time switching relays
are derived.
TS
R
3845
1) CSI Acquisition for Power Splitting Relays: In massive

is estimated
MIMO MWRNs, the users-to-relay channel (F)
by using pilots transmitted by K user nodes during the uplink
channel training portion of the coherence interval. Further, the
is obtained by using the
relay-to-users channel estimate (H)
= F T [9].
reciprocity properties of the wireless channel as H
The duration of the pilot sequence is assumed to be p symbols. During the first p symbol durations of the coherence
interval, the user-to-relay channel is estimated by using orthogonal pilot sequences transmitted by the user nodes. Next, in u
and d (or (K 1)u ) symbol durations, respectively, the usersto-relay and relay-to-users transmissions take place. Since the
receiver at the relay is equipped with power splitters, the
energy harvesting at the relay can be performed during the pilot
transmission phase as well as the users-to-relay transmissions.
For the sake of exposition, we assume a CCI free case
(L = 1). The pilot contamination case (L > 1) is studied in
Section IV-A2. The received pilot signal at the relay can be
written as

(43)
Y p = (1 p )PU FX p + W p ,
where X p is a K p pilot symbol matrix and can be defined
as X p = p H . Here, p is the power splitting ratio during

the pilot training phase, and is a unitary matrix3 satisfying
H = I K . Further, W p is the noise matrix at the relay with
i.i.d. Gaussian distributed elements [W p ]i, j CN(0, 1). The
despreading of the relay received signal can be then written as

p = Y p = (1 p )PU p F + N p ,
Y
(44)
where N p = W p retains its i.i.d. Gaussian properties as is
unitary. Next, the MMSE estimation of F can be derived as
1

1
DF
F = Y p D F + I K /Pp
Pp

1

= F + N F /Pp D F + I K /Pp
DF
(45)
where Pp = p PU (1 p ) is the power of the pilot sequence.
In (45), the noise vector N F is distributed as N F
CN MK (0 MK , I M I K ). Here, F and N F are statistically
independent. Next, the estimated channel can be decomposed
by using MMSE properties as follows:
F = F + E F ,
where E F is the i.i.d. Gaussian estimation error matrix, and

F and E F are uncorrelated. The variances of the (i, j)th
component of F and E F can be written as
[2F]
i, j
2
[E]
i, j
p PU (1 p )k2
,
1 + p PU (1 p )k
k
=
.
1 + p PU (1 p )k
=
(47a)
(47b)
3 Whenever is implicitly larger than K , it is generic to define H as a

p
semi-unitary matrix.

K

( + )k
k
(K 1)(1 )
J M K, k k
J M K, k
K ln(2)(M K + 1)
k
k
k=1
(46)
(41)
3846
The relay-to-users channel is obtained by using the reciprocity

= F T . For the sake of
properties of the wireless channel as H
notational simplicity, the estimate of the relay-to-users channel
can be explicitly written as

= D H D H + I K /Pp 1 H + N H /Pp ,
(48)
H
where N H CN K M (0 K M , I K I M ), H = FT , and D H =
DTF . In (48), H and N H are statistically independent.
2) Pilot Contamination: In this subsection, the cumulative
detrimental impact of CCI and imperfect CSI on the performance of SWIPT with massive MIMO MWRNs is investigated.
In practice, the maximum number of orthogonal pilot sequences
that can exist is governed by coherence time and delay spread
of the channel, and hence is limited [9], [10]. Thus, the pilot
sequences are reused in practice in adjacent wireless systems.
Specifically, we assume that the relay and the user nodes of the
desired lth MWRN is affected by perfectly synchronized cochannel interfering signals transmitted by relays and user nodes
belonging to L 1 adjacent MWRNs. The channel estimates
obtained from the pilots transmitted by user nodes of the lth
MWRN are contaminated by interfering pilots transmitted by
the user nodes of the remaining L 1 adjacent MWRNs. Thus,
by using steps similar to those in Section IV-A1, the MMSE
estimate of the users-to-relay channel of the lth MWRN can be
written as [11], [21]
L
L
1

Fll =
Fli + N Fll / Pp
D Fli + I K /Pp
D Fll .
i=1
i=1
(49)
Thereby, the relay-to-users channel4 can be obtained by using
ll = F T . In
the reciprocal of the users-to-relay estimate as H
ll
particular, for power splitting and time switching relays, the
transmit powers of the pilot sequence is defined as Pp = (1
p ) P PU and Pp = P PU , respectively. It is worth noting that
the channel estimate given in (49) is indeed contaminated by a
linear combination of channels with the other user nodes which
share the same pilot sequence.
3) Asymptotic Harvested Energy at Power Splitting Relays
for Imperfect CSI: Whenever the relay estimates the usersto-relay channel by using the pilots transmitted by the user
nodes, the power splitting relays can harvest energy during the
pilot transmission phase. The relay harvests energy during the
MAC data transmission phase. In this context, the estimated
harvested-energy at the power splitting relay during the pilot
transmission phase can be written as
E h, p = p p PU
L

Tr F liH F li ,
would be perfectly known to the relay or if there exists a

perfect hardware mechanism to measure the amount of harvested energy, E h, p can alternatively be written as E h, p =

L
p p PU i=1
Tr FliH Fli . Nevertheless, the amount of harvested energy needs to be used for quantifying the relay transmit power during the BC phase transmission. Henceforth the
estimated harvested energy expressions are used in the analysis.
Then an estimate of the harvested energy during the users-torelay (MAC) transmission phase can be derived as
E h,u = u d PU
(51)
where d is the relay power splitting ratio during the user node
data transmission phase. Then, the total (estimated) harvested
energy during pilot training and MAC phases is given by
E h,P S = E h, p + E h,u = ( p p + u d )PU
L

Tr F liH F li .
i=1
(52)
The asymptotic (M ) (estimated) harvested energy at the
power splitting relay at
the lth MWRN can be derived by first
substituting PU = EU / M into (52) and then by using (26)
and (27) as

2
2
(53)
E h,P
S = ( p p + u d )(1 p ) p E U LTr D Fll .
This power scaling law is inspired by the seminal work on
power scaling laws for massive MIMO in [11]. It is worth
noting that the asymptotic harvested energy expression (53)
for the imperfect CSI case has been derived by scaling the
transmit power at the user nodes inversely proportional to the
square-root of the number of relay antennas.
The estimated harvested energy (52) at the relay is consumed
as the transmit power during the BC phase (K 1) transmissions each having u symbols. The estimated available transmit
power in the jth transmission slot of the BC phase can be
written as
!
L

H
Tr F F li
PRl j = ( p p + u d )PU
(K 1). (54)
li
i=1
4) Asymptotic SINR and Sum Rate With Power Splitting for

Imperfect CSI: To begin with, let us revisit the signal model
presented in Section II-B. To this end, by using (4) and (13),
the received signal vector at user nodes in the jth transmission
of the BC phase can be written as
yUl, j =
(50)
L

( j)
Hql y Rq ,t x + nUl, j ,
(55)
q=1
where p is the power splitting ratio used at the relay during the pilot training phase. In the event that the channels
4 Without loss of generality and for the sake of notational simplicity, the
ll can be explicitly written as
MMSE estimate of the relay-to-user channel H

L
L
ll = D H
follows: H
i=1 D Fli + I K /P p
i=1 Hli + N Hll / P p ,
ll

H
and
where N Hll CN K M 0 K M , I K I M . Further, D Hll = D F
ll
Tr F liH F li ,
i=1
i=1
H .
N Hll = N F
L

ll
( j)
where y Rq ,t x is the signal transmitted by the relay in the qth

MWRN during the jth BC phase transmission and is given by
( j)
T,qq qq, j W
R,qq
y Rq ,t x = G RqP S W

L

PU (1 d )
Fqi xi + n Rq
i=1
(56)
Rqq , W
Tqq , and G R P S are the receive-ZF detector,
where W
q
transmit-ZF precoder, and relay amplification factor, respec Tqq are com Rqq and W
tively. It is worth noting that W
puted by using imperfect/estimated CSI in (49) and are given
by
1
H
H
H
H
qq H
qq
Tqq = H
qq
Rqq = F qq
H
Fqq
F qq
and W
.
W
(57)
Further, in (55), G RqP S is the amplification factor at the relay
of the lth MWRN and can be written as (58) at the bottom of
this page. In (58), PR j is the relay transmit power in the jth
time-slot of the BC phase and is given by (54). By first scal
ing the transmit power at the user nodes as PU = EU / M
and then by letting M , the asymptotic SINR at the kth
user node belonging to the lth MWRN for SWIPT with power
splitting relays can be derived as (see Appendix C for the
derivation):
2 2
k,P
S = (1 p )(1 d )E U k,ll
4
"
(59)
where the terms PIn for n {1, . . . 4} can be written as

L

2
k,li
,
(60a)
i=1,i=l
PI2 =
(1 p )(1 d )EU2
L

2
ql k,ql
,
(60b)
q=1,q=l
PI3 = (1 p )(1 d )EU2
L

L

2
ql k,qi
(60c)
q=1,q=l i=1,i=l
PI4 =
L

ql R2q / p .
(60d)
q=1
In (60a), (60b), (60c) and (60d), ql is defined as

"

k,ll

[G R P S /M] [G RqP S /M] ,
ql =
l
k,qq
(61)
where for q {1, . . . , L} and l {1, . . . , L}. Further,

[G RnP S /M] for n {q, l} is given by (62) at the bottom of
this page. In (62), P S is defined as follows:

"
(K 1).
P S = ( p p + u d )(1 p )2 p2 EU2 LTr D Fnn
(63)
G RqP S
By using (59), the asymptotic sum rate for SWIPT with power
splitting relays can be derived as
R
PS =

(K 1)(c p )
log 1 + k,P
S .
K c
K
(64)
k=1
In (64), the pre-log factor (c p ) accounts for the sum rate

penalty incurred due to the usage of p pilot symbols in each
coherence interval of c symbols.
Remark IV.1: In contrast to the perfect CSI case, the asymptotic SINR and sum rate for the imperfect CSI are functions
of the number of co-channel interferers (L). By letting L = 1
in (59) and (64), the asymptotic SINR and sum rate for the
imperfect CSI case in a CCI free scenario can be deduced as
k = (1 p )(1 d ) p EU2 k2 / R2 ,
(65a)

K
(1 p )(1d ) p EU2 k2
(K 1)(c p )
RP S =
log 1+
.
K c
R2
k=1
(65b)
PIn ,
n=1
PI1 = (1 p )(1 d )EU2
3847
By comparing (65a) and (59), it can be concluded that

the term I PC = PI1 + PI2 + PI3 degrades the asymptotic performance when the system is affected by both CCI and
imperfect CSI. Here, I PC occurs due to the cumulative pilot
contamination, which is the residual interference caused due
to non-orthogonal pilot sequence reuse in adjacent MWRNs.
Specifically, in (59), the terms PI1 and PI2 represent the pilot
contamination solely in MAC and BC phases, respectively.
Whereas the term PI3 accounts for the pilot contamination
in the cascaded relay channel. In particular, it can be seen
from (64) and (65b) that the pilot contamination significantly
degrades the sum rate and its detrimental effects remain even in
the limit of an unlimited number of relay antennas.
Remark IV.2: In the estimated/imperfect CSI case, the transmit power at the user nodes can only be scaled down inversely
proportional to the square-root of the number of relay antennas.
The total transmit power of p pilot symbols is defined to be
PP = p PU . Therefore, any change in transmit power at each
user node would also be reflected in the power of data signals as
well as pilot signals. The estimated channel is a function of PP ,
and hence, the ZF-precoder and ZF-detector are functions of
PP . In the receiver, the transmitted signal and ZF matrices are
multiplied together, and this operation results in the so-called
squaring effect [11]. Consequently, for the estimated CSI case,
thetransmit power can only be scaled inversely proportional
to M.

L

1

H
H
H
2
H
H
R,qq Fqi F W
T,qq W
= PR j (1 d )PU
Tr W
qi
R,qq WT,qq + R Tr WT,qq W R,qq W R,qq WT,qq
(58)
i=1
[G 2R P S /M] = lim
n
G 2R P S
n
2
L

R2q Tr D2
D

Hnn Fnn
1 2
2
= P S (1 d ) Tr D2
+
Tr D1
Hnn +
Fnn D Fni D Fnn D Hnn
2
E
(1
)
p
p
U
i=1,i=l
(62)
3848
B. Asymptotic Performance Analysis for Imperfect CSI with

Time Switching Relays
(estimated) harvested energy whenever the number of relay

antennas grows without bound can be derived as follows:

2
2
(67)
E h,T
S = p E U LTr D Fll .
In this subsection, CSI acquisition, harvested energy, and

corresponding asymptotic performance metrics are investigated
for SWIPT with time switching relays.
1) CSI Acquisition for Time Switching Relays: Again, the
is estimated by using p pilot symusers-to-relay channel (F)
bols transmitted by K user nodes during the channel training
is
phase. Thereby, the relay-to-users channel estimate (H)
obtained by using the reciprocity properties of the wireless
= F T [9].
channel as H
Recall that the length of the coherence interval is c symbol
durations. Out of these c symbols, p and symbols are used
for channel estimation and energy harvesting, respectively. The
remaining u and d (or (K 1)u ) symbols are utilized for
users-to-relay (MAC phase) transmission and (K 1) relayto-users (BC phase) transmissions.
By using steps similar to those in Section IV-A1, the usersto-relay and relay-to-users channel estimates can be obtained
as shown in (49). However, the transmit power of the pilot
sequence for time switching relays is given by Pp = p PU .
2) Asymptotic Harvested Energy at Time Switching Relays
in the Imperfect CSI Case: In SWIPT with time switching
relays, the energy harvesting at the relay is performed during the allocated symbol durations, where = (c p ).
Thus, the estimated harvested energy at the time switching relay
belonging to the lth MWRN can be written as
The harvested energy at the relay (66) is then consumed for

(K 1) relay transmissions each having a length of u symbols
during the BC phase. Thus, the estimated available transmit
power at the relay in the jth BC phase transmission is given
by
PR j = PU
L

"
(K 1).
Tr F liH F li
(68)
i=1
(66)
3) Asymptotic SINR and Sum Rate with Time Switching

Relays for Imperfect CSI Case: By using steps similar to those
in (55) and (56), the corresponding received signal vector at
the user nodes for SWIPT with time switching relays can be
written as (69) at the bottom of this page. In (69), the relay
amplification factor (G R T S ) at the lth time switching relay can
l
be written as (70) at the bottom of this page. Here in (70), PR j
is the transmit power at the time switching relay and is defined
in (68).
By scaling the user transmit power as PU = EU / M and

then letting M , the asymptotic SINR at the kth user node
of the lth MWRN with time switching relays can be derived as
(71) at the bottom of this page. In (71), ql is defined as
"

k,ll

[G R T S /M] [G RqT S /M]
(72)
ql =
l
k,qq
Next, the transmit power at the user nodes is scaled inversely

proportional to the
square-root of the antenna count at the
relay as PU = EU / M. By first substituting (45) into (66),
and then using the identities in (26) and (27), the asymptotic
where q {1, . . . , L} and l {1, . . . , L}. Here, [G RnT S /M]

for n {q, l} is given by (73) at the bottom of the page. In (73),
T S is defined as follows:
"

(u (K 1)).
(74)
T S = p2 EU2 LTr D Fll
E h,T S = PU
L

Tr F liH F li .
i=1

T,ll ll, j W
R,ll
yUl, j = G R T S Hll W
PU
L

Fli xi + n Rl
L

q=1,q=l
i=1

T,qq qq, j W
R,qq
G RqT S Hql W
PU
L

Fqi xi + n Rq
+ nUl, j
i=1
(69)
G R T S
l

L

1

H
H
H
2
H
H

= PR j PU
Tr WT,ll W R,ll Fli Fli W R,ll WT,ll + R Tr WT,ll W R,ll W R,ll WT,ll
(70)
i=1
2
EU2 k,ll
k,T
S =
L

EU2
2
k,li
+ EU2
i=1,i=l
[G 2R T S /M] = lim
n
G 2R T S
n
L

q=1,q=l
2
ql k,ql
+ EU2
L

L

q=1,q=l i=1,i=l
2
ql k,qi
+
L

(71)
ql R2q / p
q=1
2
L

R2 Tr D2
D

Hll Fll
1 2
2
= T S Tr D2
+
Tr D1
Hll +
Fll D Fli D Fll D Hll
2
E
p
U
i=1,i=l
(73)
3849
The asymptotic SINR in (71) can be derived by using mathematical manipulations similar to those used in Appendix C, and
hence, its derivation is omitted for the sake of brevity. By using
(71), the asymptotic sum rate for SWIPT with time switching
relays can be derived as
R
TS =
(K 1)(c p )
K c
K

log 1 + k,T
S .
(75)
k=1
Remark IV.3: An additional penalty term ( ) appears in the

pre-log factor in (76), and degrades the achievable sum rate
in the case with time switching relays. For SWIPT with time
switching relays, user node transmit
power can be scaled with
relay antenna count as PU = EU / M. Again, the asymptotic
SINR and sum rate expressions are independent of the fast
fading and the RF-to-DC conversion efficiency. Further, the
insights on pilot contamination obtained in Remark IV.1 remain
valid for the case of time switching relays.
C. Asymptotic Harvested Energy Versus Sum Rate Tradeoff
Analysis for Imperfect CSI
In this subsection, the trade-off between the asymptotic harvested energy and the achievable sum rate for SWIPT with both
power splitting and time switching relays is investigated.
By using (53) and (65b), the asymptotic trade-off between
the harvested energy and sum rate for SWIPT with power
splitting relays can be written as
2 2
E h,P
S = K L( p + u ) P S (1 P S ) p E U ,
(76)
where P S is defined in (77) at the bottom of this page.

Furthermore, in deriving (77), it is assumed that D Fll = I K ,
D Fli = I K , R2q = R2 and p = d .
Similarly, the asymptotic harvested energy versus sum rate
trade-off for SWIPT with time switching relays can be derived
as (78) at the bottom of this page.
V. I MPACT OF C HANNEL AGING
In practice, the wireless channel may change over time
due to the relative movements of user nodes and scatterers. Under time-varying channels, the estimated CSI can be
delayed/outdated; this effect is termed channel aging in the
sequel. This channel aging causes mismatch between the channel when it is learned and that when it is used for ZF detection
and ZF precoding during MAC and BC phase transmissions.
Let us revisit the MMSE estimate of the users-to-relay channel in (49). The true channel, Fll [n], can then be decomposed
#
P S = 1
L R2
p

exp
c ln (2)R
PS
(K 1)(c p )
by exploiting the orthogonality property of MMSE estimation

as [21], [22]
Fll [n] = F ll [n] + F ll [n],
(79)
where F ll [n] is the estimation error matrix. Here, F ll [n]

and F ll [n] are statistically independent. Further, the index
n in (79) refers to the channel sampling

instance.
The kth
column of F ll [n] is distributed as F ll [n] k CN 0, ll,k I N ,

L
2 /
Further, the
where ll,k = ll,k
i=1 li,k + 1/Pp .

kth column of F ll [n] is then distributed as F ll [n] k

CN 0, (ll,k ll,k )I N .
Next, the time-varying channel can be modelled by using
the Gauss-Markov block fading model, which correlates the
current channel state (Fll [n]) with its past state (Fll [n 1])
by exploiting the two-dimensional isotropic scattering model.
More specifically, Fll [n] can be modelled as the first order
autoregressive model as follows [22]:
Fll [n],
Fll [n] = Fll [n 1] + E
(80)
where Fll [n 1] and E Fll [n] are statistically independent and

defined as
1/2
Fll [n 1] = F ll [n 1]D Fll ,

1/2
E Fll [n] = (1 2 )E Fll [n]D Fll .
(81a)
(81b)
1] CN MK (0 MK , I M I K )
Further, in (81a), F[n
and E F [n] CN MK (0 MK , I M I K ). Further, is the temporal correlation parameter which corresponds to the autocorrelation function of the Clarke-Gans/Jakes model. Thus, can
be defined as = J0 (2 f D TS ), where TS is the channel sampling duration5 and f D = v f c /c is the maximum Doppler shift.
Here, v is the user speed in m/s, f c is the carrier frequency,
and c = 3 108 is the speed of light. The temporal correlation parameter 2 [0, 1] is a measure of the amount of delay
in CSI acquisition. When = 0, the CSI is fully outdated,
whereas when = 1, the CSI is perfectly correlated with the
current true channel state. The effects of channel aging and
imperfect estimation can be combined by using (79) and (80)
as [22]
Fll [n] = F ll [n 1] + E Fll [n],
(82)
where E Fll [n] = F ll [n] + E Fll [n] accounts for the errors
induced by both channel aging and imperfect CSI estimation,
5 Without loss of generality, the channel sampling duration (T ) is set to the
S
duration of one complete transmission cycle, i.e., K transmission durations.

1 2 EU2 1 (L 1)(L + 1) exp
c ln (2)R
PS
(K 1)(c p )
1
1
(77)
2
2
E h,T
S = L K p E U c p
ln (2)
c R
$
TS

(K 1) ln 1 + EU2 2 EU2 2 (L 1)(L + 1) + R2 / p

(78)
3850

and the kth column of E Fll [n] is distributed as E Fll [n]
k

CN 0, (ll,k 2 ll,k )I N . Further, F ll [n 1] and E Fll [n] are
statistically independent. Thus, (82) reveals that the current
state of the true channel can be decomposed into two independent components. One component is the MMSE estimate of the
previous channel state and the other being the cumulative error
induced by channel aging and imperfect CSI estimation.
By using the channel models in (79), (80) and (82), the
impact of channel aging on the system performance can readily
be investigated as shown in Fig. 9 in Section VI.
VI. N UMERICAL R ESULTS
In this section, numerical results are presented for investigating the system performance and hence to obtain valuable insights. The simulation parameters are as follows:
The pathloss is modelled as [PL]d B = PL0 + 10nlog(d/d0 ),
where d, d0 , PL0 and n are defined as the distance
between the user nodes and the relay, a reference distance, the pathloss at the reference distance, and the pathloss
exponent, respectively. Specifically, the simulation parameters are set to d = 10 m, d0 = 1 m, n = 2.1, c = 196 and
p = K .
In Fig. 3, the trade-off between the harvested energy and
achievable sum rate for power splitting relay receivers is investigated. To this end, the asymptotic trade-off curve is plotted
by using (37). Further, a set of trade-off curves are plotted by
gradually increasing the number of relay antennas (M) from 50
to 10000 by using Monte Carlo simulations. The points on the
trade-off curves corresponding to higher harvested energy refer
to larger power splitting ratios ( ), and consequently, this scenario yields to lower sum rates as the signal power allocated for
information processing decreases with larger . Nevertheless,
Fig. 3 clearly reveals that this harvested energy versus sum rate
trade-off can be significantly improved by using a very large
antenna array at the relay.
In Fig. 4, the impact of CCI on the trade-off between harvested energy and achievable sum rate is studied for massive
MIMO MWRNs with time switching relay receivers. Several
trade-off curves are plotted by increasing the number of cochannel interferers (L). Fig. 4 clearly reveals that the maximum
achievable asymptotic sum rate is independent of L. This observation is not surprising as the massive MIMO enabled relay can
cancel the detrimental impact of CCI on the signal decoding.
Counter-intuitively, the maximum harvested energy is heavily dependent on L, and in particular, the presence of CCI is
beneficial in boosting the amount of harvested energy.
In Fig. 5, the average sum rate of SWIPT with power splitting relays is plotted against the average SNR. Sum rate curves
corresponding to five cases are plotted by varying the number
of relay antennas and user node count. The analytical curves
are plotted by using the sum rate approximation for finite numbers of relay antennas given in (39a), whereas the exact curves
are plotted by using Monte-Carlo simulations. It can be clearly
seen from the curves corresponding to case-1, case-2, case3 and case-4 that at an average SNR of 20 dB, the sextuple,
quadruple, and triple user node systems provide sum rate gains
Fig. 3. Trade-off between harvested energy and sum rate for 6-user MWRNs
with power splitting relays. Small scale fading is modeled as i.i.d. Rayleigh
with D Fll = ll I K and D Fli = ll I K , where li (l, i {1, . . . , L} and l =
i) accounts for pathloss. Here, = 0.5, = 0.7, EU = 30 dBm, U2 = R2 =
10 dBm, K = 6, and L = 4.
Fig. 4. Trade-off between harvested energy and sum rate for 6-user MWRNs
with time switching relays. Small scale fading is modeled as i.i.d. Rayleigh
with D Fll = ll I K and D Fli = ll I K , where li (l, i {1, . . . , L} and l =
i) accounts for pathloss. Here, = 0.5, = 0.7, EU = 30 dBm, U2 = R2 =
10 dBm, and K = 6.
of 19, 13, and 3 bits/channel-use, respectively, compared to the

dual user node system. Further, by comparing case-4 and case5, we see that a sum rate gain of 11 bits/channel-use can be
obtained by increasing the number of relay antennas from 8 to
12 while keeping the user node count fixed in the useful SNR
regime. Fig. 5 clearly shows that the closed-form average sum
rate approximation in (39a) is significantly tight and hence can
be used as a benchmark for practical system design.
In Fig. 6, the effect of CCI on the achievable sum rate is studied for SWIPT with time switching relays under the genie-aided
Fig. 5. Average sum rate versus average SNR for power splitting relays. Small
scale fading is modeled as i.i.d. Rayleigh with D Fll = ll I K and D Fli =
ll I K , where li (l, i {1, . . . , L} and l = i) accounts for pathloss. Here,
= 0.3, = 0.4 and L = 1.
Fig. 6. Average sum rate versus number of relay antennas for time switching
relays. Small scale fading is modeled as i.i.d. Rayleigh with D Fll = ll I K and
D Fli = ll I K , where li (l, i {1, . . . , L} and l = i) accounts for pathloss.
Here, EU = 35 dBm, U2 = R2 = 10 dBm, = 0.1, = 0.6 and = 0.5.
perfect CSI assumption. The sum rate curves corresponding to

L = {1, 2, 3} reveal that the sum rate curves gradually approach
the corresponding asymptotic values as the relay antenna count
grows without bound. Thus, the detrimental impact of CCI on
the sum rate can be successfully mitigated by allowing the
number of relay antennas to grow unbounded. This observation justifies the conclusions drawn in Section III-A3 that the
asymptotic sum rate becomes independent of the number of
co-channel interferers, L, in the limit of infinitely many relay
antennas whenever perfect CSI is made available at the relay.
3851
Fig. 7. Sum rate versus power splitting ratio. Small scale fading is modeled as
i.i.d. Rayleigh with D Fll = ll I K and D Fli = i ll I K , where li = 1 (l, i
{1, . . . , L} and l = i). Here, = 0.75, EU = 35 dBm, U2 = R2 = 0 dBm,
K = 4 and = 0.4.
In Fig. 7, sum rate curves are plotted against the power splitting ratio for the imperfect CSI case. It can be seen from Fig. 7
that there exists a non-zero optimal power splitting ratio that
maximizes the sum rate for a finite number of relay antennas. Nevertheless, the asymptotic curves reveal that the sum
rate maximizes with 0 for infinitely many relay antennas.
Whenever the number of relay antennas increases gradually
from 50 to 1000, the sum rate curves approach the corresponding asymptotic curve. This observation provides the useful
insight that even at very low power splitting ratios, a significant sum rate performance gain can be obtained by using a very
large antenna array at the relay.
In Fig. 8, the sum rate is plotted as a function of the time
switching ratio. Specifically, the cumulative impact of imperfect CSI and co-channel interference is investigated by plotting
several sum rate curves by varying the number of co-channel
interferers (L). Thereby, the performance degradation due to
pilot contamination is quantified. For example, at a time switching ratio of = 0.1, the asymptotic sum rate is degraded by
16.8 and 18.5 bits/channel-use for L = 2 and L = 3 cases,
respectively, compared to the L = 1 case. Thus, the pilot contamination has a severe detrimental impact on the achievable
sum rate, and consequently, the corresponding residual interference cannot be mitigated even in the regime of infinitely many
relay antennas.
In Fig. 9, the impact of outdated CSI due to channel aging
is investigated. Specifically, in Fig. 9, the achievable sum
rate for power splitting relays is plotted as a function of the
normalized Doppler shift6 by using Monte-Carlo simulations.
Fig. 9 clearly reveals that the sum rate gradually decreases
in magnitude to zero with ripples (not monotonically) as the
6 In practice, according to the Clarke-Gans/Jakes fading model, the larger the
normalized Doppler shift, the higher the velocity of user nodes and hence the
larger the relative motion.
3852
two adjacent zero touching instances in Fig. 9) does not depend

on the number of relay antennas. Nevertheless, the relays with
larger antenna arrays indeed increase the sum rate inside any
rippling period. Moreover, Fig. 9 clearly reveals that the channel aging has a severe detrimental impact on the achievable
sum rate.
VII. C ONCLUSION
Fig. 8. Sum rate versus time switching ratio. Small scale fading is modeled as
i.i.d. Rayleigh with D Fll = ll I K and D Fli = i ll I K , where li = 1 (l, i
{1, . . . , L} and l = i). Here, = 0.75, EU = 35 dBm, U2 = R2 = 0 dBm,
K = 4 and = 0.4.
Fig. 9. Sum rate versus normalized Dopper shift for power splitting relays.
Small scale fading is modeled as i.i.d. Rayleigh with D Fll = ll I K and D Fli =
i ll I K , where li = 1 (l, i {1, . . . , L} and l = i). Here, = 0.75, EU =
35 dBm, U2 = R2 = 0 dBm, K = 4, = 0.4 and = 0.4.
normalized Doppler shift increases. These ripples occur as a

result of the behaviour of the autocorrelation function of the
Clarke-Gans/Jakes fading model ( = J0 (2 f D TS )) used in
our analysis. The rippling period (i.e., the period between any
G 2R P S
l
EU
(K 1)
(1)EU
M2
Tr

1
+
Hll HllH /M
Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer in

massive MIMO AF MWRNs has been investigated by using
power splitting and time switching relays. Asymptotic harvested energy, SINR, and sum rate expressions have been
derived when the number of relay antennas grows without
bound. For finitely many relay antennas, tight average sum rate
approximations have been derived in close form. The tradeoff between the asymptotic harvested energy and achievable
sum rate has been quantified, and thereby, useful insights have
been obtained for practical system design. The effects of CCI
on the performance metrics have been investigated, and to this
end, our results reveal that the presence of CCI can potentially
be exploited for boosting the energy harvesting at the relay.
Nevertheless, the detrimental impact of CCI on the sum rate
can be cancelled completely by using a very large relay antenna
array whenever perfect CSI is made available at the relay. Thus,
the fundamental trade-off between the harvested energy and the
performance of energy-constrained AF relaying can be substantially improved by using MWRNs with massive MIMO. The
cumulative impact of imperfect CSI and CCI has also been
studied, and thereby, the performance degradation due to pilot
contamination has been quantified. The analysis for the imperfect CSI case clearly reveals that SWIPT with massive MIMO
enabled relays substantially improves the achievable sum rate
while allowing the
transmit power of each user node to be
scaled down as 1/ M, where M is the number of antennas on
the relay. Nevertheless, for the genie-aided perfect CSI case, the
user transmit power can be scaled down as 1/M. Notably, by
using a massive relay antenna array, the effect of inherently low
RF-to-DC conversion efficiency in wireless energy harvesting
on the SINR and sum rate metrics can be effectively mitigated.
A PPENDIX A
D ERIVATION OF THE A SYMPTOTIC SINR IN (32)
In this appendix, a derivation of the asymptotic SINR for
massive MIMO MWRNs with power splitting relays is outlined. To begin with, the transmit power at the user nodes is
scaled down as PU = EU /M. By first substituting (7) and (10)
into (11) and then invoking PU = EU /M in (11), the relay gain
can be rewritten as (83) at the bottom this page. In (83), IP P S is
G
given in (84) at the bottom of the next page.
H

L
i=1 Tr Fli Fli /M
R2
Tr
M2

1 H
1
+ IP P S
Fll Fll /M
Hll HllH /M
G
(83)
3853
By first letting M in (83) and (84), and then by

using the identities in (26) and (27), the asymptotic value of
G R P S /M 2 can be derived as follows:
l

lim G 2R P S /M 2 = G 2R P S /M 2
M
l
l

L
Tr D Fli
EU i=1

.

=
2 Tr D1 D1
+
(K 1) (1 )EU Tr D1
Fli
Hli Fli
R
I P5 = M
I P1 = M(1 )EU
G 2R P S /M 2
l
I P2 = M R2l
lim I P2 /M = I P2 /M
q=1,q=l i=1,i=q
G 2R P S /M 2
1
R2l k,ll
G 2R P S /M 2
(87)
, (88)
is defined in (85). Moreover, by using
(26) and (27), it can readily be shown that the contributions of the terms I Pn /M for n {1, 3, 4, 5, 6} vanish whenever the number
of relay antennas grows without bound,

i.e., I Pn /M = 0 for n {1, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Next, the SINR
for power splitting relays given in (14) can be rewritten as
follows:
6
1

k = S P1 /M
I Pn /M
.
(89)
(86b)
(86c)
n=1
By letting M and by using (87) and (88), the desired

result can be derived as in (32).
k,k
I P4 = M(1 )EU
G 2 P S /M 2
Rl
where
L
G 2R P S
1

q
H
H
H
H
/M
H
H
/M
I P3 = M(1 )EU
ql
qq
qq
qq
M2
q=1,q=l

H
H
Hqq Hql
Hqq Hqq
/M
/M
,
(86d)
L
1
H
Hqq Hqq
/M
k,k
L

H
Hql Hqq
/M
M2
By using (26) and (27), the asymptotic values of S P1 /M and

I P2 /M can be derived as follows:

,
lim S P1 /M = S P1 /M = (1 )EU G 2R P S /M 2
i=1,i=l
1
G 2R P S /M 2
FllH Fll /M
(86f)
k,k
G 2R P S
k,k
L

1
FllH Fll /M
1
H
H
H
Fll Fli /M Fli Fll /M Fll Fll /M
R2q

H
H
H
Hqq Hqq /M
Hqq Hql /M
Fqq Fqq /M
By substituting PU = EU /M into (15a), (15b), (15c), (15d),

and (15e), the signal power (S P1 ) and interference powers (I Pn
for n {1, . . . , 6}) of the SINR in (14) can be rewritten as

(86a)
S P1 = M(1 )EU G 2R P S /M 2 ,
L

q=1,q=l i=1,i=q
(85)
L

A PPENDIX B
D ERIVATION OF AVERAGE S UM R ATE FOR P OWER
S PLITTING R ELAYS IN (39 A )
1
H
H
Hql Hqq
/M Hqq Hqq
/M

H
H
H
Fqq
Fqq
Fqq /M
Fqi /M Fqi
Fqq /M
1
H
H
H
Hqq Hqq
Hqq Hql
Fqq /M
/M
/M
Fqq
In this appendix, a derivation of the average sum rate with

finite number of relay antennas is outlined. To begin with, we
recall the relay amplification factor (G R P S ) for power splitl
ting relays in (11). By first letting L = 1 in (11) and then by
taking the expectation of each term, an approximation of the
k,k
(86e)
L
1
1

H
H
H
H
H
I P S = EU (1 )
Fll Fli /M Fli Fll /M Fll Fll /M
Hll Hll /M
Tr Fll Fll /M
PG
M2
(84)
i=1,i=l
G 2R P S
yUl j
PU M(M K )2 Tr (D F )

2 Tr D1 D1
+
(K
1)
(M K )(K 1)(1 )PU Tr D1
F
H
F
R
PU (1 d )G R P S xl +
l
PU (1 d )G R P S D1
Fll
L

i +
D1
Fli x
PU (1 d )
i=1
PU (1 d )
L

q=1,q=l
G RqP S D1
Fqq
L

i=1
i
D1
Fqi x
L G
RPS

q
q=1
D1
Fqq
L

i=1
L

1
i
G RqP S D1
Fqq D Fql x
q=1,q=l
H
Fqi
(90)
+ N FHqq /

Pp n Rq + nUl, j
(94)
3854
relay amplification factor, which constrains the average transmit power at the relay, can be derived for the CCI free case as
(90) at the bottom
the
the&two
& previous page. In deriving
% (90),
% of
HF
H F)1
=
=
MTr
and
E
Tr
(F
identities
E
Tr
F
(D
)
F

/(M K ) from [23] have been used. By using (90),

Tr D1
F
an approximation for the SINR of the kth user node for power
splitting relays can be derived as
$
k = k Z k (k + k Z k ),
(91)
"
1
where Z k = 1 [ F H F ]kk . Further, k , k and k are
defined in (40a) and (40c), respectively. Next, an average sum
rate approximation can be written by using the above definition
of k as
(K 1)
2 ln (2)
K
PS
R
'
SINR of the signal belonging to the jth user node, received at

the kth user node is derived by extracting the kth element of
yUl j (94) as follows:
k =
(1 d )PU G 2 P S
Rl
PI1 + PI2 + PI3 + PI4 + U2l
2
PI1 = (1 d )PU G 2R P S k,ll
l
PI2 = (1 d )PU
where f Z k (z) is the probability density function of Z k and is

given by [24]
f Zk
(92b)
By substituting (92b) into (92a), and then solving the integral

[19], the desired sum rate expression can be derived in closedform as shown in (39a).
A PPENDIX C
D ERIVATION OF THE A SYMPTOTIC SINR IN (59)
In this appendix, a derivation of the asymptotic SINR for
SWIPT with power splitting relays is outlined. By first substi Rqq and
tuting (49) into (57), and then by letting M , M W
M WTqq can be approximated by using the identities in (26) and

(27) as
L

1
H
H
R,qq D
MW
F + N / Pp ,
(93a)
M
T,qq
MW
qi
Fqq
L

Fqq
i=1
H
Hqi
+ NH
Hqq /

Pp D1
Hqq .
L

L

(93b)
i=1
Next, the transmit power at the user nodes is scaled inversely

proportionalto the square-root of the relay antenna count as
PU = EU / M while keeping EU fixed. Then, we let Pp =
(1 p ) p EU / M in (58). By substituting (93a) into (58), and
again by using the identities in (26) and (27), G 2Rl /M can then
be approximated as shown in (62).
Next, by substituting (56) into (55), the received signal vector
at the user nodes belonging to the lth MWRN can be expanded
as given in (13).
By first using (93a) and then by exploiting the identities in
(26) and (27), an asymptotic approximation of the received signal vector at the user nodes can be derived as (94) at the bottom
of the previous page. In (94), x i is a permuted version of xi . The
PI4 =
L

q=1
R2l
M
2
G 2R P S k,qq
q
2
k,li
,
(96a)
i=1,i=l
2
2
G 2R P S k,qq
k,ql
,
(96b)
L

q=1,q=l i=1,i=l
(92a)
exp (z/k )
(z) =
(z/k ) MK .
k (M K + 1)
L

q=1,q=l
k=1 0
ln (k + k z)] f Z k (z) dz,
(95)
where PIn for n {1, . . . , 4} can be defined as follows:
PI3 = (1 d )PU
[ln (k + (k + k )z)
L

2
2
G 2R P S k,qq
k,ql
,
q
k,qi +
(96c)

Pp1
(96d)
i=1
Here k,li is thekth diagonal element of D Fli . By

first substituting PU = EU / M and Pp = (1 p ) p EU / M into (95)
and then by letting M , the corresponding asymptotic
SINR can be derived as shown in (59).
R EFERENCES
[1] G. Amarasuriya and H. V. Poor, Wireless information and power transfer in multi-way relay networks with massive MIMO, in Proc. IEEE
Global Commun. Conf. (GLOBECOM), San Diego, CA, USA, Dec. 2015,
pp. 17.
[2] L. Varshney, Transporting information and energy simultaneously, in
Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Inf. Theory (ISIT), Jul. 2008, pp. 16121616.
[3] R. Zhang and C. K. Ho, MIMO broadcasting for simultaneous wireless
information and power transfer, IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 12,
no. 5, pp. 19892001, May 2013.
[4] H. Visser and R. Vullers, RF energy harvesting and transport for wireless
sensor network applications: Principles and requirements, Proc. IEEE,
vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 14101423, Jun. 2013.
[5] Z. Ding et al., Application of smart antenna technologies in simultaneous wireless information and power transfer, IEEE Commun. Mag.,
vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 8693, Apr. 2015.
[6] D. Gndz, A. Yener, A. Goldsmith, and H. V. Poor, The multiway
relay channel, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 5163, Jan.
2013.
[7] G. Amarasuriya, C. Tellambura, and M. Ardakani, Multi-way MIMO
amplify-and-forward relay networks with zero-forcing transmission,
IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 61, no. 12, pp. 48474863, Dec. 2013.
[8] F. Boccardi et al., Five disruptive technology directions for 5G, IEEE
Commun. Mag., vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 7480, Feb. 2014.
[9] T. Marzetta, Noncooperative cellular wireless with unlimited numbers
of base station antennas, IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 9, no. 11,
pp. 35903600, Nov. 2010.
[10] E. Larsson, O. Edfors, F. Tufvesson, and T. Marzetta, Massive MIMO for
next generation wireless systems, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 52, no. 2,
pp. 186195, Feb. 2014.
[11] H. Q. Ngo, E. Larsson, and T. Marzetta, Energy and spectral efficiency
of very large multiuser MIMO systems, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 61,
no. 4, pp. 14361449, Apr. 2013.
[12] A. Nasir, X. Zhou, S. Durrani, and R. Kennedy, Relaying protocols
for wireless energy harvesting and information processing, IEEE Trans.
Wireless Commun., vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 36223636, Jul. 2013.
[13] I. Krikidis, S. Sasaki, S. Timotheou, and Z. Ding, A low complexity
antenna switching for joint wireless information and energy transfer in
MIMO relay channels, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 1577
1587, May 2014.
[14] K. Xiong, P. Fan, C. Zhang, and K. Ben Letaief, Wireless information

and energy transfer for two-hop non-regenerative MIMO-OFDM relay
networks, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 15951611,
Aug. 2015.
[15] Y. Huang and B. Clerckx, Joint wireless information and power transfer
in a three-node autonomous MIMO relay network, in Proc. IEEE Int.
Conf. Commun. (ICC), London, U.K., Jun. 2015, pp. 19992004.
[16] G. Yang, C. K. Ho, R. Zhang, and Y. L. Guan, Throughput optimization for massive MIMO systems powered by wireless energy transfer,
IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 16401650, Aug.
2015.
[17] H. Wang, W. Wang, X. Chen, and Z. Zhang, Wireless information and
energy transfer in interference aware massive MIMO systems, in Proc.
IEEE Global Commun. Conf. (GLOBECOM), Austin, TX, Dec. 2014.
pp. 25562561.
[18] X. Chen, X. Wang, and X. Chen, Energy-efficient optimization for
wireless information and power transfer in large-scale MIMO systems
employing energy beamforming, IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 2,
no. 6, pp. 667670, Dec. 2013.
[19] I. Gradshteyn and I. Ryzhik, Table of Integrals, Series, and Products, 7th
ed. New York, NY, USA: Academic, 2007.
[20] H. Cramer, Random Variables and Probability Distributions. Cambridge,
U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1970.
[21] S. M. Kay, Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing: Estimation
Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall, 1993.
[22] K. Truong and R. Heath, Effects of channel aging in massive MIMO
systems, J. Commun. Netw., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 338351, Aug.
2013.
[23] J. A. Tague and C. I. Caldwell, Expectations of useful complex Wishart
forms, Multidimension Syst. Signal Process., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 263279,
Jul. 1994.
[24] D. Gore, R. W. Heath, and A. Paulraj, On performance of the
zero forcing receiver in presence of transmit correlation, in Proc.
IEEE Int. Symp. Inf. Theory (ISIT), Lausanne, Switzerland, Jul. 2002,
pp. 12.
Gayan Amarasuriya (S09M13) received

the B.Sc. degree in engineering (first class
Hons.) from the Department of Electronics and
Telecommunications Engineering, University of
Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, in 2006, and the
Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, in
2013. He was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow with
the Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton
University, Princeton, NJ, USA, from 2014 to 2016.
Currently, he is an Assistant Professor with the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA. His
research interests include massive MIMO, millimeter-wave cellular networks,
wireless energy harvesting, and cooperative MIMO relay networks.
3855
Erik G. Larsson (S99AM02M03SM10

F16) received the Ph.D. degree from Uppsala
University, Uppsala, Sweden, in 2002. Since 2007,
he has been a Professor and the Head of the
Division for Communication Systems, Department of
Electrical Engineering (ISY), Linkping University
(LiU), Linkping, Sweden. He has previously been an
Associate Professor (Docent) with the Royal Institute
of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden, and an
Assistant Professor with the University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL, USA, and the George Washington
University, Washington, DC, USA. In the spring of 2015, he was a Visiting
Fellow at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, for four months.
His research interests include wireless communications and signal processing. He has coauthored some 120 journal papers on these topics, he is coauthor of the textbook Space-Time Block Coding for Wireless Communications
(Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003) and he holds 15 issued and several pending
patents on wireless technology.
He has served as an Associate Editor for several major journals, including
the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON C OMMUNICATIONS (20102014) and IEEE
T RANSACTIONS ON S IGNAL P ROCESSING (20062010). He serves as the
Chair of the IEEE Signal Processing Society SPCOM technical committee
during 20152016 and served as the Chair of the Steering Committee for
the IEEE W IRELESS C OMMUNICATIONS L ETTERS during 20142015. He
was the General Chair of the Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and
Computers in 2015, and the Technical Chair in 2012. He was the recipient of
the IEEE Signal Processing Magazine Best Column Award twice, in 2012 and
2014, and the IEEE ComSoc Stephen O. Rice Prize in Communications Theory
in 2015.
H. Vincent Poor (S72M77SM82F87)
received the Ph.D. degree in EECS from Princeton
University, Princeton, NJ, USA, in 1977. From 1977
to 1990, he was on the faculty of the University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
Since 1990, he has been on the faculty of Princeton
University, where he is the Michael Henry Strater
University Professor and the Dean of the School
of Engineering and Applied Science. He has also
held visiting appointments at several universities,
including most recently at Stanford University and
Imperial College. His research interests include wireless networks and related
fields. Among his publications in these areas is the recent book Mechanisms
and Games for Dynamic Spectrum Allocation (Cambridge University Press,
2014).
Dr. Poor is a Member of the National Academy of Engineering and the
National Academy of Sciences, and is a Foreign Member of the Royal Society.
He is also a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the
National Academy of Inventors, and other national and international academies.
He was the recipient of the Marconi and Armstrong Awards of the IEEE
Communications Society in 2007 and 2009, respectively. Recent recognition
of his work includes the 2014 URSI Booker Gold Medal, the 2015 EURASIP
Athanasios Papoulis Award, the 2016 John Fritz Medal, and honorary doctorates from Aalborg University, Aalto University, Hong Kong University of
Science and Technology (HKUST), and the University of Edinburgh.

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 15, NO.

Wireless Information and Power Transfer

AbstractSimultaneous wireless information and power

IRELESS power transfer refers to the transmission of

Manuscript received August 4, 2015; revised December 3, 2015; accepted

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 15, NO. 6, JUNE 2016

sum rate approximations are derived for finitely many relay

AMARASURIYA et al.: WIRELESS INFORMATION AND POWER TRANSFER

Fig. 1. A schematic diagram of a three-relay, K -user AF MWRN depicting the

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 15, NO. 6, JUNE 2016

B. Signal Model for SWIPT With Power Splitting Relays

A. Relay Receiver Designs for Information and Energy

where PU is the transmit power of each user node, and xi is

where is the RF-to-DC conversion efficiency. The relay uses

where W R,ll is the receive-ZF detector and can be written as

where j is the permutation matrix at the relay in the jth

AMARASURIYA et al.: WIRELESS INFORMATION AND POWER TRANSFER

where ei denotes a column vector of length K with 1 in the ith

where S P1 is the desired signal power and is given by S P1 =

represent the interference powers and can be written as

Further, in (8), G R P S is the amplification factor at the power

Fll Fli Fli Fll Fll Fll

PU (1 )Hll WT,ll G R P S j W R,ll Fll xl +

PU (1 )Hll WT,ll G R P S j W R,ll

Hql WT,qq G RqP S j W R,qq

Hql WT,qq G RqP S j W R,qq n Rq + nUl , j

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 15, NO. 6, JUNE 2016

where M and K are the number of relay antennas and the

In this subsection, the signal model for information and

The BC phase signal model at the time switching relay can be

where the definitions of PU , xi , and n Rl are the same as in (4).

C. Signal Model for SWIPT With Time Switching Relays

The remainder of the transmission cycle, i.e., c symbol

where S P2 can be defined as S P2 = PU G 2 T S . Furthermore, in

(23), J P1 , J P2 , and J P6 can be written as J P1 = I P1 G 2 T S /((1

AMARASURIYA et al.: WIRELESS INFORMATION AND POWER TRANSFER

Further J P3 , J P4 , and J P5 can be written as

become orthogonal to each other, and [20]

By substituting PU = EU /M into (5), the harvested energy at

By using the identity in (27), whenever the antenna count at the

Remark II.4: The corresponding end-to-end SINR for energy

Similarly, by using (19) and (27), the asymptotic harvested

To obtain further insights, the corresponding harvested energy

Remark III.1: The asymptotic harvested energy expressions

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 15, NO. 6, JUNE 2016

switching relays can be defined as

Remark III.2: Several useful insights can be obtained from

Next, by substituting the asymptotic SINRs in (32) and (33)

Symmetric sum rate for time switching relays: Similarly,

C. Average Sum Rate Bounds and Approximations for Finite

AMARASURIYA et al.: WIRELESS INFORMATION AND POWER TRANSFER

antennas. To make the analysis mathematically tractable, in

k = (1 )(K 1)(M K )U2 PU Tr D1

2) Sum Rate Approximation for SWIPT With Time Switching

k = (1 )(K 1)(M K )U2 PU Tr D1

IV. CSI ACQUISITION AND I MPACT OF I MPERFECT CSI

1) CSI Acquisition for Power Splitting Relays: In massive

as X p = p H . Here, p is the power splitting ratio during

where E F is the i.i.d. Gaussian estimation error matrix, and

3 Whenever is implicitly larger than K , it is generic to define H as a

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 15, NO. 6, JUNE 2016

The relay-to-users channel is obtained by using the reciprocity

would be perfectly known to the relay or if there exists a

4) Asymptotic SINR and Sum Rate With Power Splitting for

k = (1 )(K 1)(M K )U2 PU Tr D1