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J Fail. Anal. and Preven.

DOI 10.1007/s11668-016-0094-1

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

Mixed-Mode Crack Propagation in Cruciform Joint using


Franc2D
A. M. Al-Mukhtar

Submitted: 20 February 2016


ASM International 2016

Abstract The focus of this research was on determining


the cracking behavior when parameter such as the biaxiality
ratio was varied. The crack propagation under mixed-mode
loading was simulated by means of finite element method.
The stress intensity factors have been calculated by the linear
elastic fracture mechanics approach using fracture analysis
code-2D (Franc2D). The crack growth under opening modeI was considered because the crack growth occurs mainly
along the direction where the mode-I stress component
becomes the maximum. The numerical integration of Paris
equation was carried out. The effect of normal and transverse
applied load (rx, and ry, respectively) on crack propagation
was presented. It was found that the fatigue crack growth was
faster at a smaller biaxial stress ratio (k), i.e., higher ry on the
horizontal crack plan. Moreover, fatigue strength values
decrease as k decreases. The results confirm the use of
fracture mechanics approach in biaxial fracture.
Keywords Biaxial fatigue  Biaxial stress ratio 
Cruciform joint  Franc2D  Mixed-mode fracture

Introduction
The application of fracture mechanics approach to the biaxial
fatigue crack growth has not been successfully developed
A. M. Al-Mukhtar (&)
Research Fellow, Technische Universitat Bergakademie
Freiberg, Akademiestrae 6, 09599 Freiberg, Saxony, Germany
e-mail: almukhtar@uni.de
A. M. Al-Mukhtar
Automated Manufacturing Engineering Department,
Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering, University of Baghdad,
Baghdad, Iraq

because of the difficulties of SIF solutions and the costs of the


experimental procedures. Most fatigue experiments are
performed under uniaxial constant amplitude loading. An
accurate SIF solution using Franc2D for uniaxial tensile
loads was obtained [112]. By changing the proportion of
load or displacement of two axes, various stress distributions
could be analyzed [13]. For the center crack cruciform
specimen, the strain and yielding locus were determined.
For the safety assessment of critical components, the
crack growth behavior under mixed-mode loading should
be evaluated [14]. However, considerable advances have
been made in modeling of the cracked bodies [15], fatigue
under biaxial loading conditions demands an appropriate
testing technology and simulation [16]. Actually, the crack
growth direction in cruciform specimen has to be determined under mixed-mode SIF (KI and KII), e.g., ErdoganSih criterion [17]. Then, the fatigue crack growth behavior
under mixed-mode conditions is predicted well by the
numerical simulation.
Fracture analysis code (Franc2D) [18] has been used in
SIF calculations for welded joint under uniaxial loading
[17]. The numerical integration of Paris law and the
backward calculation was used, see [2]. The objective of this
study was to configure the fracture behavior of the cruciformtype sheet specimens that subject to a wide variety of biaxial
loading ratio using Franc2d.

Materials and Models


Although specimens of the cruciform-type have been
investigated quite extensively, no standard geometry exists
due to the design difficulty that restricts the biaxial
experiment test [19]. Therefore, it is difficult to compare
with the experiments of different laboratories. According to

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