COURSE OF

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Potentiometer Sensor
Capacitive Sensor
Inductive Sensor
Variable Reluctance Sensor
Strain Gauge Element
Eddy Current proximity Sensors
Inductive Proximity Switch
Optical Encoders
Pneumatic Sensors
Proximity Switches
Hall Effect Sensors

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

An electrically conductive wiper that slides

against a fixed resistive element.
To measure displacement, a potentiometer is
typically wired in a voltage divider
configuration.
A known voltage is applied to the resistor ends.
The contact is attached to the moving object of
interest
The output voltage at the contact is proportional
to the displacement.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

The basic operation of a capacitive

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Electric current generates a magnetic

field, When a metallic object is placed
nearby and the core inside displaces,
thus changes the impedance of the
sensor head coil.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Linear Variable Differential Transformer

Transformer:
Differential:

AC Input / AC Output

Natural Null Point in Middle

Variable: Movable

Linear:

Core, Fixed Coil

Measures Linear Position

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

An LVDT works on the principle of

modifying the spatial distribution of an
alternating magnetic field. The LVDT
consists of a primary coil and two
secondary coils.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Ferrous core

Primary coil
Secondary coil
Bore shaft

Secondary coil
Signal conditioning circuitry

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus
Source: http://www.macrosensors.com/lvdt_macro_sensors/lvdt_tutorial/lvdt_primer.pdf

 LVDT

measure movements as small

as a few millionths of an inch up to
several inches, but some are
capable of measuring positions up
to 20 inches.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

As shown here, if the core is moved closer to S1 than

to S2 , more flux is coupled to S1 and less to S2, so
the induced voltage E1 is increased while E2 is
decreased

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

A Rotary Variable Differential Transformer

The core is a cardioid shaped piece of
magnetic material
The range of operation is 40 degree

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

 The

electrical resistance strain

gauge is a metal wire, metal foil
strip, or a strip of semiconductor
material which can be stuck onto
surface like a postage stamp.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

When subject to strain, its resistance

changes, the fractional change in
resistance R/R being proportional to
the strain
R/R = G
G is the gauge factor
For metal G is 2

For semiconductors up to +100

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Resistance not only changes with strain

??

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

If a coil is supplied with an alternating

current, an alternating magnetic field is
produced.
If there is a metal object nearby, then
eddy currents are induced in it.
Eddy currents themselves produce a
magnetic field, changes the impedance
of the coil

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Inexpensive
Small in size
High reliability
High sensitivity to small displacement

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

This consist of a coil wound round a

core.
When the end of the coil is close to a
metal object its inductance changes.
This change can be monitored

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

An encoder is a device that provides a

digital output as a result of a linear or
angular displacement.
Position encoders grouped into two
categories:

Incremental encoders
Absolute encoders

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Pulses from LEDs are counted to

provide rotary position

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Two detectors are used to determine

direction

36 holes

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Absolute encoders have a unique code

that can be detected for every angular
position
Often in the form of a grey code; a
binary code of minimal change
Absolute encoders are much more
complex and expensive than incremental
encoders

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Consist of a glass or plastic disc that

rotates between a light source (LED)
and a pair of photo-detectors
The rotating disc has three concentric
circles of slots and three sensors to
detect the light pulses
Typical encoders tend to have up to 10
or 12 circular tracks

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Displacement or the proximity of an

object being transformed into a change
in air pressure
The output pressure from the sensor
thus depends on the proximity of
objects.
Used for measurement of displacement
of fractions of millimeters. 3 to 12 mm

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

When a beam of charged particles

passes through a magnetic field, force
act on the particles and the beam is
deflected from the straight line path.
A current flowing in a conductor is like a
beam of moving charges and thus can
be deflected by a magnetic field

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

V = K BI/t
B

is the magnetic flux density

the Current through it

the plate thickness
the HALL Coefficient

t
K

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Activated by the presence of an object to

give an output which is either ON or OFF
Micro switch

Reed switch
Photo sensitive Devices

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Small switch which requires physical

contact and a small operating force to
actuate.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Non contact proximity switch, consist of

two magnetic switch contacts sealed in
a glass tube.
Attract to each other when magnet
brought close to it

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Used to detect the presence of an

opaque object by it breaking a beam of
light, or infrared radiation.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

These sensors are used to monitor

linear and angular velocities and detect
motion.
The application of motion detectors
includes security systems, toys and
applications like ATM machine which
becomes active when you get near to it.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

 The

incremental encoder can be

used for a measurement of
angular velocity, the number of
pulses produced per second
being determined.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Used to measure angular velocity

One form, the variable reluctance
techogenerator, consists of a toothed
wheel
of
ferromagnetic
material,
attached to the rotating shaft.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

A pick-up coil is wound on a permanent

magnet. As the teeth move past the coil,
flux linked by a pick-up coil changes.
The resulting cyclic change in the flux
linked produces an alternating e.m.f. in
the coil.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

It consists of a coil, termed the rotor,

which rotates with the rotating shaft.
This coil rotates in the magnetic field
and so an alternating e.m.f. is induced in
it.
The
amplitude or frequency of
alternating e.m.f is thus the measure of
angular velocity.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Motion sensors measure the rate of

change of displacement or position of an
object.
The first derivative of displacement gives
the speed of an object which is called
velocity if the direction is specified.
The primary form of motion sensor is the
accelerometer. The first derivative of
speed gives the acceleration.

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus

Prepared By: MUHAMMAD MOEEN SULTAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering UET Lahore, KSK Campus