ECS448 - Topic 2

ECS 448
DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Topic 2
Plane Truss
ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Slide 1 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
1) Calculate internal forces of plane truss by using

Method of Joint.
Method of Section.
Graphical Method
Slide 2 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Common Types of Trusses
A truss is a structure composed of

slender members joined together at
their end points
The joint connections are usually
formed by bolting or welding the
ends of the members to a common
plate called gusset
Planar trusses lie in a single plane &
is often used to support roof or
bridges
Slide 3 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss

Roof Trusses
They are often used as part
of an industrial building
frame
Roof load is transmitted to
the truss at the joints by
means of a series of purlins
To keep the frame rigid & thereby capable of resisting
horizontal wind forces, knee braces are sometimes used
at the supporting column
Slide 4 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss

Typical form of Roof Trusses
Slide 5 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss

Bridge Trusses
The main structural elements
of a typical bridge truss
are as shown
The load on the deck is first
transmitted to the stringers -> floor
beams -> joints of supporting side
truss
The top & bottom cords of these
side trusses are connected by top &
bottom lateral bracing resisting
lateral forces
Additional stability is provided by the portal & sway bracing
In the case of a long span truss, a roller is provided at one end for thermal
expansion
Slide 6 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss

Typical forms of Bridge Trusses
Slide 7 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Assumptions for Design

The members are joined together by smooth pins
All loadings are applied at the joints
Due to the 2 assumptions, each truss member

acts as an axial force member
Slide 8 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Classification of Coplanar Trusses

Simple Truss
To prevent collapse, the
framework of a truss must be
rigid
The simplest framework that is
rigid or stable is a triangle
Consequently, a simple truss is
constructed by starting with a
basic triangular element such
as ABC as shown
Slide 9 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss

Simple Truss
An e.g. of a simple truss is
shown in Fig 1 where the basic
stable triangle element is ABC
The remainder of the joints D,
E & F are established in
alphabetical sequence
Figure 1
Fig 2 shows that simple trusses

do not have to consist entirely
of triangles
Figure 2
Slide 10 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss

Compound Truss
It is formed by connecting 2 or more
simple truss together
Often, this type of truss is used to
support loads acting over a larger span
as it is cheaper to construct a lighter
compound truss than a heavier simple
truss
Type 1
The trusses may be connected by a common
joint & bar
Type 2
The trusses may be joined by 3 bars, as in
the case of the shaded truss ABC connected
to the larger truss DEF
Type 3
The trusses may be joined where bars of a large simple
truss, called the main truss, have been substituted by
simple truss, called secondary trusses
Slide 11 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss

Complex Truss
A complex truss is one that
cannot be classified as being
either simple or compound
Slide 12 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Space Trusses (3D)

A space truss is when member on X, Y and Z direction (3D)
Slide 13 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Zero Force Members

If only two non collinear members are connected to a joint that has
no external loads or reactions applied to it, then the force in both
members is zero.
y
FAC
FAC
x
FAB
FAB
FY+ = 0
FX+ = 0
Fy + = 0
Fx
FAC Sin = 0
FAB + FAC Cos = 0
FAC Sin = 0
FAB + FAC Cos = 0
FAC = 0 #
FAB = 0 #
FAC = 0 #
FAB = 0 #
Slide 14 of 61
+=0
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Zero Force Members

If three members, two of which are collinear, are connected to a
joint that has no external loads or reactions applied to it, then the
force in the member that is not collinear is zero.
y
FAC
FAD
FAC
x
FAB
FY+ = 0
FX+ = 0
FAC Sin = 0
- FAD + FAB + FAC Cos = 0
FAC = 0 #
FAB = FAD #
FAD
FAB
FY + = 0
FAC Sin = 0
FAC = 0 #
Slide 15 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Plane Truss Analysis

There are several method can be used in Trusses analysis.
Three common methods that normally being used are as
follows;
1.
Method of Joints
2.
Method of Sections
3.
Graphical Method
Slide 16 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss

1. Method of Joints
Satisfying the equilibrium equations for the forces exerted on the pin at each
joint of the truss
When using this method, it is necessary to draw each joints free body
diagram before applying the equations
Always assume the unknown member forces acting on the joints free body
diagram to be in tension
Numerical solution of the equilibrium equations will yield positive scalars for
members in tension & negative for those in compression
The correct sense of direction of an unknown member force can in many cases
be determined by inspection
A +ve answer indicates that the sense is correct, whereas a ve answer
indicates that the sense shown on the free-body diagram must be reversed
Slide 17 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss

Six step in Applying Method of Joints
1. Draw Free Body Diagram (FBD)
2. Solve the external reactions
3. Select a joint with minimum number of unknowns (not more than
2) and analysing it using FY+ = 0 and FX+ = 0.
4. Proceed to other joints, concentrating on joints that a minimum
number of unknowns.
5. Check member forces at unused joint.
6. Tabulate the member forces in tension or compression.
Slide 18 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Example 1
Refer to Figure 1 below, determine forces for all member using the method of
joints.
500 kN
2m
C
2m
Figure 1
Slide 19 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Example 1
Step 1.
Step 2.
Draw Free Body Diagram (FBD).
Calculate the external

Equations of Equilibrium
500 N
2m
HA
reactions
using
MA + = 0
FY+ = 0
FX+ = 0
500(2) VC(2)=0
VA + VC = 0
HA + 500 = 0
VC = 500 kN #
VA = 500 kN
HA = 500 kN
VA
2m
VC
Step 3.
Select a joint with minimum number of unknown and solve for the unknown forces.
Joint B
500 N
FBC Cos
FAB
FBC Sin 450
450
FX+ = 0
FBC Cos 450 + 500 = 0
FBC = - 707.107 N #
FBC
Slide 20 of 61
FY+ = 0
-FAB - FBC Sin 450 = 0
-(-707.107 x Sin450) = FAB
FAB = 500 N #
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Example 1
Step 4.
Step 5.
Proceed to other joints, concentrating on

joints that a minimum number of unknowns.
Check member forces at unused joint.
Joint A
FX+ = 0
FAB
FBC
FBC Sin
450
FBC Cos 450
FAC
HA
FAC + FBC Cos 450 = 0

500 500 = 0
HA + FAC = 0
FAC = 500 kN
FX+ = 0
FAC
VC
FY+ = 0
VC + FBC Sin 450 = 0
500 500 = 0
VA
Step 6.
Tabulate the member forces in tension or compression
Member
Force (kN)
Conditions (+ / -)
AB
500
AC
500
BC
707.107
Slide 21 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Example 2
Refer to Figure 2 below, determine forces for all member using the method of
joints.
5 kN
E
5 kN
4m
A
4m
4m
Figure 2
Slide 22 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Example 2
Step 1.
5N
HE
5N
4m
HA
VA
4m
4m
Step 2.
Calculate the external reactions using Equations of Equilibrium
MA + = 0
FX+ = 0
FY+ = 0
5(4) + 5(8) HE(4)=0
H A HE = 0
VA 5 5= 0
HE = 15 kN #
HA = 15 kN #
VA = 10 kN
Slide 23 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Example 2
Step 3 and 4
Select a joint with minimum number of unknown and solve for the unknown forces.
Proceed to other joints, concentrating on joints that a minimum number of unknowns.
Joint A
Joint C
FX+ = 0
HA +FAB = 0
FAB = -15 kN #
FAB
FAC
HA
VA
FY+ = 0
FAE + VA = 0
FAE = -10 kN #
5 kN
FCD
FBD
FBC Cos 450
FBC
5 kN
FX+ = 0
-FCD - FBC Cos 450= 0
FCD = 5 kN #
FBC Sin 450
Joint E
Joint D
FDE
FY+ = 0
- FBC Sin 450 5 = 0
FBC = -7.071 kN #
FCD
FX+ = 0
FCD - FDE = 0
FDE = 5 kN #
HE
FBE Cos 450
FY+ = 0
- FBD 5 = 0
FBD = -5 kN #
FDE
FBE
FAE
Slide 24 of 61
FX+ = 0
HE + FDE + FBE Cos 450= 0
FBE = 14.14 kN #
FBE Sin 450
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Example 2
Step 5.
Step 6.
Check member forces at unused joint.
Tabulate the
compression
Joint B
member
forces
in
tension
or
FBD
Member
Force (kN)
Conditions (+ / -)
AB
15
AE
10
BC
7.071
BD
BE
14.14
FBC Cos 450 - FBECos 450 -FAB= 0
CD
(-7.071)(Cos 450) (14.14)(Cos 450) (-15) = 0 #
DE
FBE
FBC
FAB
FX+ = 0
FY+ = 0
FBC Sin 450 + FBE Sin 450 + FBD = 0
(-7.071)(Sin 450) + (14.14)(Sin 450) + (-5) = 0 #
Slide 25 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Review
Problems
Slide 26 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Problem 1
Refer to Figure P1 below, determine forces for member BD using the method of
joints. State if the member in tension or compression
10 kN/m
3m
A
4m
B
C
4m
4m
Figure P1
Slide 27 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Problem 2
Refer to Figure P2 below, determine forces for member CG using the method of
D
4m
C
4m
15 kN/m
E
A
G 4m
6m
6m
3m
F
3m
6m
6m
Figure P2
Slide 28 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Problem 3
Refer to Figure P3 below, determine
forces for member AE using the method
of joints. State if the member in tension
or compression
20 kN
D
60 0
4m
A
B
6m
6m
Figure P3
Slide 29 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Problem 4
Refer to Figure P4 below, determine forces for member CF using the method of
2 kN
2 kN
3m
A
F
6 kN
6 kN
4m
4m
4m
Figure P4
Slide 30 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss

2. Method of Sections
This method is an effective method to determine only some of the member
forces in a truss.
This method also will yield the force in a particular member without the
calculation of working out the forces to rest of the truss.
In this method, structure is divided into two portions depending on which
member forces are required.
Normally the cutting is through three members (three unknowns) of the truss.
The desired member forces are determined using the equilibrium equations for
the selected portion.
Slide 31 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss

Simple Guidelines in Applying Method of Sections
1. Pass a section through a maximum of three members of the
truss, one of which is the desired member (the truss is
divided into two portion)
2. Choose only one portion of the truss and take moment
(MA+ = 0 ) about the point where the two members
intersect and solve for the member forces.
3. Solve the other two unknowns by using equilibrium equations
( FY+ = 0 and FX+ = 0).
Slide 32 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Example 3
Refer to Figure 3 below, determine forces for member BC, BD and DE using the
method of sections.
5 kN
E
5 kN
4m
A
4m
4m
Figure 3
Slide 33 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Example 3
Step 1.
5N
HE
5N
4m
HA
VA
4m
4m
Step 2.
MA + = 0
FX+ = 0
FY+ = 0
5(4) + 5(8) HE(4)=0
H A HE = 0
VA 5 5= 0
HE = 15 kN #
HA = 15 kN #
VA = 10 kN
Slide 34 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Example 3
HE
Step 3.
FDE
Cut a section through member BC, BD and DE.

Split the truss into two portion
5N
HE
FBC
FBD
4m
HA
B
VA
5N
4m
4m
Figure 1a
OR
5 kN
HA
A
VA
B
4m
FDE
4m
FBD
FBC
5 kN
4m
4m
Figure 1b
Slide 35 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Example 3
Step 4.
Consider Figure 1b. Solve for the unknown forces.
MB + = 0
5 kN
FDE
5(4) - FDE(4) = 0
FDE = 5 kN#
FBD
FBC
5 kN
4m
FX+ = 0
-FDE FBC Cos450 = 0
FBC = -7.071 kN
4m
Figure 1b
FY+ = 0
5 5 FBD FBC Sin 450 = 0
FBD = -5 kN
Slide 36 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Review
Problems
Slide 37 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Problem 5
Refer to Figure P5 below, determine forces for member BD, BE and EF using the
method of sections. State if the member in tension or compression
10 kN/m
3m
A
4m
B
C
4m
4m
Figure P5
Slide 38 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Problem 6
Refer to Figure P6 below, determine forces for member BC, CG and FG using the
4m
C
4m
15 kN/m
E
A
G 4m
6m
6m
3m
F
3m
6m
6m
Figure P6
Slide 39 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Problem 7
forces for member AC, AE and BC using
the method of sections. State if the
member in tension or compression
20 kN
D
60 0
4m
A
B
6m
6m
Figure P7
Slide 40 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Problem 8
Refer to Figure P8 below, determine forces for member AB, BF and CF using the
2 kN
2 kN
3m
A
F
6 kN
6 kN
4m
4m
4m
Figure P8
Slide 41 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss

3. Graphical Method
This method is developed by force polygons drawn to
scale for each joint.
The force for each member is measured from one of
these polygons
The number of lines that have to be drawn can be
greatly reduced if the various force polygons are
superimposed.
Slide 42 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss

Simple Guidelines in Applying Graphical Method using Maxwells
Diagram.
1. Draw Free Body Diagram (FBD)
2. Solve the external reactions using equations of equilibrium.
3. Label the truss by moving clockwise begin with the outside
of the truss and then inside of the truss.
4. Draw to scale the force polygon according to the label
begin with the outside of the truss.
5. Measure the magnitude of the force in each member from
the force polygon.
6. Identified whether the members are in tension or
compression.
Slide 43 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Example 4
Refer to Figure 4 below, determine forces for all member using the graphical
method.
500 kN
2m
C
2m
Figure 4
Slide 44 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Example 4
Step 1.
Step 3.
Label the truss by moving clockwise begin

with the outside of the truss and then
inside of the truss.
500 N
2m
500 N
3
HA
VA
2m
C
2m
VC
HA
2 VA
Step 2.
Calculate the external
Equations of Equilibrium
reactions
MA + = 0
FY+ = 0
500(2) VC(2)=0
VA + VC = 0
VC = 500 kN #
VA = 500 kN
using
C
2m
VC
FX+ = 0
HA + 500 = 0
#
HA = 500 kN
Slide 45 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Example 4
Step 4.
30
Draw to scale the force polygon according

to the label begin with the outside of the
truss.
25
500 N
B
3
20
500 N
15
10
500 N A
C
1
500 N
Step 5.
Measure the magnitude of the force in
each member from the force polygon and
determine whether the members are in
tension or compression.
10
15
20
25
30
Member
Force (N)
Conditions (+ / -)
AB
500
AC
500
BC
707.107
Slide 46 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Example 5
Refer to Figure 5 below, determine forces for all member using the graphical
method.
5 kN
E
5 kN
4m
A
4m
4m
Figure 5
Slide 47 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Example 5
Step 1.
5N
HE
5N
4m
HA
VA
4m
4m
Step 2.
MA + = 0
FX+ = 0
FY+ = 0
5(4) + 5(8) HE(4)=0
H A HE = 0
VA 5 5= 0
HE = 15 kN #
HA = 15 kN #
VA = 10 kN
Slide 48 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Example 5
Step 3.
Label the truss by moving clockwise begin with the outside of the truss and then inside of the truss.
HE
4m
5N
5N
6
HA
5
1
VA
4m
4m
Slide 49 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Example 4
Step 4.
Draw to scale the force polygon according
to the label begin with the outside of the
truss.
30
25
HE
4m
5N
2
HA
5
VA
4m
20
1/3
15
10
5N
2
8
6
4m
5
Slide 50 of 61
10
15
20
25
30
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Example 4
Step 5.
Measure the magnitude of the force in each member from the force polygon and determine whether the
members are in tension or compression
Member
Force (kN)
Conditions (+ / -)
AB
15
AE
10
BC
7.071
BD
BE
14.14
CD
DE
Slide 51 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Review
Problems
Slide 52 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Problem 9
Refer to Figure P9 below, determine forces for member BD, BE and EF using the
graphical method. State if the member in tension or compression
10 kN/m
3m
A
4m
B
C
4m
4m
Figure P9
Slide 53 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Problem 10
Refer to Figure P10 below, determine forces for member BC, CG and FG using the
4m
C
4m
15 kN/m
E
A
G 4m
6m
6m
3m
F
3m
6m
6m
Figure P10
Slide 54 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Problem 11
forces for member AC, AE and BC using
the graphical method. State if the
member in tension or compression
20 kN
D
60 0
4m
A
B
6m
6m
Figure P11
Slide 55 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Problem 12
Refer to Figure P12 below, determine forces for member AB, BF and CF using the
2 kN
2 kN
3m
A
F
6 kN
6 kN
4m
4m
4m
Figure P12
Slide 56 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Selected
Problems
Slide 57 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Selected Problem
Refer to figure below, determine member forces using the method of joints, the
method of section and the graphical method.
1.5kN
18 kN
18 kN
3.9m
3m
9 kN
1.5kN
4m
4m
4m
Figure SP2
Figure SP1
Slide 58 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Selected Problem
a) Determine the force in each
member of the truss. State whether
the members are in tension or
compression. Assume P = 8 kN.
b) If the maximum force that any
member can support is 8 kN in
tension and 6 kN in compression,
determine the maximum force P that
can be supported at joint D.
Figure SP3
Slide 59 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Selected Problem
a) The Howe truss is subjected to
the loading shown. Determine
the forces in members CD, GC
and GF. State if the members
are in tension or compression.
Assume all members are pin
connected.
b) The Howe truss is subjected to

the loading shown. Determine
the forces in members BC, BG
and GH. State if the members
are in tension or compression.
Assume all members are pin
connected.
Figure SP4
Slide 60 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss
References
Hibbeler R.C, (2012), Structural Analysis, 8th Edition in S.I. Units,
Pearson, Singapore
Pearson, Singapore
Pearson, Singapore
UiTM Structural Division (2003), Basic Structural Analysis, Cerdik
Publications Sdn. Bhd.
UiTM Structural Division (2003), Basic Structural Mechanics, Cerdik
Publications Sdn. Bhd.
Mc Cormac N., (1999), Structural Analysis, 2nd Edition, John Wiley
and Sons.
Slide 61 of 61
Topic 2 Plane Truss

ECS448 - Topic 2

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ECS 448

Topic 2 Plane Truss

1) Calculate internal forces of plane truss by using

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 2 Plane Truss

Common Types of Trusses

A truss is a structure composed of

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 2 Plane Truss

Common Types of Trusses

Topic 2 Plane Truss

Common Types of Trusses

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 2 Plane Truss

Common Types of Trusses

Topic 2 Plane Truss

Common Types of Trusses

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 2 Plane Truss

Common Types of Trusses

Assumptions for Design

Due to the 2 assumptions, each truss member

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 2 Plane Truss

Classification of Coplanar Trusses

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 2 Plane Truss

Classification of Coplanar Trusses

Fig 2 shows that simple trusses

Topic 2 Plane Truss

Classification of Coplanar Trusses

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 2 Plane Truss

Classification of Coplanar Trusses

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 2 Plane Truss

Space Trusses (3D)

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 2 Plane Truss

Zero Force Members

FAB + FAC Cos = 0

FAB + FAC Cos = 0

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 2 Plane Truss

Zero Force Members

- FAD + FAB + FAC Cos = 0

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 2 Plane Truss

Plane Truss Analysis

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 2 Plane Truss

Plane Truss Analysis

Topic 2 Plane Truss

Plane Truss Analysis

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 2 Plane Truss

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 2 Plane Truss

Draw Free Body Diagram (FBD).

Calculate the external

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Proceed to other joints, concentrating on

Check member forces at unused joint.

FBC Cos 450