Human Arboviruses

Humans may have arboviruses coming from

o Mosquitos
o Ticks
o Sandflies
Some infected individuals could be
asymptomatic
Some may exhibit:
o Fatigue
o fever and chills
o headache
o anorexia
Some may have advance symptoms such as
o lymph node swelling
o nausea
o vomiting
o rash
In rare cases some experience:
o Seizures
o Hemorrhages
o loss of consciousness
traditional subdivision of Arboviruses
o Group A: alphaviruses
o Group B: flaviviruses
o Group C: C serogroup
o

o
o
-

Yellow
o
o
o
o

o
o

continents
Most patients are asymptomatic
Most patients with symptoms fully

recover
Some patients suffer from weakness

and fatigue for weeks or months

Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV)
o Major cause of encephalitis in Asia
o Passed through Culex
o
o

fever
First known arbovirus
Spread by mosquitoes
ss-RNA virus
occurs in Africa and tropical South

o
o
o

America
most cases in Africa
most vaccinations in South America
vaccine: live attenuated 17D strain-

immunity for 10 years

patients without vaccination

o
o

Central and South America

neurological problems
Over 60,000 cases occur annually
Four types of vaccines:
Live attenuated
Live recombinant
Inactivated cell-based
Inactivated mouse brain-

breed
Kyasanur Forest Disease
o Can be passed to humans by tick

nymphs in India
Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBEV)
o Can be passed by Ixodes ticks in

Europe, Russia and Vhina

Mortality rate: 20% depending on

o
o

strain
With available vaccine
Have outbreaks in Europe through

ingesting goat cheese and milk

Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus (MVEV)
o Can be passed through Culex
annulirostris mosquitoes in
o
o

Australia and New Guinea

Most patients are asymptomatic
the virus was believed to have
caused Australian X outbreaks in

improve after experiencing mild

symptoms
o other end up with:
jaundice
hemorrhage
death
o 20% mortality rate
o Aedes aegypti
Dengue
o 1% - 20% mortality rate
o Have four serotypes
o Aedes aegypti
o Aedes albopictus
St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE)
o Most frequently occurs in US-

tritaeniorhynchus (mosquito)
Mortality rate: 20-30%
Many survivors have permanent
psychological, cognitive and

Flaviviridae
-

West Nile Virus

o First discovered in Uganda
o Now can be found on most

orthobunyaviruses
Group D: Guama serogroup

orthobunyaviruses
new/updated grouping:
o Flaviviridae
o Togaviridae
o Reoviridae
o Orthomyxoviridae
o Bunyaviridae

5% - 15% mortality rate

Most cases were underdiagnosed

1951, 1954 and 1974

1974 outbreak:
58 cases of encephalitis was

recorded
Occurred in northwestern
Australia

Togaviridae
- ss-RNA
- contains a group of arboviruses in the
-

alphavirus genus
Ross River Virus (RRV)
o Endemic to Australia and New
o
o
o

Guinea
Carried by Aedes mosquitoes
Casuses joint pain
2015 outbreak: worst outbreak,
blamed on the wet weather

Chikungunya
o Major issue globally especially on
o

Asia and Africa

Vectors: Aedes aegypti and Aedes

albopictus
Three Equine Encephalitis Viruses:
Venenzuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE)
o Causes disease in America
o Passed to human through
o

Ochlerotatus taeiorhyncus mosquito

With available few vaccines, usually

used in the military

With low mortality rate of 14% with

severe symptoms
Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE)
o Western US and Canada
o Passed by Cules mosquitoes
o With low mortality rate
o Caused serious problems in infants,
children and older adults
Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
o Worst equine encephalitis virus
o Can be passed by Culiseta melanura
o

mosquito
With few asymptomatoc cases each

year in US
Most survivors develop some degree

o
o

acid
First found in China in 1987
Emerging pathogen that may have

Lone Star Tick (Amblyomma

o

tick (Dermacentor andersoni)

Some cases involve hemorrhage and

meningitis
With rare fatalities

Orthomyxoviridae
- ss-RNA
- tick-borne
- rare arboviruses
- Dhori Virus
o Passed by Hyalomma ticks to
o

human
Isolated from laboratory workers
trying to culture it in 1980s

Missouri
California Encephalitis Virus (CEV)
o Most commonly passed to humans
o
o
o

by Aedes melanimon
First described in 1945
Rare and with low mortality rate
Mostly affects children between 4

and 10 years old

LaCrosse Encephalitis Virus
o More common in US than CEV
o Occurs most often in children below
o
o

16
Endemic to West Virginia
Passed to humans by Aedes
triseriatus and A. japonicas

o
-

misdiagnosed cases of encephalitis

Isolated from Aedes, Anopheles and

Culex moaquitoes
Coltivirus
o Also known as Colorado tick fever
o Passed by Rocky Mountain wood

americanum)
Caused the hospitalization of 2 men
over the age of 50 in northwestern

caused undiagnosed and

o

the 1960s in Nigeria

Bourbon Virus
o With recorded 1 death in Kansas

Bunyaviridae
- Trisegmented ss-RNA
- Heartland Virus
o New member, isolated in 2009 from

of neurological damage
Reoviridae
- ds-RNA virus
- Banna Virus
o Contains 12 segments of nucleic

Thogoto Virus
o 2 recorded infected individuals in

mosquitoes
Discovered in 1965 in a child who

died in LaCrosse, Wisconsin

Rift Valley Fever
o With recorded cases in Eastern
o

Africa
Most associated with Aedes

mosquitoes
Outbreaks in the late 1900s and in

2006-2007
Cases tend to affect young and
middle aged males who handle body

fluids of animals
Toscana Virus
o Passed by Phlebotomus sandflies
o First isolated in Italy in 1971
o There is no available vaccine
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus
o Worst of the Bunyaviridae
o Passed by Hyalomma tick
o First recognized in 1944
o Have cases across Europe, Asia and
o

Africa
With wide range of mortality cases:

o
o

9-50%
No FDA-approved vaccine
With one vaccine that has been
used in Eastern Europe