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5.1 Work
The product of force and displacement ( in the direction of force ), during
which the force is acting, is defined as work.
om
When 1 N force is applied on a particle and the resulting displacement of the partic e, in the
direction of the force, is 1 m, the work done is defined as 1 J ( joule ). The dimensional
2
( ii ) If
For
= / 2, work W = 0, even if F nd d are both non-zero. In uniform circular
motion, the centripetal force acti
on a particle is perpendicular to its displacement.
Hence, the work done due to centripetal force during such a motion is zero.
2, work done is posit ve and is said to be done on the object by the force.
<
xa
(i)
force displacement in
the
direction
of
the
force
F ( d cos ) = ( F cos ) ( d )
( the component of force in the direc ion of displacement ) ( displacement )
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Work, W
ce
.c
formula of work is M L T .
/2 <
( iii ) If
force.
.e
The scalar product of two vectors, A and B , also known as the dot product, is written by
Al
AB =
B l cos
head of A to B . OM ( = A cos is
the
magnitude
of
projection
of
A on B .
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magnitude of projection of B on A .
or
AB
= AB cos
= B ( A cos
) = ( B ) ( OM )
= AB cos
= A ( B cos
om
is the
) = ( A ) ( ON )
ce
.c
Thus, scalar product of two vectors is equal to the product of magnitude of one vector with
the magnitude of projection of second vector on the direction f the first vector.
/ 2, positive if
BA
( 1 ) Commutative law:
ra
The scalar product of vectors is zero if the angle between the vectors
2 and negative if
/
.
0
<
= AB cos = B A cos
xa
.e
( 2 ) Distributive law:
OP = A ,
OQ = B and OR
as shown in the f gure. Now,
A l l projection of B + C on A l
l A l ( ON ) = l A l ( OM + MN )
l A l ( OM ) + l A l ( MN
l A l l proj. of B on A l + l A l l proj. of C on A l
AB + AC
A( B + C ) =
=
=
A ll B ,
= 0 ,
AB
= A B cos 0
= AB and
2
= l A ll A l = A
l Al = A A
Thus, magnitude of a vector is equal to the square root of scalar product of the vector with
itself.
AA
( 4 ) If
B ,
A B = A B cos 90 = 0
= 90
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k k
= 1
i j
and
j k
k i
om
ii
= 0
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
B = Bx i
and
AB = (Ax i + Ay j + Az k ) (Bx i + By j
= A B cos
cos
A B
AB
AxBx
A yB y
ra
(7)
Ax2
+ By j
+ B z k , then
ce
.c
If
A y2
A z2
Bx2
+ Bz k )
A zBz
B y2
Bz2
xa
.e
Let
F1 , F2 , , Fn
l 1 , l 2 , ,
l n respectively. As the line segments are very small, the force over each segment
considered constant.
can be
The total work as the particle moves from A to B can be obtained as the sum of the work
done for different line segments as under.
Total work, W = F1 l 1
F2 l 2
Fn l n
Fi
A
If
lim
l l l
then
li ,
i = 1, 2, 3,
W =
F dl
F cos dl
om
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For one-dimensional motion of the particle along X-axis and force acting in he direction of
motion as shown in the figure,
Work, W =
F dx cos 0 o =
x2
F dx
ce
.c
x1
ra
xa
W1
.e
the figure,
r2
to r2
as shown in
F dr
F ( r2 - r1 )
( since,
is constant )
r1
and
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displacement, d is given by
F
= m
a
2
d
2
v2
- v02
2
(1)
= 2 a
1
2
mv
2
1
2
mv0 , where
2
ce
.c
om
W =
where K0 and K are the initial and final kinetic energies. The unit of kinetic energy is the
same as that of work, i.e., joule.
Thus, the work done by the resultant force
ce on a body, in the absence of
ra
When a particle performs uniform circular motion, the centripetal force acting on it is
perpendicular to its tangential inst
instantaneous
displacement
ntaneous displacem
nt and hence no work is done by the
centripetal force and the speed and kin c en rgy of the particle do not change.
xa
If the body is displaced in the directi n of the force acting on it, work is done by the force
on the body and is positive. The inet c energy of the body increases in this case. If the
displacement of the body is against t e force acting on it, work is done by the body and is
negative. The kinetic energy f th body decreases in this case.
m2 v 2
1
2
mv =
2
2m
.e
p2
, where p = linear momentum of the body.
2m
The gravitational acceleration, g, due to the Earths gravitational force can be taken as
compared to the radius of the Earth.
constant for heights much sma
smaller
ler as co
If a body of mass m moves from height y1 to height y2 in the Earths gravitational field,
= - mg j ( y2 - y1 ) j
= mgy1 - mgy2 ( 1 )
its displacement
= ( y2 - y1 ) j
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om
Here, the work depends on the initial and final positions of the body and not on the path
followed. Also, there is no loss of
mechanical energy if friction and
air resistance are ignored. In this
case, the force is known as
conservative force and the field as
conservative field.
ra
ce
.c
xa
.e
Thus, in a conservative field, he mechanical energy, E, which is the sum of kinetic energy
1
2
(K =
mv ) and potent al energy ( U = mgh ) remains constant.
2
E = K + U.
- x
or
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F = - kx,
where k is the force constant of the spring which is defined as the force required to pull or
compress the spring by unit displacement. Its unit is N m and its dimensional formula is
1
om
M L T .
Work done by the applied force on the spring is,
W =
kxdx
= k
x2
2
= k
xdx
0
1
2
kx
2
=
0
ce
.c
ra
K = W = F x
K +
U = 0
xa
gy,
But, by the law off conservation of mechanical ene
energy,
F x +
.e
instantaneous value of
- lim
x
U
0 x
F =
U
x
dU
dx
1
2
kx
In the case of a spring, the potential energy, U =
2
F = - dU = - 1 k ( 2x ) = - kx
dx
2
5.7 Power
W
t
and
W
t 0 t
lim
dW
dt
dW
dt
dr
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1 kilowatt ( kW ) = 10 watt ( W )
and
om
dimensional formula is M L T .
1 megawatt ( MW ) = 10
W.
ce
.c
In elastic collision, total linear momentum and tot l kinetic energy of the colliding bodies
are conserved.
In inelastic collision, total linear momentum of the colliding bodies is conserved, but part
or whole of the kinetic energy is lost in her forms of energy.
ra
xa
.e
Let v1 and v2 be their velocities in the same ( X ) direction after the collision which we
w nt to find.
conservation of linear momentum,
A cording to the law of c
m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1 + m2v2
or,
m1 ( v1 -
v1 ) =
m2 ( v2 -
v2 )
(1)
v 2 ' - v 1'
v1 - v 2
is defined as under:
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v2'
v 1'
= e ( v1
v2 )
(2)
m2 e
v1
m2
(1
m1
e ) m2
m2
v2
and
v2 '
( 1 e ) m1
v1
m1
m2
m1e
m1
m2
v2
m2
om
v 1'
ce
.c
m1v 1
m2 v 2
= v ( the common velocity
the spheres after collision )
m1
m2
Thus, in completely inelastic collision, the colliding bodies move jointly with a common
velocity.
1
m1v 1 +
m 2 v 2 2 and
Here, the kinetic energy before collision, Ki =
2
2
v 1'
v2 '
ra
1
(m
2
m2 ) v 2
1
( m1
2
m v
m2 ) 1 1
m1
m2 v 2
m2
m1m 2 ( v 1 - v 2 ) 2
2 ( m1
m )
The negative sign indicates that the k netic energy decreases during inelastic collision.
Kf -
Ki = -
xa
.e
v2 + v2
v 2 ' - v 1'
( v1 - v 2 )
(3)
m1 ( v
1
2
m1v1
2
- v12 ) =
m2 ( v2
1
2
m2v2 =
2
1
2
m1v1
2
- v22 ).
+
1
2
m2v2
2
Multiplying by
1
and rearranging,
2
This shows that the kinetic energy is conserved for e = 1. Hence, elastic collision can also
a so
be defined as the one in which e = 1.
Special cases of elastic collision:
Taking e = 1 for elastic collision, the velocities of the spheres after the collision are given
by
2 m2
m1 - m 2
2 m1
m1 - m 2
v1
v
v1 v 1' =
and
v2 ' =
v2
m1
m2
m1 m 2 2
m1
m2
m1
m2
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v1
and
2v1 - v2
v2
(2)
om
This shows that the larger sphere continues to move with the same velocity, whereas
the velocity of the smaller sphere increases. If the smaller sphere was at rest, it moves
with twice the velocity of the larger sphere after the collision.
For m2 >> m1, neglecting m1 as compared to m2 in the above equatio s, we get
v2 v2
and
v1 2v2 - v1
ce
.c
In this case also, the larger sphere continues to move with he same velocity, but the
velocity of the smaller sphere changes.
If the smaller sphere were moving with twice
becomes stationary after the collision.
( ii )
If the smaller sphere were moving with velocity less than twice the velocity of the
larger sphere, it continues to move in he same direction, but with decreased
speed.
ra
(i)
( iii ) If the smaller sphere were moving with velocity more than twice the velocity of the
larger sphere, it rebounds and starts moving in the opposite direction with the
velocity given as above.
xa
.e
Summarizing the above t o cases, when one of the two spheres colliding is much more
massive than the other then he velocity of the larger sphere remains almost the same after
the collision, whereas the velocity of the smaller sphere after the collision is almost twice the
velocity of larger sphere less the velocity of the smaller sphere before the collision.
v 1' and
v 2 ' respectively.
m1 v 1
= m1 v 1'
+ m2 v 2 '
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+ m2 v 2 ' cos
( 1 ) and
0 = m1 v 1' sin
- m2 v 2 ' sin
(2)
1
2
m1v1 =
2
1
2
m1v1
2
1
2
m2v2 ( 3 )
2
om
ce
.c
ra
The sum of vibrational kinetic energy and potential energy due to mutual attraction and
repulsion between constituent particles of a substa ce is known as internal energy of the
body. Due to work done against friction, interna energy and hence temperature of the body
increases.
random motion is
.e
xa
The difference between internal energy and heat is analogous to mechanical energy and work.
When work is done by body A o body B, mechanical energy of body A decreases and that
of body B increases. Similar y, when heat is transferred from body A to body B, internal
energy of body A decr ases and that of body B increases.
Chemical energy:
The energy associated with electric current is known as electrical energy. When electric
current is used in a heater, electrical energy is converted into heat energy. Similarly, in a
lamp, it is converted into heat and light energy.
Nuclear energy:
The mass of a nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of its constituent protons and
neutrons in free state. The energy equivalent to this mass difference is known as nuclear
energy or nuclear binding energy. In a nuclear fission reaction, when heavy nuclei like
uranium are bombarded by neutrons, they break up into smaller nuclei releasing huge amount
of nuclear energy. Such reactions are used in nuclear reactors for producing power and in
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atomic weapons. In the Sun and stars, nuclear fusion reaction occurs in which lighter nuclei
like protons, deuterons fuse at high temperature to form a helium nucleus releasing huge
amount of energy. At the microscopic level, all different forms of energy are in the form of
potential and or kinetic energy.
om
Conservation of energy
.e
xa
ra
ce
.c
The total energy of an isolated system remains constant. This i the statement of law of
conservation of energy. One form of energy may get converted into nother form or energy.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. The universe is an isolated system and so the total
energy of the universe remains constant.