Taxation System in Bangladesh

Introduction
In Bangladesh, the principal direct taxes are personal income taxes and corporate income taxes,
and a value-added tax (VAT) of 15% levied on all important consumer goods. The top income tax
rate for individuals is 25%. For the 2004/05 tax year (July 1 2004June 30 2005) the top
corporate rate was 45%. However, publicly traded companies registered in Bangladesh are
charged a lower rate of 30%. Banks, financial institutions and insurance companies are charged
the 45% rate. All other companies are taxed at the 37.5% rate. Effective 1 July 2002, the VAT
rate on computer hardware and software was reduced to 7.5%, and certain agricultural equipment
and electricity supplied to the agricultural sector was exempted from VAT altogether. VAT on the
transfer of land is also to be abolished. Essential agricultural implements and irrigation pumps
had previously been excluded from certain taxes

Tax (definition)
To tax is to impose a financial charge or other levy upon a taxpayer (an individual or legal entity)
by a state or the functional equivalent of a state such that failure to pay is punishable by law.
Taxes are also imposed by many subnational entities. Taxes consist of direct tax or indirect tax,
and may be paid in money or as its labour equivalent (often but not always unpaid labour). A tax
may be defined as a pecuniary burden laid upon individuals or property owners to support the
government a payment exacted by legislative authority. A tax is not a voluntary payment or
donation, but an enforced contribution, exacted pursuant to legislative authority and is any
contribution imposed by government whether under the name of toll, tribute, tallage, gabel,
impost, duty, custom, excise, subsidy, aid, supply, or other name.
The legal definition and the economic definition of taxes differ in that economists do not
consider many transfers to governments to be taxes. For example, some transfers to the public
sector are comparable to prices. Examples include tuition at public universities and fees for

utilities provided by local governments. Governments also obtain resources by creating money
(printing bills and minting coins), through voluntary gifts (contributions to public universities
and museums),by imposing penalties (traffic fines), by borrowing, and by confiscating wealth.
From the view of economists, a tax is a non-penal, yet compulsory transfer of resources from the
private to the public sector levied on a basis of predetermined criteria and without reference to
specific benefit received.
In modern taxation systems, taxes are levied in money, but in-kind and corve taxation are
characteristic of traditional or pre-capitalist states and their functional equivalents. The method
of taxation and the government expenditure of taxes raised is often highly debated in politics and
economics. Tax collection is performed by a government agency such as Canada Revenue
Agency, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the United States, or Her Majestys Revenue and
Customs (HMRC) in the UK. When taxes are not fully paid, civil penalties (such as fines or
forfeiture) or criminal penalties (such as incarceration) may be imposed on the non-paying entity
or individual.
Tax Classifications
Direct tax:
A direct tax is a form of tax is collected directly by the government from the persons who bear
the tax burden. Taxable individuals file tax returns directly to the government. Examples of
direct taxes are corporate taxes, income taxes, and transfer taxes.
Indirect tax:
An indirect tax is a form of tax collected by mediators who transfer the taxes to the government,
and also perform functions associated with filing tax returns. The customers bear the final tax
burden. Examples of indirect taxes are sales tax and value added tax (VAT).
There are other types of taxes, which may either be direct tax or indirect taxes, including capital
gains tax, corporation tax, consumption tax, inheritance tax, property tax, excise duty, retirement
tax, tariffs, wealth tax or net worth tax, toll tax, and poll tax.

Purposes and effects

Money provided by taxation have been used by states and their functional equivalents throughout
history to carry out many functions. Some of these include expenditures on war, the enforcement
of law and public order, protection of property, economic infrastructure (roads, legal tender,
enforcement of contracts, etc.), public works, social engineering, and the operation of
government itself. Governments also use taxes to fund welfare and public services. These
services can include education systems, health care systems, pensions for the elderly,
unemployment benefits, and public transportation. Energy, water and waste management systems
are also common public utilities. Colonial and modernizing states have also used cash taxes to
draw or force reluctant subsistence producers into cash economies.
Governments use different kinds of taxes and vary the tax rates. This is done to distribute the tax
burden among individuals or classes of the population involved in taxable activities, such as
business, or to redistribute resources between individuals or classes in the population.
Historically, the nobility were supported by taxes on the poor; modern social security systems are
intended to support the poor, the disabled, or the retired by taxes on those who are still working.
In addition, taxes are applied to fund foreign aid and military ventures, to influence the
macroeconomic performance of the economy (the governments strategy for doing this is called
its fiscal policy see also tax exemption), or to modify patterns of consumption or employment
within an economy, by making some classes of transaction more or less attractive.
A nations tax system is often a reflection of its communal values or/and the values of those in
power. To create a system of taxation, a nation must make choices regarding the distribution of
the tax burdenwho will pay taxes and how much they will payand how the taxes collected
will be spent. In democratic nations where the public elects those in charge of establishing the
tax system, these choices reflect the type of community that the public and/or government wishes
to create. In countries where the public does not have a significant amount of influence over the
system of taxation, that system may be more of a reflection on the values of those in power.
The resource collected from the public through taxation is always greater than the amount which
can be used by the government. The difference is called compliance cost, and includes for

example the labour cost and other expenses incurred in complying with tax laws and rules. The
collection of a tax in order to spend it on a specified purpose, for example collecting a tax on
alcohol to pay directly for alcoholism rehabilitation centres, is called hypothecation. This
practice is often disliked by finance ministers, since it reduces their freedom of action. Some
economic theorists consider the concept to be intellectually dishonest since (in reality) money is
fungible. Furthermore, it often happens that taxes or excises initially levied to fund some specific
government programs are then later diverted to the government general fund. In some cases, such
taxes are collected in fundamentally inefficient ways, for example highway tolls.
Some economists, especially neo-classical economists, argue that all taxation creates market
distortion and results in economic inefficiency. They have therefore sought to identify the kind of
tax system that would minimize this distortion. Also, one of every governments most
fundamental duties is to administer possession and use of land in the geographic area over which
it is sovereign, and it is considered economically efficient for government to recover for public
purposes the additional value it creates by providing this unique service.
Since governments also resolve commercial disputes, especially in countries with common law,
similar arguments are sometimes used to justify a sales tax or value added tax. Others (e.g.
libertarians) argue that most or all forms of taxes are immoral due to their involuntary (and
therefore eventually coercive/violent) nature. The most extreme anti-tax view is anarchocapitalism, in which the provision of all social services should be voluntarily bought by the
person(s) using them.
The Four Rs
Taxation has four main purposes or effects: Revenue, Redistribution, Repricing, and
Representation.
The main purpose is revenue: taxes raise money to spend on armies, roads, schools and hospitals,
and on more indirect government functions like market regulation or legal systems.
A second is redistribution. Normally, this means transferring wealth from the richer sections of
society to poorer sections.

A third purpose of taxation is repricing. Taxes are levied to address externalities: tobacco is
taxed, for example, to discourage smoking, and a carbon tax discourages use of carbon-based
fuels.
A fourth, consequential effect of taxation in its historical setting has been representation. The
American revolutionary slogan no taxation without representation implied this: rulers tax
citizens, and citizens demand accountability from their rulers as the other part of this bargain.
Studies have shown that direct taxation (such as income taxes) generates the greatest degree of
accountability and better governance, while indirect taxation tends to have smaller effects.

Tax incidence
Law establishes from whom a tax is collected. In many countries, taxes are imposed on business
(such as corporate taxes or portions of payroll taxes). However, who ultimately pays the tax (the
tax burden) is determined by the marketplace as taxes become embedded into production costs.
Depending on how quantities supplied and demanded vary with price (the elasticities of supply
and demand), a tax can be absorbed by the seller (in the form of lower pre-tax prices), or by the
buyer (in the form of higher post-tax prices). If the elasticity of supply is low, more of the tax
will be paid by the supplier. If the elasticity of demand is low, more will be paid by the customer.
And contrariwise for the cases where those elasticities are high. If the seller is a competitive
firm, the tax burden flows back to the factors of production depending on the elasticities thereof;
this includes workers (in the form of lower wages), capital investors (in the form of loss to
shareholders), landowners (in the form of lower rents) and entrepreneurs (in the form of lower
wages of superintendence).

To illustrate this relationship, suppose the

market price of a product is $1.00, and that a
$0.50 tax is imposed on the product that, by
law, is to be collected from the seller. If the
product has an elastic demand, a greater
portion of the tax will be absorbed by the
seller. This is because goods with elastic
demand cause a large decline in quantity
demanded for a small increase in price.
Therefore in order to stabilise sales, the seller
absorbs more of the additional tax burden. For example, the seller might drop the price of the
product to $0.70 so that, after adding in the tax, the buyer pays a total of $1.20, or $0.20 more
than he did before the $0.50 tax was imposed. In this example, the buyer has paid $0.20 of the
$0.50 tax (in the form of a post-tax price) and the seller has paid the remaining $0.30 (in the
form of a lower pre-tax price).
Types Of Taxes
Paying Taxes
Taxes are monies paid by citizens and residents to federal, state, and local governments. The
money collected from these taxes help fund for services provided by the government. It is the
one of the main sources of government revenue. Types of taxes include income tax, sales tax, and
property tax.
Income Tax
These are paid on a federal level and in some cases to state or local governments as well.
Taxable income is essentially money obtained through wages, self-employment, and tips and
from things like sale of property. The large majority of people pay their income taxes by having
the money withheld from their paychecks. The proportion of income tax an individual is required
to pay will vary according to earnings. Income tax rates are generally lower for those who make

less money. However, any individual who earns an income, live in the United States and satisfies
certain criteria is needed to file a tax return and also pay any taxes that they owe.
Social Security and Medicare taxes
These types of taxes are usually withheld from your paycheck. Social security benefits are
provided for retired workers and their families, for disabled workers and their families and also
for certain family members of deceased workers. Medicare (healthcare) taxes provides for
medical services (this applies for people aged 65 and above). In the large majority of cases, a will
qualify for Social Security retirement benefits and Medicare benefits after having served a period
of 10 years (or 40 quarters) over the course of your life. However, in the case of disability
benefits for you or your family it is likely that you will require less than 10 years of work
depending on your earnings.
Sales Taxes
Sales taxes are more or less state or local taxes and usually added to the buying cost of certain
things. These taxes will be based on the cost of items and help fund for services provided by state
and local government, such as roads, police, and firefighters.
Property taxes
These are also state and local taxes that are charged on your home and land. In most situations,
these property taxes contribute to funding of local public schools and other services in the area
person.
This is a concept summary. It aims to show how different types of taxes are categorized, and to
highlight the strong and weak points of each type.
Government is supported by resources drawn from the economy. In return, government protects
the economy from foreign and domestic enemies, undertakes large-scale infrastructure works of
general benefit, and enforces the rights, obligations and bargains necessary for economic activity
in a civil society. In modern industrial society, a tax either claims a portion of the flow of value

in economic transactions between people, or takes a part of someones accumulated stock of

economic value.

Bangladesh Income Tax Rates

Bangladesh personal income tax rates for assessment year 2010 2011 is progressive up to 25%.
Bangladesh Income Tax Rates for individuals other than female taxpayers, senior taxpayers
of 65 years and above and retarded taxpayers Assessment Year 2010 2011
First

BDT

Next

BDT

2,75,000

10%

Next

BDT

3,25,000

15%

Next

BDT

3,75,000

20%

Rest Amount
Minimum

1,65,000

Nil

25%
tax

Non-resident

for

Individual:

any
25%

individual
(other

assessee
than

is

non-resident

Tk.

2,000

Bangladeshi)

On Dividend income: 20%

Income tax is one of the main sources of revenue in Bangladesh. It is a progressive tax system.
Bangladesh Income tax is imposed on the basis of ability to pay. The more a taxpayer earns the
more tax he should pay. This is the basic principle of charging income tax in Bangladesh. The tax
system aims at ensuring equity and social justice. Tax rates in Bangladesh also differs between
male and female individuals.
Time to submit income tax return: Unless the date is extended, by the 30th day of September
next following the income year.
Consumption tax

A consumption tax is a tax on spending on goods and services. The tax base of such a tax is the
money spent on consumption. Consumption taxes are usually indirect, such as a value added tax.
However it can also be structured as a form of personal taxation, as a sales tax, or as an income
tax that deducts investments and savings. A direct consumption tax may be called an expenditure
tax, a cash-flow tax, or a consumed-income tax, and can be flat or progressive.

Types
Value-added tax (VAT)
This tax applies to the market value added to a product or material at each stage of its
manufacture or distribution. If a retailer buys a shirt for $20 and sells it for $30, this tax would
apply to the $10 difference between the two amounts. A simple VAT is regressive in that lowerincome consumers generally consume a higher fraction of their income than others, and the VAT
does not apply to income that is saved/invested. VATs often exclude certain goods, with the
intent of creating some degree of progressivity. It is widely used in countries within the European
Union.
Sales tax

This tax typically applies to the sale of goods, and less often, to the sales of services. The tax is
applied at the point of sale. Like VAT, simple sales taxes hit lower-income consumers harder than
others, leading to exemptions for basic items such as food.
Excise tax
This tax is a sales tax that applies to a specific class of goods, typically alcohol, gasoline, or
tourism. The tax rate varies according to the type of good and quantity purchased, and is
typically unaffected by who purchases it.
Personal consumption tax
This tax applies to the difference between an individuals income and increase/decrease savings.
Like the other consumption taxes, simple personal consumption taxes are regressive. However,
because this tax applies on an individual basis, it can be made as progressive as a progressive
personal income tax. Just as income tax rates increase with personal income, consumption tax
rates increase with personal consumption.
Value Added Tax (VAT)
Value Added Tax (VAT) a percentage tax on the value added of a commodity or service as each
constituent stage of its production and distribution is completed. VAT may be classified in three
ways: (i) on the basis of coverage of stages throughout the production and distribution stages,
or confined to limited stages manufacturing plus wholesale, or wholesale plus retail; (ii) on the
basis of the method of calculation tax credit method, subtraction method, and addition method;
and (iii) on the basis of tax treatment of final-product capital goods such as machinery,
equipment, and supplies the consumption form, the income form, and the product variety. Thus
the three broad types of VAT are the gross national product (GNP) type, income type and
consumption type. A consumption type VAT is an indirect tax. An income type or a GNP type
VAT might be considered as a direct tax but a commodity tax cannot be considered so.
Consumption type VAT is also considered as an alternative form of sales tax.

In April 1979, the Taxation Enquiry Commission (TEC) officially took up the issue of
introducing VAT in Bangladesh as an alternate to sales tax. Until 1982, sales tax was being
collected under the Sales Tax Act 1951, which was replaced by the Sales Tax Ordinance 1982
with effect from 1 July 1982. The World Bank played the pioneering role in introduction of VAT
in Bangladesh. A World Bank Mission visited Bangladesh for preparing an agenda for tax reform
in Bangladesh in December 1986. The mission submitted its final report on 15 October 1989.
The report recommended the introduction of a manufacturing-cum-import stage VAT at a single
standard rate within three years. Thereafter, a Bangladesh Tax Mission visited India, Indonesia,
the Philippines and Thailand during 13 November 04 December 1989. The Mission submitted
its report in January 1990. The government discussed the issues relating to introduction of VAT
with all related private and public agencies including the various leading Chambers of
Commerce and Industry from time to time. The government prepared the Value Added Tax Act
1990 (Draft) in June 1990.
Final version of the Value Added Tax Act was promulgated 31 May 1991 as a Presidential
Ordinance with eight sections (relating to registration under VAT system and the appointment
and powers of VAT authorities). It was made effective from 2 June 1991. The Value Added Tax
Bill 1991 was introduced in the Parliament on 1 July 1991 and the Parliament passed it on 9 July
1991. With the Presidential assent to the bill on the next day it came into effect as The Value
Added Tax Act 1991. The VAT Act 1991 replaced the Business Turnover Tax Ordinance 1982
and the Sales Tax Ordinance 1982 with effect from 1 July 1991. It imposed VAT @ 15% on
importer or supplier (producer) of taxable goods and provider of taxable services having annual
turnover of Tk 1.5 million or more. It imposed Turnover Tax (TT) @ 2% (currently 4%) on
supplier of taxable goods and provider of taxable services having annual turnover of less than Tk
1.5 million (Tk 2 million at present). The new law imposed VAT at zero-rate on export sales of
any goods and services, brought excise duties on most goods under the VAT net, and imposed
Supplementary Duty (SD) @ 10% to 85% on goods and services which are luxurious and nonessential and are socially undesirable.
The objectives behind introducing VAT in Bangladesh were to (a) bring transparency in the
taxation system; (b) prohibit cascading taxation at different stages of production; (c) consolidate

the tax administration; (d) activate the overall economy by mobilising more internal resources;
and (e) bring a consistency in the tax-GDP ratio.
VAT introduced in Bangladesh in its initial form was a sort of consumption tax (by allowing
purchase of capital goods as input), which extended its coverage up to the level of import,
production or manufacture and service-rendering but not to export (which is zero-rated),
wholesale or retail level. Since the financial year 1996-97, VAT in Bangladesh has become a
broad-based consumption expenditure tax by covering the wholesale and retail levels. VAT is
imposed on the following goods and services: all goods imported in Bangladesh except those
mentioned in the First Schedule of the VAT Act; all goods supplied except those mentioned in the
First Schedule of the VAT Act; and all services provided in Bangladesh except those mentioned
in the Second Schedule of the VAT Act.
The standard tax rate for VAT has been fixed all along at 15% (for taxable goods and services).
The adoption of truncated value-bases caused multiplicity of practical tax rates, but VAT rate is a
single, flat or uniform one. The rate of turnover tax (TT) is also uniform at 4% (2% up to 11 June
1997). But the rates of supplementary duty (SD) are multiple. At the beginning (FY 1991-92),
there were five different rates which ranged from 10% to 85%. Next rates were eleven in number
and ranged from 5% to 350%. For FY 2000-01, there are 31 different rates that ranged from
2.5% as on coffee to 350% as on cigarettes.
The computation of actual value-addition requires detailed recording of payments for
goods/services bought, which is not properly done in Bangladesh. To ease the administrative
steps for taxation of services, in specified cases, a truncated value-base was fixed with the
option of waiving input tax credit. Under the VAT system, tax points depend on the stage of
production and distribution. For goods imported by any importer, VAT is to be paid at the time of
paying import duty under the Customs Act 1969.
For goods produced or manufactured or imported, purchased, acquired, or otherwise collected by
any registered persons in the course of business operation or expansion, VAT is to be paid at the
time of one of the following activities whichever occurs first: (a) when the goods are delivered or
supplied; (b) when an invoice relating to the supply of goods is given; (c) when any goods are

used personally or given for use to another person; and (d) when the price is received in part or
full. For services rendered by any registered persons in the course of business operation or
expansion, VAT is to be paid at the time of one of the following activities whichever occurs first:
(a) when the services are rendered; (b) when an invoice relating to the rendering of service is
given; and (c) when the price is received in part or full. For goods or class of goods for which the
national board of revenue has ordered through the official Gazette notification to use stamp or
banderole or special sign or mark having security system of specified value on package or carrier
or container of the goods, VAT is to be considered as paid equivalent to the value of the stamp or
banderole or special sign or mark used.
For services rendered by construction firms, indenting firms, travel agencies, motor garages and
workshops, and dockyards and other services determined by the official Gazette notification,
VAT is to be paid as withholding tax and VAT is collected, deducted and deposited by the
receiver of the services or the persons paying the price or commission as the case may be. For
any other goods and class of goods or services, VAT is to be paid at the time as indicated in the
NBR rule.
Taxation remains a poor tool of government revenue collection in Bangladesh. Taxes to GDP
(gross domestic ratio) ratios are usually not high in South Asia. But in case of Bangladesh the
figure is alarmingly low only a little higher than 9%, while the average for South Asian
countries is 11%, the developing countries more than 15%, the industrialised countries 30%, and
high income countries 24%. The introduction of VAT contributed significantly to raise the tax
revenue collection in Bangladesh. The joint contribution of sales tax and excise duty to in the
increase of total tax was Tk 696.9 million (28.8% of total increase) in 1979-80 and Tk 3.9 billion
(44.8% of total increase) in 1989-90. In absolute volume, the annual increase in revenue from
VAT and excise duty is more than the previous annual increase in revenue from sales tax and
excise duty. However, in relative term, the share of sales tax and excise duty in total tax in the
1980s was almost similar to the share of VAT and excise duties in that under the VAT regime.
The share of VAT as a per cent of different indicators (internal trade tax, external trade tax,
indirect tax, total tax, total GDP and non-agricultural GDP) has usually an increasing trend and
the shares are significant. On an average, around 75% of total tax come from indirect taxes, and
more than a half of the indirect taxes is collected in the form of VAT. The scope of VAT mainly

covers the non-agricultural sector but with a standard tax rate of 15% the share of VAT as a
percent of non-agricultural GDP is only 3% to 4%.
VAT was introduced in Bangladesh as a consumption tax and allowed the full deduction of
machinery as an input from the output value (sale proceeds of taxable goods and services) to
compute the tax-base (i.e., value added). Although the initial coverage was up to import and
production stages, the VAT-net is now expanded to wholesale and retail stages. Initially, the
number of VAT taxable services were 25 (under 21 Heading numbers), but now the number is
theoretically unlimited, although for practical purposes this number is kept limited to 70 services
under 57 heading numbers for which the scope is defined. Goods other than primary unprocessed
agricultural products and food items listed in the First Schedule of the VAT Act (live animals or
poultry, human or animal hair, parts of animal body or animal products, parts of plant, green or
dried vegetables, fruits, unprocessed spices, food items, oil seeds, natural gums or like products,
wood, uncarded wool or cotton, and raw jute, etc) are subject to VAT. Thus almost the whole
economy falls under the VAT-net and as a consumption tax, VAT is supposed to streamline the
economic activities with corrective measures by applying supplementary duty.

Tax revenue Summary of Bangladesh

Bangladeshs tax revenue income in the immediately past fiscal year ending in June fell short of
target by around 1.19 percent as the world economic recession constricted imports growth,
chopping off big slice of earnings from customs duties, officials said on Monday.
According to provisional statistics of the countrys National Board of Revenue (NBR), the board
collected 523.71 billion taka ( about 7.48 billion US dollars) in tax revenues in the last 2008- 09
fiscal year (July 2008-June 2009).
Bangladeshs total revenue collection target in the 2008-09 fiscal year was earlier set at 693.82
billion taka, of which the government set a tax revenue target of 545 billion taka.
Later on in May this year, the tax revenue target was reduced to 530 billion taka following a
sluggish trend in earnings of import duties amid a volatile global economic situation.
Director (Research and Statistics) of the NBR, Sachindra Nath Sarker, said the fall in import
duties was due mainly to decline in customs and supplementary duties, triggered by a big prices
erosion of imported goods in the global market in context of financial tsunami.
The provisional statistics of the NBR, however, showed tax revenue earnings of the country was
10.41 percent higher than the collections in the previous 2007-08 fiscal year (July 2007-June
2008).
The South Asian countrys tax revenue income in the previous 2007-08 fiscal year stood at
474.35 billion taka, with nearly 27 percent growth over that of the 2006-07 fiscal year.
We missed a large sum of customs and supplementary duties because of price fall of imported
items, a senior official in the customs department under the NBR said, requesting to be
unnamed.
He said the NBR data showed the countrys tax revenue earnings growth steadily decelerated
from 19.80 percent in the first quarter of 2008-09 fiscal year to 13.24 percent in the first half and
12.21 percent in the first nine months.

However, of three major revenue wings including income tax, customs and value added tax
(VAT), the official said earnings from the customs department, which accounts for more than 40
percent of the NBRs annual tax revenue collections, was 5.19 billion taka less than the revised
target of 213.22 billion taka in last 2008- 09 fiscal year.
Apart from this, the provisional data showed earnings from VAT also fell short of target with
around 4.55 billion taka in the last 2008-09 fiscal year, largely because of shortfall of
supplementary duty collection.
The official of customs department said if the sliding trend in tax revenue collections continue,
the government will face problem managing finance for its current 2009-10 fiscal years budget.
Bangladesh Parliament last month passed 1.14 trillion taka ( about 16.5 billion US dollars)
national budget for the current 2009-10 fiscal year began from July 1.
The budget set a revenue earning target of around total 794.60 billion taka for current fiscal year.
Of total, the tax revenue collection target for the countrys revenue board has been set at 610
billion taka. (1 US dollar equals about 70 taka)
Tax Expenditure
In recent years, analysis of tax expenditures has received much attention in the literature of
public policy, particularly in the developing and transition economies. This policy note attempts
to introduce the concept and size of tax expenditures in the context of Bangladesh with special
references to experiences of India and Pakistan. It shows that the amount of tax expenditures in
Bangladesh is 2.52 per cent of GDP in FY05, in which expenditures in the direct taxes and
indirect taxes are 0.28 per cent and 2.24 per cent, respectively. The note identifies that tax
expenditure accounting is necessary to establish an efficient and effective tax system as well as
fiscal accountability and transparency in the country, since tax expenditures are viewed as part of
government expenditures. Thus, a detailed assessment of tax expenditures including an
appropriate definition and a methodology for measuring tax expenditures is essential along with
restructuring the existing tax expenditure measures in Bangladesh.

Existing Tax Expenditure Measures in Bangladesh

The tax system of Bangladesh includes several tax expenditure measures under the
broad headings of direct taxes and indirect taxes. These provisions, introduced with the
enactment of the tax law, have been subject to changes from time to time. The major policy
objectives behind the tax expenditure measures in Bangladesh are to accelerate the process of
industrialization, to attract foreign currency through increasing exports and foreign direct
investment (FDI) and to ensure social security and welfare of low and modest income groups.
Tax expenditure measures exist in sectors such as Public Services, Agriculture, Labour and
Employment Affairs, Transport and Communication and Social Security and Welfare, etc.
Tax Expenditure Measures under Direct Taxes
Various tax expenditure measures exist for corporate and personal income taxpayers under the
existing income tax law. These are summarized below.
Corporate Income Tax
Tax holiday facility is allowed to newly set-up industrial undertakings, physical infrastructure
facilities and tourism industry subject to certain specified conditions in order to promote
industrialization and employment generation. Exemptions and deductions are applicable to
incomes from firms in Export Processing Zone (EPZ), 50 per cent of income for export earnings,
power generation companies, computer software businesses, agriculture-related industry, micro
credit for NGOs, local government, welfare activities, etc. In particular, concessionary rate is
allowed at the rate 20 per cent for those who do not enjoy tax holiday or accelerated
depreciation, 15 per cent for textile and jute industries and 25 per cent for local authority, etc.
Accelerated depreciation is allowed at the rate 100 per cent for new firms.
Personal Income Tax
Exemptions and deductions are admissible to individual incomes from agriculturerelated activities, income of foreign technicians in EPZs, remuneration of diplomats and
foreign employees of an embassy, income of an indigenous person of Hill Tracts region as

individuals, income from specified savings instruments, etc. In addition, 15 per cent tax rebate is
allowed on investment in provident fund, Deposit Pension Scheme (DPS), insurance, shares,
bonds, etc.
Tax Expenditure Measures in Indirect Taxes
Under the various acts of indirect taxes, exemptions and deductions are given in the area
ofcustoms duty, supplementary duty and Value-Added Tax (VAT).
Customs and Supplementary Duty
Exemptions are granted to local industrial units of a few specific sectors, viz. EPZ
enterprises,power generation companies, poultry and dairy farms, etc. Concessionary rates are
applicable toagro-processing, textile and leather industry, educational institutions, hospitals,
privilegedpersons, etc. Incentives are also given to those sectors, which are complying with the
international and bilateral agreements and conventions.
ValueAdded Tax
Goods and services exempted from VAT include food and agricultural products, animal
products,poultry sector, agriculture inputs, basic services for living, social welfare services,
culture relatedservices, finance and financial activities related services, transport services,
personal services, etc.

Tax Rebate for investment

Rate of Tax Rebate:
Amount of allowable investment is either actual investment in a year or up to 25% of total
income or Tk. 10,00,000/- whichever is less. Tax rebate amounts to 10% of allowable
investment.
Types of investment qualified for the tax rebate are:

Life

Contribution

Contribution

Self

insurance
to

to Provident

contribution

and

in

Contribution
Contribution
Contribution
Donation

to

debenture

charitable

Recognized

or

debenture

Fund

Zakat
hospital

and
Fund

approved

stock,

Provident

Group
National

Fund
Fund

Stocks

or

pension
(Zakat:

by

1925 applies

Annuation

deposit

Benevolent
to

to

annuity

Fund Act,

Super

to

to

Provident

contribution

to

approved

deferred

which

employers

Contribution
Investment

Fund to

premium

Shares
scheme

Insurance

premium

Islamic
Board

of

Tax)
Revenue

Donation to philanthropic or educational institution approved by the Government

Donation to socioeconomic or cultural development institution established in Bangladesh by
Aga Khan Development Network
Donation upto five lac to (1) Shishu Swasthya Foundation Hospital Mirpur, Shishu Hospital,
Jessore and Hospital for Sick Children, Satkhira run by Shishu Swasthya Foundation, Dhaka, (2)
Diganta Memorial Cancer Hospital, Dhaka, (3) The ENT and Head-Neck Cancer Foundation of
Bangladesh, Dhaka; and (4) Jatiya Protibandhi Unnayan Foundation, Mirpur, Dhaka;

Asiatic

Society

of

Bangladesh;

Muktijudha Jadughar;
Tax Withholding Functions
In Bangladesh withholding taxes are usually termed as Tax deduction and collected at source.
Under this system both private and public limited companies or any other organization specified
by law are legally authorized and bound to withhold taxes at some point of making payment and
deposit the same to the Government Exchequer. The taxpayer receives a certificate from the
withholding authority and gets credits of tax against assessed tax on the basis of such certificate.
Major Areas for Final Settlement of Tax Liability in Bangladesh
Tax deducted at source for the following cases is treated as final discharge of tax liabilities. No
additional tax is charged or refund is allowed in the following cases:

Supply
Band

or
rolls

Import

Transfer

Export

Real

of

properties
manpower

Estate

Business

value

of

garments

shipping
technical

Insurance

business
know-how

agent

cigarettes
goods

of

Royalty,

made

of

Local

hand

work

of

Export

contract

fee
commission.

Auction

purchase

Payment on account of survey by surveyor of a general insurance company

Clearing
Transaction

&
by

forwarding
a

member
Courier

agency
of

commission.
Stock

Exchange.
business

Export cash subsidy

Tax Holiday
Tax holiday is allowed for certain industrial undertaking, tourist industry and physical
infrastructure facility established between 1st July 2008 to 30th June 2011 in fulfillment of
certain conditions.
Who is entitled to a Tax Holiday?
Tax holiday is allowed to industries subject to the relevant rules and procedures set by the
National Board of Revenue (NBR) for the following period according to the location of the
establishment.
In Dhaka and chittagong Divisions (excluding 3 hill districts): 5 years. In other divisions
(including 3 hill districts of chittagong Division): 7 years.

The period of such tax holiday will be calculated from the month of commencement of
commercial production. The eligibility of tax holiday to be determined by the NBR and the time
of the commencement of commercial production is certified by the respective sponsoring
agencies. The industrial establishment should be registered under the companies Act. 1994.
Tax holiday facility can be availed by industries coming into commercial production within 30
June 2000 A.D.
Tax avoidance
Tax avoidance is the legal utilization of the tax regime to ones own advantage, to reduce the
amount of tax that is payable by means that are within the law. By contrast, tax evasion is the
general term for efforts not to pay taxes by illegal means. The term tax mitigation is a synonym
for tax avoidance. Its original use was by tax advisors as an alternative to the pejorative term tax
avoidance. Latterly the term has also been used in the tax regulations of some jurisdictions to
distinguish tax avoidance foreseen by the legislators from tax avoidance which exploits
loopholes in the law.
Some of those attempting not to pay tax believe that they have discovered interpretations of the
law that show that they are not subject to being taxed: these individuals and groups are
sometimes called tax protesters. An unsuccessful tax protestor has been attempting openly to
evade tax, while a successful one avoids tax. Tax resistance is the declared refusal to pay a tax
for conscientious reasons (because the resister does not want to support the government or some
of its activities). Tax resisters typically do not take the position that the tax laws are themselves
illegal or do not apply to them (as tax protesters do) and they are more concerned with not
paying for particular government policies that they oppose.
Public opinion on tax avoidance
Tax avoidance may be considered to be the dodging of ones duties to society, or alternatively the
right of every citizen to structure ones affairs in a manner allowed by law, to pay no more tax
than what is required. Attitudes vary from approval through neutrality to outright hostility.

Attitudes may vary depending on the steps taken in the avoidance scheme, or the perceived
unfairness of the tax being avoided.
In the judiciary, different judges have taken different attitudes. As a generalization, for example,
judges in the United Kingdom before the 1970s regarded tax avoidance with neutrality; but
nowadays they regard it with increasing hostility.
Taxes and economic growth
The formula for economic development and curing poverty is well known: Security of property
rights, low taxes, reasonably free trade and stable and readily convertible currency the
economic policy that has been demonstrated to be highly successful in moving countries from
third world to first world
In the past century there has been an enormous improvement in human well being, almost all of
it from economic development, almost none of it from redistribution. The most extreme exercises
in redistribution created gigantic suffering, and resulted in the murder of about a hundred million
people.
The question then is: Are taxes dangerously high in the advanced countries as well? Are taxes so
high that cutting taxes will, in few years, increase the returns to the government? This is derided
as voodoo economics, yet it is fairly obvious that ruinous taxation is a major part of why the
third world is third world. Is then taxation also keeping the first world much poorer than it would
otherwise be? For the United States, I defined high taxes as the federal government taking
more than 18.1% of GDP, for during the Reagan Revolution, the archetype of voodoo
economics the largest portion of GDP taken by the federal government was slightly more than
18%. Alternatively, I defined a high taxes period as any period where the federal government
took substantially and persistently more than 18% of GDP.

I graph the natural log of GDP, rather than the actual GDP, so that you can read the growth rate
directly from the slope of the graph: For example in 1983, first year of the Reagan tax cuts, log
of GDP is 10.052, and in 1989, last year of the Reagan presidency, log of GDP is 10.250, so the
log increased 0.198 in six years, 0.198/6= 0.033, so during those years GDP growth was 3.3% a
year.
Average growth during high tax periods was 1.08%, average growth during normal times was
2.45%. Every high tax period was a long period of economic stagnation, malaise, or decline or
else contained a long period of decline. Such events were rare during normal tax periods.
The graph suggests that taxes are well and truly on the wrong side of the Laffer curve that
increasing taxes will lead to decreased revenue after a fairly short period at least if federal
taxes seize more than 18.1% of GDP
Of course, this depends on who you tax, which the data I had available do not reveal. I suspect
that if you tax the poor good and hard with heavy taxes on petrol, beer, and cigarettes, like those
wonderfully redistributive welfare states in europe, you can collect a lot more than 18.1% of

GDP without the economy going down the drain, for such taxes will cause the poor to work
harder, while progressive taxes are likely to cause the rich to go underground, or retire to house
on a hill overlooking the Coral Sea, unless, like certain progressive European countries, you have
a few little loopholes here and there so that you can get the political credit for soaking the rich,
without actually soaking them so much as to sink the economy.
Growth for the first three high tax periods was negative possibly because they were trying to
soak the rich, unlike Clinton, possibly because they did not have the internet boom increasing
their revenues and boosting growth, unlike Clinton, possibly because Clinton ended welfare as
we know it, whereas the early high tax periods were great society taxes. We really need
statistics giving a breakdown on who is paying taxes to distinguish between these possibilities.
We also need statistics giving hints as to who is goofing off and going underground. In third
world countries it is largely the poor who go underground, which is consistent with the
conjecture that it was ending welfare as we know it that made the difference, but the Reagan
experience suggests that what smacks down the economy is high taxes on the rich, who have the
option of fleeing or retiring.