/ CARRIAG OF STL CARGOS

ByHansJrgensenPublished04September2008

Carriage of Steel Cargoe

GuidelinesforMembers,MastersandSurveyors

ThisBooklethasbeenpreparedwithoneaiminmind:tobeauseful,handyreference
guideformembers,theirMasters,OfficersandSurveyorsappointedontheirbehalf.It
isIntendedtobeapracticalguideforuseonquayside,onthebridge,onthedeckorin
theMember'soffice.SKULDhopesthattheguidelinessetoutinthisbookletproveto
beofpracticalusetoallthoseinvolvedwiththecarraigeofsteelcargoes.
AspartoftheserviceofferedtoMembersofSkuld,theCluboperatesalossprevention
programme.ThepuposeofthisprogrammeistohelpMembersreduceclaimsandto
offeradviceaimedatimprovingsafetyandefficiencyofvesselsenteredwiththeClub.
Mostimportantly,theClubworkstogetherwithMemberstohelpsafeguardthelivesof
thoseworkingforandalongsidethem.ItisinthisspiritthattheCluboffersthe
guidanceinthisbooklet.
Thisbookletisnotascientificstudyofthephysicsandchemistryofsteel,norisita
legaltextbook.Ithasbeenpreparedwithoneaiminmind:tobeauseful,handy
referenceguideformembers,theirMastersandOfficers,andforSurveyorsappointed
ontheirbehalf.Itisintendedtobeapracticalguideforuseonthequayside,oronthe
bridge,oronthedeck,orintheMember'soffice.
Thisbooklethasanumberofobjectives.Thefirstistoreducetheriskofactual
damagetocargowhilstintheMember'scustody.Damageisnotboundtohappen.It
canandwillbeavoidedinthevastmajorityofcasesifthecargoishandled,stowed
andcarriedintherightway.ThisisgoodfortheMemberconcernedandforallthe
Club'sMembers.
AsecondobjectiveistohelpMembersprotectthemselvesfromfinancialpenalties
resultingfromcircumstancesoutsidetheircontrol,butforwhichtheymaybelegally
liable.Theclassicexampleispreshipmentdamagetocargo.AMastermayoversee
loadingandstowageinanexemplaryfashiononboardaperfectship,carryand
dischargethecargoinaccordancewithbestpractice,withoutincident,andyetstill
findhisOwnersunabletodefendasubstantialcargodamageclaim.Thecargowas
notingoodconditionwhenloaded,buttheBillsofLadingwerenotclaused.Itisnot
enoughfortheMastertodohisjobhehastofindwaystoprotecthimselffromthose
whodonot.Oftenthisinvolvesgettingthepaperworkright.Itisachore,andthereare
nodoubtmanyotherpressurescompetingfortheMaster'stimeandenergy,butitis
essential.
ThegoodnewsisthattheMasterisnotonhisown.TheClub,itsCorrespondents,
Surveyorsandlawyersarealltheretoassistthisbookletisalsointendedtohelp.

Aswellasthepreventionofcargoclaimsandcargodamageonboard(notalwaysthe
samething,asmembersmayknowtotheircost),theseguidelinesareintendedto
helpMastersandMembersimprovesafetyandefficiencyonboard.Correcthandlingof
steelproducts,basedonanawarenessoftheparticularcharacteristicsandpossible
hazardsofdifferenttypesofproducts,makeslifesaferforstevedoresandcrew.
Accidentsequalclaims,socorrecthandlingmethodsmakesenseallround.Correct
stowagenotonlyreducestheriskofcargodamagebyprotectingthecargo,italso
protectsthevesselfromthecargo,whichinthecaseofsteelshouldbeamajor
concern.Thisbookletcontainsguidelinesonthesesubjectswhichoughttobe
followednotonlyinordertoreducethechanceofcargodamageclaims,butbyall
thosewhovaluetheirvesselandtheirownsafety.
ThisbookletalsooffersguidancetotheSurveyorswhomaybecalledupontosurvey
cargoand/orshipatoneorotherstageintheadventure.TheClubanditsMembers
valueSurveyorsnotaspassiverecordersofinformation,butasavitalpartofthe
Member'slosspreventionteam.Theyareencouragedtoseetheirroleinthiswayand
theadviceandassistancetheycanoffertoMastersisanessentialpartoftheirwork.
Manyareexpertsinthisfield.TheClubhopesthatevenforexperts,thisbookletwill
provetobeusefulasasourceofadvice,asanaidememoireandasabackupwhen
differencesofopinionarise,astheyoftendo.
Foreaseofreference,thebookletisdividedintosections,someofwhichmayappear
tobeofmoreorlessinterest,dependingontheuser'srole.Buttheissuesinvolvedare
interconnected.Theycannotbereadinsplendidisolationtheguidelinesforsurveys,
forexample,shouldbeusefulforSurveyors,buttheinformationtheycontainisof
directinteresttoMasters.
TheClubhopesthattheguidelinesinthisbookletprovetobeofpracticalusetoall
thoseinvolvedwiththecarriageofsteelcargoesonmembers'vessels.
WeexpressourthankstoArthurSparks,ofSparks&CompanyLtd.,London,who
hascontributedinrespectofthetechnicalissues,andtoGlennWinterandDuncan
Rudkin,HolmesHardingham,solicitors,London,whohavecontributedinrespectof
thelegalaspectsinthispublication.
Allprevioussteelcircularsaresupersededbythispublication.
HansJrgensen

/ CARRIAG OF STL CARGOS

HansJrgensenPublished02October2004

Part 1 Tpe of Steel Cargoe

Steelcargoescanbesplitintotwocategories:productsthatarepackedorwrapped
andthosethatarenot.
CategoryAPackedorwrapped
Specialqualitywirerodsincoilformforexample,prestressingwire,tyrecord,hightensilewirerods.Thistypeofwire
rodisusuallywrappedinstrongwaterproofedreinforcedmaterial.

Coldrolledsteelsheetingincoilsandpackages.

Coatedsteelincoilsandpackagesforexamplegalvanised,aluminisedandpaintcoated.

Tinplateinsteelboxesalsoshippedincoilsonwoodenskids.Theseproductsareusuallywrappedinplasticcoated
kraftpaper,withanouterlayerofsteelsheetwrapper.Thebundlesarethensecuredwithflatmetalstrappingbands.
Packingisdesignedtoprotecttheproductsfromhandlingdamageandfromthe
atmosphereandtokeepbundlestogether.Itisnotairtightorwatertight.

CategoryBNotpackedorwrapped
Structuralsteelsforexamplebeams,angles,flats,channels,reinforcingbars,squares,rounds.Usuallyshippedin20or
40feet(6metreand12metre)bundles,securedbywirebandsorstrappingbands.

Singleflatsteelplatesandbundlesofsteelplatessecuredwithstrappingbands.

Hotrolledsteelsheetingincoilsandbundles,securedwithmetalstrappingbands.

Steelslabs,billets,blooms,mildsteelhotrolledwirerods.

Scrap:ferrousmetal,borings,shavings,turnings,cuttings,ironswarf,steelswarf.Scrapmetalcanheatspontaneously
leadingtofire.Thisisbecauseithasahighsurfaceareaforitsmass,makingoxidationeasy.Vibrationsandworkingof
thevesselcausesfrictionandthereforeheating.Mastersareadvisedtofamiliarisethemselveswiththespecialdangers
presentedbyscrapmetal,beforecarryingit.IfindoubtthelocalSkuldCorrespondentsshouldbeconsulted.

Afewguidelines:
Careshouldbetakenoverventilation.

Cargowhichwaswetbeforeloadingismorelikelytoheatintransit.

Scrapmetalmustnotbeallowedtocomeintocontactwithseawater.

Checkthetemperatureofthebulkashore,beforeloading:ifitisincreasing,considerrejectingthecargo.


Ifthesurfacetemperatureofthebulkreaches80Catseaandshowsnosignofcooling,thereisarealriskoffire.
Considerdivertingtoasuitableportofrefuge.

Cargoshouldbeloaded,segregated,stowedandcarriedinaccordancewiththelatesteditionoftheIMOCodeofSafe
PracticeforSolidBulkCargoes(BCCode).

/ CARRIAG OF STL CARGOS

HansJrgensenPublished02October2004

Part 2 Cargo Care

SECTION1LOADINGANDSTOWAGE
Planning
Itisimportantnottoallowloadingtobeginbeforeastowageplanisagreed.
Stevedoresmaybeinahurrytostart.Theymighthavetowait,butbyapprovingthe
stowageplanbeforethebeginningofloading,theMastercanavoidworsedelayslater
andpreventdamagetocargo,hisshipandthelivesofthoseonboard.
IfaSurveyorisattending,heshouldassistandadvisetheMasterincheckingthe
stowageplan.
Loadingwetcargo
Wetcargoinaship'sholdsincreaseshumidityintheairandvapourpressure.The
presenceofwetcargointheholdswillthereforeleadtomoisturedamagetocargothat
wassoundanddryonshipment.
Rainduringloading
CategoryApackedorwrappedproductsmustnotbeleftuncoveredonthequayor
loadedduringrain.
CategoryBnonpackedornonwrappedproductswilloftenbestoredontheopenquay
andloadedduringlightrain.Thisisusuallyacceptableprovidedtheyarenotgoinginto
thesameholdasdryproducts.
Asuitabledescriptiveclause(forexample"WetbeforeShipment")shouldbeprepared
forinsertiononMate'sReceiptsandBillsofLadingforanywetcargo.Watchoutfor
coilsthatappeartobedryontheoutsidebutwhichdripwaterfromthewindingswhen
lifted.
Hatchcoversandallotherdeckopeningsshouldbeclosedingoodtimetostoprain
gettingtocargointheholds.
Acarefulnoteofthetimingofanyrainandoftheopeningandclosingofhatchcovers
shouldbemadesothattheMastercancheckthatthetimingsintheStatementof
Factspresentedtohimforsignaturematchthetimingsintheship'slog.
Incompatiblecargoes
Careshouldbetakennottoloadincompatiblecargoes(suchaschemicals,fertilisers,
sulphurbearingmaterialsand,inmanyinstances,hygroscopiccargoes)inthesame
compartmentassteelcargo.
Strengthoftanktops
Bundlesofreinforcingbarsandbundlesofsmallscantlingmaterialscanbestowedin
tweendecks.Unpalletisedsteelcoilsmustneverbestowedintweendecks.Theideal
stowagepositionforsteelproductsisinthebottomofthevessel,onthetanktops.
Steelisahighdensity,deadweightcargo.Thedangeroftanktopoverloadmustbe
consideredandavoided.TheMastershouldcalculatethepermissibletonnageandthis

consideredandavoided.TheMastershouldcalculatethepermissibletonnageandthis
figureshouldneverbeexceeded.
Thepermissibletonnageiscalculatedasfollows:
Areaoftanktop(M2)xTonnesperM2tanktopstrengthlimitation.
Thetanktopstrengthlimitationfigureissuppliedbytheshipbuilderandapprovedby
theClassificationSociety.Thefigureusuallyremainsunchangedthroughoutaship's
life.Thestrengthofthescantlingsofthecomponentpartsofashipreducesoverthe
years.Theoldertheship,themorecautionshouldbeexercisedincalculatingthe
permissibletonnageagreatersafetymarginshouldbeleftforoldervessels.
Ifthepermissibletonnageisexceeded,thetanktopplatingmaybedeformed.Inorder
tospreadthepressureevenlyoverthetanktopandtherebyreducestructural
deformation,dunnageshouldbeadequatelyspread,thistoavoidspotoverloading.
Stowageandlashingofdifferenttypesofproducts
Steelcoils

No.1Hotrolledsteelcoilprovidedwithsteelchannelstopreventedgedamage

No.2Coldrolledsteelcoil
Incoilsofupto15tons,thetanktopshouldbedunnagedwithtwodoublelinesof
6"x1"(15cmx2.5cm)dunnagewoodboards.Forcoilsofover15tons,threelinesof
suchdunnageshouldbeused.Inordertoachievetightstowageandprevent
movement,woodenchocksmustbeinsertedontopofthelinesofdunnageinthe
lowertier.
Forhandlingsteelcoils,chainsandwireropeslingsshouldneverbeused.Thesafest
liftinggearisaroundsteelpolethroughthecentreofthecoil,ora"C"hook.
Thecorrectmethodofstowinghotandcoldrolledsteelcoils(exceptforpalletised
coils)isusuallywiththeircentrecoresforeandaft.Iftheyarestowedanyotherway,
theyaremorelikelytoshift.Steelcoilsmustneverbestowedintweendecks,except
forpalletisedcoilsinspecialcircumstances.
Ifitcanbeavoided,coilsshouldnotbestowedinasingletier,unlesstheyare

Ifitcanbeavoided,coilsshouldnotbestowedinasingletier,unlesstheyare
overstowedwithothercargo.Ifthereareonlyenoughcoilsforasingletierandnothing
canbeplacedontop,anidealstowagewouldbetostowthecoilsintwotiersatthe
afterendofthecompartment.Ifsingletierstowagecannotbeavoided,each
athwartshiptiermustbesecuredwithalockingcoil.
Asageneralguide,thefollowingweight/heightratioshouldbeapplied
10toncoils:3high
15toncoils:2high
15+toncoils:1high
Theageofthevesselandstrengthofthetanktopsshouldbeconsidered,andalower
ratioappliedifappropriatetoaparticularvessel.
Beginstowageagainsttheendbulkheadinthecentreandthewings,withthegap
betweenthewingandcentrestowageclosingtoleaveaspacefortheinsertionof
lockingcoils.Thestowshouldbearrangedsothatthesecondtierlockingcoilsdonot
protrudedownintothecantlinesofthelowertierbymorethanonethirdofthediameter
ofthelockingcoil.
Ideally,theathwartshipslinesofcargoshouldextendouttotheextremitiesofthe
cargohold.Ifstevedoresarenotequippedwiththenecessarygeartodothisinthe
uppertiers,amobilecranecanbeusedtoputtheoutercoilsinplace.
Drawings"A"and"B"andphotographs"3"and"4"showtherecommendedmethodof
securingwithstrappingbands.Passingbandsthroughthecoresofadjacentcoils
preventsforeandaftmovement.Crossingbandsoverthetopofcoilspreventupand
downmovements,whentheshipispitching.Thismethodalsostopsindividualcoils
fromturninginstow.
Whenyouhaveasingletier,thelockingcoilshouldbesecuredasshownindrawing
"C".

DrawingA

DrawingB

No.3Steelcoilsrecommendedsecuring

No.4Steelcoilsrecommendedsecuring

DrawingC

(1)Thewireisledthroughthecentreofcoil"B"fromfronttorearside.
(2)Theendisthenpassedupwardsattherearsideandthroughthecentreofcoil"A".
(3)Itpassesbackdownwardsonthefrontsidethroughthecentreofcoil"B".
(4)Thewirethenpassesupwardsanddiagonallyoverthetopofcoil"A"tothefront
whereitispasseddownwards.
(5)Itpassesthroughthecentreofcoil"C".
(6)Itthenemergesattherearside.Passingupandthroughthecentreofcoil"A"
(7)Itcontinuesbackdownagainatthefrontsidethroughthecentreofcoil"C".
(8)Attherearsidethewireistakenupwardsdiagonallyacrossthetopofcoil"A"to
beconnectedtotheoppositeendofthewirewhereitisjoinedwithaspanscrew.
Drawings:
CourtesyofLLPLimitedfromthepublicationSteelCarriagebySea2ndeditionby
ArthurSpark sMNI.
Steelstrappingbandsshouldalwaysbetightenedwithpneumatictoolsneverbyhand
operatedtools.Theendsofthesecuringbandsshouldalwaysbejoinedwithtwocrimp
seals.
Metalstrappingbandsshouldideallybeusedtosecuresteelcoils,forthefollowing
reasons:
Eachcoilcanbeefficientlysecuredthroughitscoretothetwocoilsbeneathcostlyperhaps,butthesafestmethod.

Usingapneumatictighteningtool,bandsaretensionedupto2,000kgs.

Bandsareappliedsingly,makingiteasiertohandlethemandpassthemthroughawkwardgaps.

Tensionisuniformthroughoutthestow.(Donotusesecuringtimbers,whichdefeatthispurpose.)
Ifwireropeistobeusedtosecuresteelcoils,thefollowingprecautionsshouldbe
taken:

Allbulldoggripsshouldbeproperlyfittedandadequatelytightened.

Threebulldoggripsshouldbefittedeithersideofthespanscrew.

Theturnbucklesshouldbeextendedtothemaximumofthreadbeforeapplicationofthewiresinordertoensurethatafter
tighteningnotmorethan1/3ofthethreadisused.Thiswillallowforfurthertightening.
Bands/wiresshouldbepassedasinDrawingsAandB.
Steelslabs

No.5Steelslabsawaitingshipment
Mildsteelslabsarerelativelythinrectangularblocksofsteel,weighingupto20tons
perpiece.Apopularsizecanbe6500mmx1200mmx250mmwithaspecificgravity
of7.85suchaslabweighs15.3tons.Steelslabsarethebasicmaterialfromwhich
moststeelproductsaremanufactured.Slabsareusuallystoredintheopen
unusually:forsteelproducts,wetnessandruststainingisofnoconsequence.
Thetraditionalstowagemethodhasbeentoloadslabswiththeirlongitudinalaxis
athwartships,rightouttotheship'ssidesoverandabovetheslopingplatingofthe
hoppertanks.Dunnagewasinsertedbetweeneachtier,toallowreslingingfor
discharge.Buildingouttotheship'ssidesproducedastaggeredstow,morestable
thanauniformpile.Withapartload,thebeststowagepositionwasthoughttobeat
eitherendofthehold,closetothebulkhead.
Suchcargoesarenowusuallycarriedinbulkcarriers,ofbetween20,000and40,000
tonsdeadweightforfullcargoes.Ina30,000tonship,thetanktopsofthemainholds
wouldbeabout16mwide.Insuchships,thetraditionalstowagemethodwould
produceanunacceptableamountofbrokenstowage,orlossofspace,insomeareas.
Thiscanbeavoidedbycombiningtraditionalathwartshipsstowagewithforeandaft
stowage.Completeforeandaftstowageisacceptableinsomecases,providedthe
stowisbuiltoutoverthehoppertanks.Itisparticularlyimportantwithsteelslabs
alwaystorememberoneofthebasicprinciplesofgoodstowage:tointerlockthe
individualblocks,likebuildingabrickwall.Noninterlockingstacksshouldbeavoidedif
atallpossible.Allgapsintheuppermosthorizontaltiershouldbesecuredwith
suitablesizedtimber.
Asstevedoresareabletoloadheavierandheavierweights,methodsofstowagehave
beendevisedinwhichthestevedoressimplylowerlargesingleloadsandstackthem
inthehatchwaysquare,leavinglargegapsatthesidesandsometimesattheendsof
theholds.Thesemethodsofstowagearenotrecommendedandshouldbeavoidedfor
thereasonsexplainedabove.Itmaysometimesbeacceptable,butonlyinvessels
withboxshapedcargocompartments.
Thedangeroftanktopoverloadshouldalwaysbeborneinmindandavoidedby
referencetothepermissibletonnageandbyuseofsuitabledunnaging,when
possible.

possible.
Hotandcoldrolledsteelinpackagesandbundles

No.6Bundlesofhotrolledsteelsheeting

No.7Hotrolledsteelinbundles

No.8Coldrolledsteelsheetinginpack ages

No.9Coldrolledsteelsheetinginpack ages
Coldrolledsteelsheetsarewrappedandreferredtoaspackages.Hotrolledsteel
sheetsareunwrapped,inbundles.Packagesusuallymeasureabout1mx2mx
15cm,weighingabout2,000kgs.Bundlesareofmorevariablethicknessandtherefore

variableweight.
Theseproductsshouldbestowedrightouttotheship'ssideswiththeirlongitudinal
axisathwartships.Nogapsshouldbeleftbetweentheedgeofthestowandtheship's
sides/hoppertanks.Packages/bundlesusuallyhavebearers,eitherlongitudinallyor
transversely.Ifthebearersaretransverseandtheunitsareplacedathwartships,as
theyshouldbe,twolinesof6"x1"singledunnageboardsshouldbeinsertedtotiethe
stowtogetherandkeepitlevel.
Ifthetanktopisnotentirelycovered,the"browofthestow"i.e.thegapbetweenthe
endofthestowandthebulkhead(s),oradjacentlystowedcargo,mustbesecured,to
preventmovementinaforeandaftdirection.Dunnagecanbelaidonthetanktopas
appropriate.
Beforecommencementofloading,16mmwirecablesshouldbelaidforeandaft,about
3mapart.Whenloadingiscompleted,a6"x1"boardlatticefenceisfittedtotheface
ofthestow.Thesecuringwiresonthetanktoparethenbroughtupoverthestowtobe
attachedwithaspanscrewtotheoppositeends,andthentightened.Gapsbetween
thetoplayerpackages/bundlesaresecuredbywedgingand/ortomming.
Singleplates

No.10Singlehotrolledsteelplatesawaitingshipment
Singlesteelplatesareusuallyquitelongand,althoughheavy,theylackrigidity
becauseoftheirlength.Iftheyarenothandledandstowedcarefully,theymay
becomekinked.
Singleplatesareideallystowedinthesamewayassteelslabs.Suitablelengthsof
dunnageshouldbeinsertedbetweeneachtierofplatesortierofliftsofplates.The
dunnagemustbekeptinlinevertically,closeenoughtogethertostoptheplates
bending,wheretherearegapsbetweendunnage.
Platetypehooksandclampsareusedtosecurethewirelegstotheplatesandare
usuallyattachedtoaspreader.
Structuralsteel

No.11Structurals:hotrolledsteelbeamsorjoistsstoredontheopenquay
Structuralsteelproductsareusuallyshippedinbulkcarriers.Beamsandchannels
commonlysustaincrushinganddeformationdamage.Thiscanbeavoidedbyplacing
theproductscarefullyandcorrectly,andbyproperdunnaging.
Beforecommencementofloading,3"x3"dunnageincrosssectionshouldbelaidin
athwartshipslinesacrossthetanktopplating.Thespacebetweenthelinesof
dunnageforeandaft,shouldbeabout3m.Thispatternofdunnageshouldbe
separatedbetweeneverytier,inordertobindthestowtogetherandtoallowreslinging
fordischarge.Thedunnageshouldbekeptinlinevertically.Everyeffortshouldbe
madetohavebeamswiththeirwebsplacedverticallyinstow.
Theseproductsshouldideallybestowedinaforeandaftdirection.Iftheyaretobe
stowedathwartships,liftsshouldbeplacedforeandaftinthewingsagainstthehopper
tanksorship'ssides.Theendsoftheproductsshouldbuttupagainsttheselifts.The
endsofathwartshipssteelmustneverbeallowedtocomeintodirectcontactwiththe
ship'ssides.
Thestowissecuredintheuppertierortiers.Withlargebeamsorchannels,wood
wedgesandtimberdividersbetweenthegapsisusuallyadequate.Reinforcingbarsdo
notnormallyneedtobesecured.Withbundledgoods,somesecuringmaybe
necessaryintheuppertier.Timberorwedgesshouldbedrivenbetweenthebundlesin
theuppertier,particularlywithtightlybanded,smalldimensionalangles,etc.
Thesegoodsareusuallyhandledbymeansofchainsandwireslings.Caremustbe
takennottooverloadslings.Thisisespeciallyimportantwhenhandlingbeams,which
maybecomebentordentedattheflanges.
Sheetpilings
Sheetpilingsshouldbestowedinthesamewayasstructuralsteel,exceptthatthey
arestackedontopofeachother,toformunsecuredbundles.Careshouldbetakento
ensurethatstacksarenotexcessive,orthetoppilesmaycrack.
Specialcareisneededinslinging.Braidedslingsarerecommended,toavoiddamage
tothekeyingdevicesonthesides.
Pipes

No.12Pipescorrectlybundledandstrapped
Smalldiameterpipesarestowedinthesamewayassmallscantlingstructural
material.Largesinglepipesarealwaysstowedforeandaft.Pipesmustneverbe
crossedeachpipesitsinthecantlinesofthetwopipesunderneath.Athwartships

linesofsingleflatdunnagearefirstlaiduponthetanktopandthefirsttierofpipesis
laidsidebysideinaforeandaftdirection.
Ifthepipesarenotaperfectfitonthetanktoporinthelowertiers,woodenstools
shouldbebuiltinthewingsoftheareasoftheslopeofthehoppertanksides.
Somecoatedpipesrequirespecialcareinhandling.Theshippermayprovidespecial
lengthsofpacking,tostopthesepipeschafingagainsteachother.Insuchcases,and
wherethereareunusualfabricationsandfinishes,theshippershouldprovidespecial
guidance.
Whenloadingiscompleted,thetoptierofpipesmustbesecured.Withsomekindsof
pipes,drivingsecuringtimberthroughgapsandtheuseofwiresmaynotbeadvisable.
Sidechockingmayberequiredintheareaofthewingsandthesidesofthestow.
TheMastershouldalwayscheckstackinglimitsbeforethebeginningofloading.
Shortsinglepipesmaybeloadedwithwireshookedintotheendofthepipes,
attachedtoaspreader.Bevelendedpipesareloadedbywireslings,buttheflatplate
typehooksontheendsmustbecopperlinedorhardplasticcoated.Withspecial
coatedpipes,thewireslingmayhavetobecoveredincanvas.
Wirerods
Wrapped

No.13Hightensilewirerodsfullywrapped
Unwrapped

No.14Hotrolledwirerods:nowrappers,(unprotected)storedintheopen
Coilsofwirerodsusuallyconsistofwirewithadiameterofbetween5mmand9mm.
Bundlesusuallyconsistofthreeorfourseparatecoils.Coilsmaybeshippedsinglyor
inunitisedbundles.Unitsnormallyweighabout1.21.5mteach.Theyaresecuredwith
flatmetalstrappingbands.Theseshouldbeappliedafterthebundleshavebeen
compressed.Bundlessecuredbystrappingbandsareveryrigidinthisstatetheyare
inthebestconditionforstowageinaship'shold.Slackbundleswhicharenottightly
pressedandsecuredinthiswaycansufferduringhandling,securingbandscan
convergeandthroughpressureinthestow,wirescansplayoutandbecomedamaged.
Inaddition,serioustanglingofwindingscanresult.

Inaddition,serioustanglingofwindingscanresult.
Twolinesofsingleflatdunnageshouldbelaidonthetanktopathwartshipsundereach
lineofcoils.Wirerodsarenotahighdensitycargo.Unlikemoststeelcargoes,they
takeupalotofholdspace.Coilsorbundlesarestowedonthetanktopinlinesacross
thehold,withthecentrecorepointingforeandaft.Theseproductsarestowedinthe
samewayashot/coldrolledsteel,butwithrodsitisnotnecessarytoarrangelocking
coils.Sometimesthesecargoesaresimplydumpedinthehold.Thisshouldnotbe
allowed.Theseproductsneedtobestowedcarefullyandproperly,likeanyother.The
wireshouldnotbeallowedtorestagainsttheship'sstructure,orchafingdamagecan
occur.
Ifitisintendedtoloadadifferent,lowdensitycargoontopofwirerods,rememberthat
wirerodssettleandsinkconsiderablyafterloading.Stowageandlashingofother
cargoontopshouldbeplannedwiththisfactinmind.
Softcopperwirerodisshippedinanunpackedconditionandifgreatcareisnottaken,
itmaybecomechafed,kinkedorscored,causingsubstantialcargoclaims.
Stowagecertificates
IfaSurveyorhasbeenappointedtofollowtheloadingoperations,heshouldproducea
stowagecertificateshowing:
Stowagepercargohold.

Dunnagingofcargo.

Measurestakentosecurethecargo.

AnyinterventionsbytheSurveyorwhichhaveledtochangesinthestowage/lashingarrangements.

Detailsofanydifferencesofopinion,withwhom,onwhatsubject,withwhatresult.
Beforedeparture,theMastershouldbeprovidedwithcopiesofastowageplan,hatch
lists,etc.Hemaybeaskedtosignadocumentconfirmingthatstowageandsecuring
hasbeencarriedouttohissatisfaction.TheMastershouldobviouslynotsignthis
documentifhedisagreeswithitorhasanydoubts.
Thegoldenrulesofstowage
Properandefficientstowageisessentialtoavoidshifting,chafingandcrushing
damage.Theguidelinesforparticularcargoes,assetoutabove,shouldbefollowed,
andthefollowingfiveGoldenRulesshouldalwaysbeobserved.
GoldenRule1:
Beforeloadingbegins,checkthatthereisadequatesuctiononallbilgelines.Thedate
ofthetestandresultsshouldbeappropriatelyenteredinthedecklogbook.
GoldenRule2:
Areasonableinspectionofthecargoholdsmustbecarriedoutbeforeloading
commences.Thedateandnameofthevessel'sofficerwhoinspectedtheholdsmust
beenteredinthedecklogbook.
GoldenRule3:
Nevergotoseawiththetophorizontaltierofasteelcargonotfullycompleted.Ifthe
tiercannotbecompleteditshouldnotbeloaded,assecuringwithwirestotheship's
sidesandtommingwithtimbercannotbeconsideredasproperprecautionsagainst
shiftingwiththistypeofcargoandinthisparticularsituation.Incertaincircumstances
thisrulemaynotapplytosteelcoilcargoes.

thisrulemaynotapplytosteelcoilcargoes.
GoldenRule4:
Steelproductsshouldneverbepermittedtorestagainsttheship'sstructureinstow:
dunnageshouldalwaysbeusedtopreventthisoccurring.
GoldenRule5:
Underdecksteelcargoesshouldnotbesecuredtocomponentpartsofthevessel's
structure,withtheexceptionofwirerodcargoesincertaincircumstances(for
example,halfhatchstowage).

SECTION2ONTHEVOYAGE
Supervisionofloading,stowageanddischarging
SurveyorsmaybeavailabletohelpandadvisetheMasterbutitistheMaster's
responsibilityproperlyandcarefullytoload,stow,carry,careforanddischargethe
cargo.Hemayatsomestagebeobligedtoprovethathefulfilledthisresponsibility
andindoingsotookallmeasureshumanlypossibletoprotectthecargowhileitwas
inhiscustody.
Themaintenanceofthevessel
Innegotiatingcargoclaims,damagecausedbylackofmaintenanceofthevessel
oftenleavesthecarrierwithnodefence.Asaresultofthishemayhavetopaythe
claiminfullorotherwisesettleonverypoortermsevenwhenotherfactorshaveplayed
animportantpartincausingthedamage.Propermaintenanceis,ofcourse,essential.
Watertightness
Steelcargoesarealmostalwayshighdensitydeadweightcargoes.Vesselscarrying
thesecargoeshaveahighrangeofstabilityandworkheavilyinaseaway,imposing
concentratedstressesinvariousareasofthehullstructureespeciallyintheareaof
thehatchways.Ifthehatchesaretoremainwatertightitisessentialthatall
componentpartsofthesteelhatchclosingappliancesaremaintainedtoahigh
standard.Thisalsoappliestoallothermaindeckopenings.
Ventilation
Mostmoisturedamageandsubsequentrustdamagetosteelcargoesiscausedby
cargosweatand/orshipsweat.Steelloadedinacoolerclimategoingtoorthrougha
relativelywarmerclimatewill,ifventilated,probablysufferfromcargosweat(thatis,
condensationofmoisturedirectlyontotheactualcargo).Ontheotherhand,whena
shiptravelsfromawarmareatoarelativelycoolerarea,thesteelcargoisvulnerable
tobeingaffectedbyshipsweat(thatis,condensationformingonthecomponentparts
oftheship'sstructurewithinthecargoholdsdroppingbackontothecargo)ifproper
ventilationdoesnottakeplace.
Steelcargoesshouldthereforenotbeventilatedwhenpassingfromacoolclimatetoa
relativelywarmclimate.Cargoshouldbegivenfullventilationwhentemperaturesare
falling.Itwillthereforebenecessarytomaintaintemperaturerecordsfromthe
commencementofloadinguptocompletionofdischarge.Theserecordswillenable
thecarriertoprovethatallnecessarymeasuresweretakentocareforthecargo
duringthecourseofthevoyage.Inthenegotiationofcargoclaimsitisofgreat
importancethatcorrectlykeptrecordsareavailablewhichwillaccuratelyand
acceptablycorrespondwiththemannerinwhichtheventilationwasused.
Whenitisdecidedthatthecargoshouldnotbeventilatedeveryeffortmustbemadeto
sealoffthecargoholdfromtheoutsideatmosphere.Theaimshouldbetomakethe
cargoholdasairtightaspossible.Ifcargoholddewpointtemperaturesareclosely
followingoutsideatmosphericdewpointtemperatures,thentheexerciseisnot
working:holdsealingarrangementsshouldberechecked.

working:holdsealingarrangementsshouldberechecked.
Ifthereisanyleakageofhatches,howeverslight,ortheingressorpresenceoffree
moistureinthecargohold(forexample,duetoafloodbackalongbilgelines,the
ingressofrainduringloading,thepresenceofothercargoloadedinawetcondition,or
thecargoholdsnotbeingdrywhenloadingcommences),therewillbeanappreciable
increaseintherelativehumidityoftheambientairsurroundingthecargo,resultingin
copiouscargosweatandshipsweat,possiblyaccompaniedbyseriouscargo
damage.
SomeOwners/operatorsequiptheirshipswitheitherpermanentorportablecargohold
dehumidificationunitswhichhaveprovedtogivesatisfactoryresults.

/ CARRIAG OF STL CARGOS

HansJrgensenPublished02October2004

Part 3 Surve
SECTION1PRESHIPMENTSURVEYCARGO
InformationfortheSurveyor
Ifapreshipmentsurveyofcargoisplanned,theSurveyorshouldbeprovidedwiththe
followinginformation:
Nameofship.
Expectedtimeofarrival.
Loadingterminal.
Identityofapplicantforsurvey.
NameandfullcontactdetailsofAgents.
Instructions(forexample,tosurveyallcargooronlyparticularparcels,ortosurveycargoonlyorboththecargoand
ship).
WhentoinstructaSurveyor
TheSurveyorneedsenoughtimetosurveythecargobeforecommencementof
loading.Thelengthoftimeneededdependsonthequantityofcargoandthenumberof
parcels.Asaroughguide,theSurveyorneedsonecleardayper15,000mtofcargo.
Fewerparcelsmeanfewerdocumentsandlesstimeisneeded.
TheSurveyor'sduties
TheSurveyorcarryingoutapreshipmentcargosurveyhasanumberoftasks:
1. Tosurveytheparcelsofcargofor:
rustcondition
mechanical/handlingdamage.
TheSurveyorshouldtakeanynecessaryphotographs,preferablyusingadateinsertioncamera,andmakeafullnoteof
thephotographshetakes.

2. Topreparedescriptiveclausesofanydamage,tobeinsertedonMate'sReceiptsandBillsofLading.Cargoaffectedby
rustormechanicaldamageisnotinapparentgoodorderandconditionandshouldnotbesodescribed.TheMate's
ReceiptsandBillsofLadingshouldbeappropriatelyclausedtoreflectthetrueconditionofcargo.

3. ToensurethatthepersonintouchwiththeShipper(forexample,thechieftallyclerk,ortheAgent)obtainsacopyofany
descriptiveclausesandpassesthemontotheshipperbeforetheaffectedcargoisloaded.

4. ToassisttheMaster.Ifappropriate,theSurveyorshould:
warnandadvisetheMasternottosignMate'sReceiptsorBillsofLadingaspresentedexceptinthesurveyor's
presence
checkthatthedescriptiveclauseshehaspreparedarefullyinsertedonMate'sReceiptsandBillsofLadingbeforethey
aresigned
supporttheMaster,ifappropriate,ininsistingthattheMate'sReceiptsandBillsofLadingareclausedasnecessary
helpandadvisetheMasterifitrainsduringloading.
N.B.ItmaybeinappropriateforthesurveyortoassisttheMasteriftheSurveyoris
appointedonbehalfofaChartererMember(ratherthananOwnerMember).
Preliminaryreport
Assoonasthevesselhassailed(butinanyeventwithin24hours)thesurveyor

Assoonasthevesselhassailed(butinanyeventwithin24hours)thesurveyor
shouldsend,byfax,apreliminarywrittenreportcovering:
Dateandtimeofsailing.
Port(s)ofdischarge,quantityofcargoperport,totaltonnageloaded.
ETAport(s)ofdischarge.
Generalobservationsontheconditionofthecargo.
Finalreport
Afterthevesselhassailed(butinanyeventwithin5workingdays)theSurveyor
shouldsend,bycourier,afullwrittenreportcontainingthefollowinginformation:
Nameoftheapplicant.
Nameofthevesselincludingrelevantvoyagenumber.
NameoftheMaster.
NameoftheChiefOfficer.
Grosstonnage.
PortofRegistry.
Whenandwherebuilt.
Detailsofsafetyconstructioncertificate.
Detailsoflastloadlinesurvey.
Detailsofclassificationcertificatesandconditionsofclass(ifany).
Detailsoflastspecialsurvey.
NameofOwnersandOperators.
NameofCharterers'Agent.
NameofOwners'Agent(protectingagentornot).
Purposeofthesurvey.
Dateofarrivaloftheship.
Datewhensurveyofsteelcommenced.
DateandtimewhentheSurveyorfirstboardedthevessel.
Placewherethevesselwasberthed.
DetailsofanydiscussionswiththeMaster.
Detailsofthecargoincluding:
(a)NumberofMate'sReceiptsandrelevantBillsofLading
(b)Detailsoftheparcelinvolved(forexample,thenumberofpieces,packagesorbundles,typeofgoods)
(c)Conditionofeachparcelofcargoclausesifany,enteredintheMate'sReceiptsandBillsofLading
(d)Detailsofthepreshipmentstorage(forexample,coveredoruncoveredonopenquay,coveredoruncoveredrail
wagons,openbargeorcoaster).
(e)CargoholdstowageperMate'sReceiptsorBillofLading.
Detailsoftonnagesloadedforeachdischargeportandwherestowedinthevessel.
Detailsofanystevedoredamage(withcopiesofanylettersofreserve/protesttoaccompanythereport).
Detailsofanystoppagesforrainincludingdetailsofwhetherthehatcheswereclosedand,ifso,whetherclosedin
sufficienttimetopreventcargofrombecomingwet.Itshouldbenotedwhethercargobroughtforwardforloadinghadbeen
protectedfromcontactwithrainduringanystoppages.
Conditionofthecargoholdspriortocommencementofloadinginrelationtocleanlinessandsuitabilitytoreceivethe
intendedcargo.
Resultsofsilvernitratetestontanktopsandship'ssides.
Atmospherictemperaturesprevailingduringloading.
Everyeffortshouldbemadetoobtainacopyofthecargoplanandacopyofthestatementoffactstoaccompanythe
report.
Photographsofthecargoshouldaccompanythereport,preferablywithdatedexposures.

SECTION2PRESHIPMENTSURVEYTHEVESSEL
Ifsuchasurveyistobecarriedout,itshouldbedoneassoonaspossibleafterthe
vessel'sarrivalattheloadport.ThesurveyorshouldinvitetheMasterorChiefOfficerto
attend.Thefollowingguidelinesshouldbeobserved.
Cargoholds

Cargoholds
Thesurveyorshouldchecktheconditionofthecargoholdsbeforethecommencement
ofloading.Iftheholdisnotinasuitablecondition,thesurveyorshouldreport
immediately,beforeanycargoisloaded.
Ifcargocompartmentsarewashedwithsaltwaterinpreparationforloadingtheymust
begivenafinalfreshwaterwashtoremoveanysaltcrystals.Thesurveyorshould
makespotcheckswithsilvernitrateonthesidesoftheholdsandonthetanktop
plating.ThisisparticularlyimportantwhenthedischargeportisintheUnitedStates,
wheresuchtestsarecommonlycarriedoutondischarge.
Steelhatchcoversandotherdeckopenings
MostbulkcarriersemployedinsteeltradesarefittedwithMacGregortypewire
operatedhatchpanels.Alternatively,thepanelsmaybeoperatedbychainsorby
hydraulics.Inmostcases,thefollowingchecklist,withanynecessarymodifications,
isrecommended.
Checklist
General
(1)Favourablecomments.
(2)Adversecomments.
(3)Typesofhatchcoversinvolved.
Panels
(1)Wellpaintedup,freefromrust,rustscaleorindentations,affectedbyrusty
patchesandscattereddentsbutgeneralconditionnotconsideredtoaffectthe
strengthoftheappliances
OR
(2)Rusty,partlyrusty,inappearance.Affectedbyrustscaling.Corrosion(light/heavy).
Affectedbyscattereddents.Generalconditionpoorandconsideredtoaffectthe
strengthoftheappliances.
Rubberpacking(gaskets)
(1)Rubberjointingpliable,notundulycompressed.Nottorn,chafedordefectiveinany
respect
OR
(2)Locallychafed,tornand/ordistorted(squeezedorpinchedintheretaining
channels).Notfirmlyaffixedintheretainingchannels.Rubberjointinghangingoutof
retainingchannelsinplaces.Rubbersperished,hardenedandlackingnecessary
pliability.Rubbersaffectedbyheavyandunusualcompressionmarks.
Retainingchannels
(1)Freeofrustscaleoranydeformation
OR
(2)Rusty,corroded,locallydistorted,bentand/ortorn.
Compressionbars
(1)Freeofrustscaleoranydeformation
OR
(2)Locallybentand/ortorninplaces.Wavedalonglength.Locallywavedinplaces.
Affectedbyheavy(light)corrosion(pointsofcorrosion).Distorted(locally)or(along
length).Affectedbyheavy(light)corrosion.Metalpartsseriouslywastingawaythrough
corrosion.
(a)Transversegutteringand(b)Hatchrims
(a)(1)Freeofrustscale,seriouscorrosionoranydeformation
OR
(2)Channelbarslocallybentand/orwaved.Metalworkgenerallycorroded.Locally

(2)Channelbarslocallybentand/orwaved.Metalworkgenerallycorroded.Locally
wastedawaythroughcorrosion.
(b)(1)Freeofcorrosionoranyphysicaldamages
OR
(2)Hatchrimslocallywastedandreducedinheightthroughcorrosion.Deeplyscored.
Steeltosteelcontactpoints
(1)Nodistortion,bendingorexcessivegrooving
OR
(2)Sectionsbent.Heavilygrooved,distortedand/orpartlybrokenoff.
Snugs
(1)Freeofrustscalesoranydefects
OR
(2)Corrodeddiminishedinsize.Holdingpropertiesdiminished.
Crutches
(1)Freeofrustscaleorcorrosion
OR
(2)Heavilyrustedorcorroded.Partlycrushed.Completelycrushed.Distorted.
Quickactingcleats,rods,nutsandwashers/othercleatingarrangement
(1)Freeofrustscaleoranydefects.Rubberwasherspliable.Corrodedbutcorrosion
notseriousgeneralconditionacceptable
OR
(2)(Number)corrodedcrosssectionsareaofroddiminished.Strengthofrod
impaired.Rodbent.Washershardenedandperished.Washercrushed.Tighteningnut
rustedandinoperable.
Crosswedges(crossjointcleats)
(1)Nonemissingallinplacewhensurveyed.Wedgesnotbent,sidesprings
completeandingoodworkingorder
OR
(2)(Number)crosswedgesbent.(Number)crosswedgeswithinoperablesprings.
(Number)crosswedgeswithsidespringsmissing.Allcrosswedgesnotinplaceat
timeofsurvey.Wedgestightenedoverweldedpadsonadjacentpaneledges.
Inboarddrainagesystem
(1)Coamingdrainchannelsandallgutteringfreeofloosescale,foreignmattersand/or
obstructions.Drainholesunobstructed,ingoodorderandcondtionalsoingood
workingorder.Nonreturndrainvalvesfreeandworkingcorrectly
OR
(2)Coamingdrainchannelspartly(completely)obstructedwithresiduesofprevious
cargo.Coamingdrainchannelscorroded(lightly)(heavily).Drainholesblockedwith
residuesofpreviouscargo(withrustscales).Nonreturndrainvalvesjammedandnot
ingoodworkingorder.Drainholesnotfittedwithvalvesanddrainpipesopen.
Wheeltracks(guiderails)
(1)Freeofloosescalecleanandunobstructed
OR
(2)Worn,grooved,uneven,waved.Corroded(heavilyorlightly)andweakened.
Wheels
(1)Wellgreasedandfreerunning
OR
(2)Seizedup.Spindlebent,wheelnotworking.

(a)Panelsidechains(b)Hinges(c)Hydraulics
(a)(1)Freeofscaleandcorrectlyadjusted
OR
(2)Affectedbyrustscaleandrequiringadjustment.
(b)(1)Hingesinapparentgoodorderandcondition.Panelsnotmisaligned
OR
(2)Hingesrustyandadjacentareasruststreaked.Weardownofhingespindles
apparentwithresultingmisalignmentofpanels.
(c)(1)Hydraulicsystemfunctioningcorrectly.Noleakingofoilfromjointconnections
orhoses
OR
(2)Hydraulicsystemmalfunctioning.Oilleakingfromhydraulicsystem.
Accesshatches
(1)Cleatboltsandwingnutsworkingfreely:wingnutthreadwellgreasedup.Allcleats
inplaceandcompletewithwingnuts.Packingpliable,completeandundamaged
OR
(2)Cleatboltsectionseizeduponoperatingspindle(allorgivenumber).(Number)of
cleatswingnutsmissing.(Number)ofwingnutsseizedup.All(orgivenumber)cleats
rusty,corrodedandcompletelyinoperable.(Number)cleatsbentandinoperable.
Packingtorn,hardened,perished,sectionsmissing.Packingretainingchannels
locallybent,rustyandcorroded.
Accessdoors
(1)Allsecuringlugscompleteworkingfreelyandfullyoperable.Sealingrubbers(door
edgepacking)pliableandingoodcondition
OR
(2)Outof(givenumber)lugs,all(orgivenumber)seizedupandcompletelyinoperable.
Outof(givenumber)lugs(givenumber)missing.Sealingrubbers(dooredgepacking)
hardened,perished,partlymissing.
Bilgesoundingcaps
(1)Operatingcorrectlyandcapableofbeingfullyscreweddown
OR
(2)Threadofcapdamaged,cannotbeproperlyscreweddowninplace.Nopropercap
fitted.Capmissing.Pipeopeningclosedwithawoodenplug.
Sealingtape
Theuseofsealingtapeonhatchcoversisnotrecommended.Hatchesaredesignedto
beweathertightthatis,theymustbewatertightinnormalweatherconditions.Ifthey
areingoodorderandwellmaintainedtheywillbe.
Inbadweather,experienceshowsthatsealingtapeiseitherineffectiveorissimply
washedaway.
Aswellasbeingineffective,theveryuseofsealingtapecanbeharmfultothecarrier's
interestsitcanberegardedasanadmissionoflackofconfidenceinthe
watertightnessofthehatchcovers.
Inshort,sealingtapeisnotaneffectivewayofcreatingawatertightsealanditsusein
anycaseabadsignitwillnothelptoprotecteitherthecargoorthecarrier,andmay
evenbeharmfultothelatter.
Testingforwatertightness
Inadditiontoavisualinspectionofcargoholdsandhatchcovers,thesurveyorshould,
ifinstructed,testthehatchcoverpanelsforwatertightness.Anydefectsshouldbe

ifinstructed,testthehatchcoverpanelsforwatertightness.Anydefectsshouldbe
notedbythesurveyor,reportedtotheresponsibledeckofficerandcompetently
repaired,beforethestartofthevoyage.
Threemethodsoftestingareavailable:ultrasonichosechalk.
Ultrasonictest
Thiscanbethemostreliablemethod.Itisthepreferredmethodoftesting,butonlyif
thesurveyoriscertifiedtocarryoutultrasonictestingandisusingproperlycertified
andcalibratedequipmentapprovedbySkuld.Ithasanumberofadvantages:
Itcanbeusedonloadedorpartlyloadedvesselswithoutdamagetocargo.
Itcanbedonebyoneperson.
Itislesstimeconsumingthanothermethods.
Itrevealstheexactlocationofanydefects.
Equipmentiseasytouse.
Itcanbeusedatbelowzerotemperatures.
TheMasteristobeinformedofthescopeofworkandintendedprocedure.Personal
safetymeasuresaretobeagreed.
TheClub'srequirementisthatonlycompetentandqualifiedoperators,withproperly
certified,calibratedandapprovedequipment,shouldbeallowedtousetheultrasonic
equipmentfortestinghatchesforwatertightintegrity.Therefore,ultrasonictesting
shouldonlybecarriedoutiftheAssociationhasexpresslyauthorisedthesurveyorto
doso.
Hosetest
IftheAssociationhasnotauthorisedanultrasonictest,hosetestsshouldbecarried
out.
IACS(TheInternationalAssociationofClassificationSocietiesLtd.)International
Guidelines1985dictatehowthetestshouldbecarriedout.Theyspecifythatthe
nozzlediametermustbeaminimumof12mm,thattheendofthenozzleofthehose
deliveringthestreamofwatershouldbeheldatamaximumof1.5metresfromthe
jointbeingtested,thatthepressuretobeusedshouldbesufficientforafreeheightof
waterwithstreamdirectedupwardsofatleast10metres.
Theactualjointtobetestedissituatedsomedistancebelowthesurfaceofthehatch
panels,whichmeettoformaverynarrowgap.Therefore,thewaterfromthehose,
whentesting,cannotbedirectedontotheactualjointformingthewatertightseal.In
facttheforceofthewaterdirectedtowardsthejointisdissipatedagainstthesurfaceof
thehatchpanels.Hosetestinghasformanyyearsbeentheprincipalmethodof
testing,becausetherewasnootherknownmethodavailable,otherthantheless
satisfactorychalktest.However,hosetestingisstillanacceptablemethodoftesting
forwatertightintegrity.Itisusuallynecessarytousetwosurveyorsandinorderto
increasetheefficiencyofthetestitisadvisabletoplugthedrainholesoneitherside
ofthetransversejointsothatthegutteringcanbefilledwithwater.
Chalktest
Thistestmethodshouldbethelastresort.Ifothermethodsarenotpossible,thistest
isachievedbyapplyingordinarychalktoallcompressionbars,closingthehatches
andthenreopeningthemtoseeifimprintsofthechalkonthesealingrubberscanbe
observed.
Thebenefitofthistestisthatitcanbeperformedwithorwithoutcargointheship.On
theotherhand,applicationofthechalktothecompressionbaristimeconsuming.
Heavyandlightimprintsontherubbergasketscangiverisetoindecisionastohow
effectivethetestreallyis.

effectivethetestreallyis.
Naturally,areaswherethereisnoimprintmustmeanabsenceofcontactbetweenthe
compressionbarandtherubbersealtheseareobviouslyareasofpotentialleakage.
Thistestismoreoftenused,andisuseful,whenrubbergasketshavebeenrenewed.
Thesurveyreport
Preliminary
Ifanysignificantdefectsarefound,theSurveyorshouldreport,byphoneorfax,tothe
Clubimmediately.HeshouldalsoreporttotheMasterifappropriate.
Uponcompletionofthesurveyandingoodtimebeforethevesselsailsfromtheport,
theSurveyorshouldreportbyfaxtotheClubsettingoutdetailsofanydefectsfound
duringthesurvey.Ifappropriate,heshouldprovidetheMasterwithacopy.
Finalreport
TheSurveyorshouldwithoutunduedelay(butinanyeventwithin5workingdays),
sendafullwrittenreport,bycourier,containingthefollowinginformation:
NameofSurveyor.
Dateofreport.
Nameofapplicantforsurvey.
SummaryofSurveyor'stermsofreference.
Nameofthevessel.
Type.
Grosstonsregister.
Portofregistry.
ClassificationSociety.
Datebuilt.
Placebuilt.
Detailsofsafetyconstructioncertificate.
Detailsofclassificationcertificatesandconditionsofclass.
Detailsoflastspecialsurvey.
Detailsoflastloadlinesurvey.
Numberofcargoholds.
Numberofdeckhatchesperhold.
Hatchclosingsystem.
Numberofdeckventilatorsperhold.
Ventilationsystem.
Numberofsoundingpipesperhold.
Numberofaccessopeningsperhold.
Numberandtypeofotherweatherdeckopenings.
NameandcityofOwner.
NameandcityofManager/Operator.
NameandcityofCharterer.
NameofCharterers'Agentatportofloading.
NameofOwners'Agents/P&ICorrespondentatportofloading.
NameoftheMaster.
NameoftheChiefOfficer.
Namesandbusinessofothersinattendance.
Locationoftheloadingberth.
Timeanddatethevesselarrived.
TimeanddateSurveyorproceededonboard.
TimeanddatecopyofpreliminaryreporthandedtotheMaster.
Timeanddateloadingcommenced.
Timeanddatevesselsailed.
Fulldetailsoftestforwatertightintegrity.
FulldetailsofrepairsandadjustmentsafterpreliminaryreporttotheMaster.

Photographsofdamages,defectsandrepairsasfoundnecessary(withthephotographsshowingexposuredates).
Reportonconditionofhatches.

SECTION3DISCHARGESURVEYS
InstructionstoSurveyor
WhenaSurveyorisinstructedtoattendthedischargeofthecargo,thehatches
should,ifpossible,remainastheywereatsea(thatis,unopenedandallsecuringin
place)untiltheSurveyorhastheopportunitytosurveythehatches.Heshouldbeable
toreportthat,uponboardingthevesselheascertainedthatthehatcheswerestillin
theirundisturbedseagoingconditionwithallsecuringwedgesandquickactingcleats
fullyandfirmlyinplace.TheSurveyorshouldwitnessopeningofhatchesandeither
reportthatallcargoinsightwasdryandinapparentgoodorderandconditionorgivea
fulldescriptionofwhatheobserveswhenthehatchesareopen.Ifleakinghatchesare
involvedtheSurveyorshouldconductafullhatchsurveysimilartothatwhichhewould
carryoutwhenperformingapreshipmentsurvey.Heshouldfollowthedischargeofthe
cargo,considerandstudythecauseofanydamagesfoundinstowwithaviewto
reportingonthem.Surveyorsshouldparticularlybearinmindthatitisadvisablefor
themtoattendtowardsthecompletionofdischarge,asitisinthebottomofthecargo
holdswheredamagesfromoverstowingpressureandunexpectedmoisturedamages
canshowup.
Inanyevent,wheredamagehasoccurredandisevident,theSurveyorshouldtakean
activeandprominentinterestinensuringthat,indischarging,sortingandstoring
damagedcargoafterdischarge,everyoneinvolvedactsfullyintheinterestsof
mitigatingtheloss.Forexample,evenwherewrappedcargohassustainedheavy
mechanicaldamage,itshouldnotbeleftontheopenquaysideexposedtothe
elements.Inaddition,heshouldtrytoensurethatnostepsaretakenwhichprejudice
themember'sinterestsforexample,cargowhichhasbeenpartlyincontactwith
sea/saltwatershouldneverbewasheddownwithfreshwaterfromthecitymains:city
mainswaterisinvariablycontaminatedwithchlorides.Therearemanyotherfactors,
toonumeroustomention,ofwhichthecompetentSurveyorshouldbeaware.
Thesurvey
Anydamagedcargodischargedfromtheshipshouldbethesubjectofastatement
fromtheMaster.Dependinguponwhatthedamageactuallyis,andhowitwas
caused,thefollowingisachecklistofmatterswhichtheSurveyorshouldrefertoin
hisreport.Incollectinginformation,itmustbelefttotheSurveyor'sdiscretionasto
whatisrelevanttotheactualcauseandcircumstancesofthedamage.
Nameofapplicantandthepartywhomherepresents.
Nameoftheshipandnumberoftherelevantvoyage.
Grosstonnageandportofregistry.
Purposeoftheappointment.
Datewhenthesurveyorwentonboardthevessel.
Placewherethevesselwasberthed.
NameoftheMaster.
NameoftheChiefOfficer.
NameoftheOwners.
NameofOperators.
NameofCharterersand/ortheirAgents.
NameofOwners'Agents(whethersharedwithCharterersoractingasprotectingAgents).
NameofClassificationSociety.
Detailsofsafetyconstructioncertificate:
classificationcertificate
lastloadlinesurvey
lastspecialsurvey
anyconditionsofclass.

Copydocumentswhichshouldbeobtained
Copiesoftherelevantlogbookpages.
CopiesofrelevantMate'sReceiptsandBillsofLading.
Copiesofvoyageventilationrecords.
Copiesofbilgesoundingrecords.
Copiesofanycorrespondencebetweenthestevedoresand/ortheCharterersattheportofloadingandtheportof
dischargerelevanttoanycurrentvoyagecargodamage.
Copyofthecargoplan.
CopyofanydocumentationreceivedfromCharterers,shippersorstevedoresrelatingtoanycurrentvoyagecargo
damage.
Copiesofship'splansasfoundrelevant/necessary(forexample,ventilationplan,pipingplan,generalarrangementplan
andcapacityplan).
StatementofFactscoveringdischargeoftheship,tobecheckedagainstdecklogbooktimesforthesameperiods.
ContentsoftheSurveyor'sreportrelativetothecauseofanydamage

Nonreturnvalvesonbilgelines
Checkthattheyareworkingproperly.Valvechestontheengineroomsideoftheaft
bulkheadshouldbeopenedandtheseatingofthevalvesexaminedand/oranyother
relevantpartsofthebilgepumpingsystem.
Tanktops
Detailsofpressuretesting.
Ifdamageisassociatedwithacrackinthetanktop,givedetailsoftheexactpositionofthecrack,whetherthecrack
hascomeintoexistencethroughdamagetothetanktop,thegeneralphysicalconditionofthetanktoporweaknessin
thewelding.
Ifdamageisassociatedwithleakingtanktopmanholelids,givedetailsregardingthestateofthepackingtypeof
packingalsothestudsandsecuringnuts.
Arethemanholesrecessedand/orfittedwithprotectioncovers?
Holesinpipes.
Theapparentconditionofthepipeingeneralshouldbereported.
Theexactpositionofthehole,orholes,shouldberecordedanditshouldbeclarifiedwhetherthehole/holeshascome
intoexistencethroughtheeffectsofcorrosionresultingfromlackofmaintenance,orthroughtheeffectsoferosionfrom
withinthepipe(thatis,fromaninsideoroutwardsdirection).
Istheholeordefectinanaccessibleposition?Wouldthedefecthavebeenvisiblefromareasonableinspectionofthe
cargoholdpriortoloadingcargo?
Withleakingpipeflangesitisnecessarytostatewhetherornottheflangeswerecompletelyparallelmentionthetypeof
packingusedalsoitscondition,measurementsoftheflangesizesoftheholdingboltsandgeneralcondition.
Wheresubstantialcondensationdamageisconcernedthesurveyorshouldcarryoutafullventilationsurveyasreferred
toearlier.
Thesurveyreport
Preliminary
Uponcompletionofthesurveyitwillbenecessaryforthesurveyortoproducea
preliminaryreport,brieflyreferringtoidentificationdetailsoftheincident,thenatureof
thedamage,andthecauseandcircumstancesofthedamagesustainedbythecargo.
Final
Thefinalsurveyreportwillcontainfullfactsrelatingtothesurveyandbecompletedby
thesurveyorgivinghisconsideredopinionastothecauseofthedamage.However,it
isemphasisedthatsurveyorsshouldonnoaccountincludeintheirreportsany
opinionsastoliability.
Stevedores'outturnreport

Stevedores'outturnreport
Uponcompletionofdischargeitiscustomaryinmanyportsforthestevedoresto
presenttheMasterwithastevedores'outturnreportforhissignature.Thisdocument
usuallygivesageneraldescriptionofitemsofcargowhich,accordingtothe
stevedores,wereallegedlyfounddamagedpriortodischarge,beforethegoodswere
handledbythestevedores.Ifthesedamageswerenotbroughttotheattentionofthe
Masterbeforebeinghandledbythestevedores,heshouldrefusetosignthereport.If
thedamageswerebroughttotheattentionoftheMaster,atthecorrectmoment,then
hemaysignthereport"foracknowledgementofreceiptonly."Thedescriptionsand
quantitiesreferredtointhesereportsareofteninaccurate.
Whoshouldbeauthorisedtoboardthevesselandexaminethecargo?
Inmanyportswhenavesselarriveswithacargoofsteelonboard,itisnotunusualfor
cargointerests'surveyorstoboardtheship,proceedintothecargoholds,take
photographsandtestsurfacesofthecargoandtheship'sstructurewithsilvernitrate,
withoutlettinganyoneknowwhotheyare,orwhattheirbusinessisonboardtheship.
Suchpeopleignorethefactthatashipisprivateproperty:theyshouldpresent
themselvestotheMaster,explainwhytheyareonboardandobtaintheMaster's
authorisationtoremainonboard.
Surveyorsrepresentingcargointerestscansurveythecargoafteritislandedashore
fromtheshipbutshouldnotbeallowedtodoanythingonboardwithouttheMaster's
permission.TheMastershouldrefersuchSurveyorstohisAgentortheClub's
CorrespondentswhowouldthenadvisetheMasterastowhetherhe,theMaster,is
underanyobligationtopermittheSurveyorsonboard.Ifeventuallythecargointerests'
Surveyorisallowedonboardthevessel,hemustbeaccompaniedbythecarriers'
Surveyorandalsobyamemberofthevessel'sstaff.Itshouldberememberedthat
voyagerecordskeptbytheshipareprivatedocumentssothatcautionmustbe
exercisedastowhoispermittedtoexaminethem.
Ifaclaimorarrestismadeonthevessel,theMastershouldnotifytheClub's
CorrespondentswhowillimmediatelyinformtheClubsothatappropriateactioncanbe
taken.

SECTION4CARGO/COMMODITYSURVEY
Thesurvey
Ifitisallegedthatcargohasbeendamaged,aSurveyormaybeinstructedtoinspect
thecargoafterdischarge.TheAssociationmightagreetoajointsurveywiththecargo
intereststoseeifallinterestedpartiescanreachjointagreementastotheextentof
thedamage.Atsuchsurveys,Surveyorsshouldkeepinmindthatitisincumbent
uponthereceivertoshowthedamageandproveanylosswhichhewillbeclaiming.It
shouldalsobeborneinmindthatthereceivercannotclaimanylosswhichcouldhave
beenavoidedhadhetakenreasonablestepstomitigatehisdamages.
Thesurveyreport
Preliminary
Thisshouldbeashortreportidentifyingthecaseinquestionandbrieflyexplainingthe
aspect,natureandextentofthedamage.
Final
Thefinalreportshouldincludedetailsofthefollowing:
Nameoftheapplicantandwhomherepresents.
Dateandplacewherethesurveywasheld.
Purposeofattendingthesurvey.

Purposeofattendingthesurvey.
Nameofthevessel,dateofarrivalanddateofdischargeofthecargo.
BillofLadingdetailsconcerningthegoodstobesurveyed.
Namesofallpresentatthesurvey,whotheyrepresentandinwhatcapacity.
Thenameofthereceiver.
Detailsoftheholdsfromwhichthecargowasdischarged.
Confirmationthatthegoodswereproperlyidentifiedasbeingtheactualgoodstobesurveyed.Thereareinstanceswhere
Surveyorshavebeentoocasualintheirapproachtothesurveyandhaveeithersurveyedthewronggoodsorhave
surveyedgoodsaspresentedwhichcouldnotbeidentifiedwiththeshipmentinquestion.
Descriptionofthegoods(forexample,packing,securing,weightperunit).
Acompletedescriptivereportofthedamagebeforeandafterthepackingisremoved.
Thenatureofthedamageforexample,contactwithfreshwater,chlorides,liquids,powders,grease,oils.Jointsamples
shouldbetakenandretainedforfuturereference.Analysisofsamples,iffoundnecessary,isinmostinstancesforthe
accountofcargointerestsaspartoftheirobligationtodeterminethenatureofthedamage.
Commentsonthedamagemustincludeafullandcompleteexplanationastohowthereceiverjustifiedtheallowancehe
obtainedfromtheSurveyorsandonwhatbasistheSurveyorswerepreparedtoagreeandaccepttheallowanceasbeing
fairandreasonable.
Ifagreementastotheextentofdamagecannotbereached,detailsandevidenceshouldbeprovidedastowhythecargo
interests'Surveyors'figureswereunreasonable.
Whenareceiverattemptstorejecthiscargoandinsiststhathebeallowedtoabandonthegoods(inwhichcasethe
goodswouldinallprobabilityhavetobedisposedofbysale)suchactionshouldnotbeapprovedbytheSurveyor,unless
itcanbeprovedbythereceiverthatheisunabletousethegoodsonaccountofthedamagedconditionwhichinitially
gaverisetotheclaim.Alleventsanddiscussionsofimportanceleadinguptotheacceptance,ornonacceptance,ofthe
cargoaretobereported.
Anyinformationorevidencewhichmightbeusefulindefendingtheclaim.
Silvernitratetestingandsampling
Silvernitratesolutionsfortestingforchloridesarenotreliableunlesstheycontainan
amountofchlorinefreenitricacid:withoutthepresenceofthisconstituentinthe
solutionitwillreacttoalkalis.Forthisreasonsurveyorsshouldusetheirownsolution
tocheckwhencomplaintsaremadebycargointerests'Surveyorsthatgoodsare
contaminatedbychlorides.Assilvernitratesolutionsdeterioratewithtime,Surveyors
shouldtesttheirownsolutions.Themainstapwaterusuallygivesabrackishreaction
andthiscanthereforegenerallybeused.
Officialrustsamplesorsamplesofthematerialshouldbeselectedjointlyandsealed.
Samplesoftheactualmaterialmustbeselectedwithcare.Instanceswillarisewhere
thesampleshavetobeproperlywrappedandprotectedwithoutbeingtouchedby
humanhands.Sodiumchloride(NaCl)isexudedthroughtheporesofthehumanskin
andcancontaminatesamples,thisbeingofimportancewheretracesofNaClmight
enterintofutureargumentsconcerningthenatureofthedamage.
Asilvernitratetestwithpositiveresultsisnotconclusiveevidenceofcontactwithsea
wateritisonlyanindicationthatseawatermightbeinvolved.Ifcargointerests
maintainthattherehasbeensaltwatercontaminationthenthecarrier'sSurveyormust
ensurethatthereisaquantitativeanalysisbyareputablelaboratory,whereallthe
solidsfoundinseawaterareidentifiedasbeingpresentandinthecorrect
proportions.

/ CARRIAG OF STL CARGOS

HansJrgensenPublished02October2004

Part 4 The ill of Lading

SECTION1THELEGALPOSITION
A"clean"BillofLading.
Asageneralrule,thecarriermust,ondemandoftheshipper,issueaBillofLading
showing"theapparentorderandcondition"ofthecargoatthetimeofloading.
A"clean"BillofLadingisonewhichdescribesthecargoasbeingin"apparentgood
orderandcondition",withoutcontainingadverseremarks.AcleanBillofLadingis
effectivelyarepresentationthat,atthetimeofshipment,thecargowasingoodorder
andconditionasfaraswouldbeapparentfromthetypeofinspectionwhicha
reasonablecarriercouldbeexpectedtomake.Thisrepresentationwillusuallyprevent
thecarrierfromarguingthatanydamagetothecargooccurredbeforethecargowas
receivedintohiscustody.
Forexample,ifacarrierissuesacleanBillofLadingforsteelcoilswhichwererust
stainedbeforeshipment,thecarriercanusuallybeheldliabletothereceiverforthat
ruststaining.Thecarriercannotarguethatthecoilswerealreadyruststainedwhen
loadedontohisvessel,becauseheisboundbythecleanBillofLadingheissued.
ThestatementsintheBillofLadingastotheapparentorderandconditionmustbe
accurate:thecarrierisnotprotectedifheortheMasterusereasonablecarebutstill
issueaninaccurateBill.Consequently,ifindoubttheMastershouldseekguidance
fromtheClubCorrespondentoraSurveyorappointedtoassist.Anyremarksonthe
BillofLadingusuallyreflectremarksintheMatesReceipts,sotheremarksinthe
MatesReceiptsmustalsobeaccurate.
LettersofIndemnity
Inthe"realworld",theshippersoftenneedacleanBillofLadingfortheirsales
contractsorlettersofcreditandtheymayattempttopersuadethevessel'sCharterers
orOwnerstoissueacleanBill,eventhoughthecargoisobviouslynotinapparent
goodorderandcondition.InreturnforacleanBillofLading,theshipperwilloftenoffer
aLetterofIndemnitywhich,onitsface,appearstoindemnifytheownerorcharterer
againstallpossibleconsequencesofissuingacleanBillofLading.
Itis,however,extremelydangeroustoissueacleanBillofLadinginthese
circumstances.Firstly,theissueofaBillofLadingcontainingafalsestatmentisa
crimeinmanycountries,asitis,inessence,aconspiracybytheshipperandthe
carriertodefraudthereceiver.Secondly,anyLetterofIndemnitywouldalmost
certainlybelegallyunenforceable.EvenwhereshippershavehonouredsuchLettersof
Indemnityinpastcases(forcommercialreasons)theymaynotdosoinfuturecases,
wherethesuminvolvedismoresubstantialandwherethereisadisputeastothe
extenttowhichdamagehasapreshipmentorigin.Thirdly,theMemberwilllosehis
P&Icoverifheissues,orauthorisestheissueof,acleanBillofLadingforcargowhich
heknowsisdamaged.TheonlycircumstanceswhereaLetterofIndemnitymaybe
acceptableiswherethereisagenuinedisputeastowhetheracleanBillofLading
shouldbeissued.
ClausedBillsofLading
Wherethecargoisnotinapparentgoodorderandcondition,thecarrierisentitledto

Wherethecargoisnotinapparentgoodorderandcondition,thecarrierisentitledto
insistontheBillofLadingbeingclaused.
IfthereisnoCharterpartyapplicable,thecarriercanprobablydecideonhisown
wordingfortheclausing,providedthatthewordingisneitherinaccuratenormisleading.
However,ifthecarrierexaggeratestheseverityofanydamageordefects,hemaybe
liabletotheshippers.
IfthereisaCharterparty,thecarriermaybeunderanobligationtoissueBillsofLading
"aspresented".Inthosecircumstances,theshippersareprobablyentitledtodecide
ontheirownwordingfortheclausingbutthecarrierisstillnotobligedtoacceptthat
clausingifitisinaccurateormisleading.
Asageneralrule,acarriershouldattempttoagreethewordingofclausingwiththe
shippers:inpractice,thepreshipmentSurveyorwill,atmanyports,negotiateroutine
clausingwiththeshippersonbehalfofthecarrier.If,however,anagreementcannotbe
reached,incaseswherethedisputemaybesignificant,theClubshouldbenotified
(eitherdirectlyorthroughitsCorrespondents)sincetheremaynotonlybeafactualor
expertdispute(astotheextenttowhichthecargoisnotinapparentgoodorderand
condition)butalegaldisputeastotheidentityofthepartyentitledtodecideonthe
precisewordingofanyclausing.

SECTION2CARGOCONDITIONCLAUSES
ThereisnosinglestandardwordingforclausingBillsofLadinginthesteeltradebut
thefollowingdescriptiveclausesarerecommendedbySkuldinappropriatecases:
"Ruststained"

No.15Ruststained
When75%ormoreofthesurfaceareaoftheitemofcargo/cargoiscoveredwitha
fine,lightcolouredfilmofrustwhichwhenremovedbywirebrushing,scrapingor
wipingrevealsasmooth,brightmetallicsurface.
"Partlyruststained"

No.16Partlyruststained
Whenunder75%ofthesurfaceoftheitemofcargo/cargoiscoveredwithafinelight
colouredfilmofrustasdescribedfor"RustStained"above.
"Rusty"

No.17Rusty
When75%ormoreofthesurfaceareaoftheitemofcargo/cargoiscoveredwitha
dark browncolouredrustformation,whichwhenremovedbyscrapingorwirebrushing
revealsanuneven,dullsurfacestillrustyinappearancetosomedegree.
"Partlyrusty"
Whenlessthan75%ofthesurfaceoftheitemofcargo/cargoiscoveredwithadark
browncolouredrustformationasdescribedfor"Rusty"above.
"RustSpotsApparent"

No.18RustSpotsApparent
Localisedveryslightpenetrationofrustintheformofrustyspotsandespeciallyin
areaswherethemillscalecoverageisbrokenorfragmented.Thespotsarenot
prominentlybulbousinappearanceand,whencleanedaway,leaveasmoothsteel
surface.
"Rustspotted"

No.19Rustspotted
Localisedpenetrationofrustthroughthemillscale.Bulbous,revealinganuneven
surfacewhenremovedbywirebrushing.Partsofthesurfacewithoutmillscalemaybe
ruststainedwithrustspotting.

ruststainedwithrustspotting.
"Wetbeforeshipment"
Partlyortotallywetsurfacesapparentbeforeshipmentbutmayonlybecomeapparent
whenmovedforshipment(forexample,watercanrunoutoftheinsideofstructural
steel,whenlifted).Whenliftinghotrolledcoils,flexingofthewindingsoftensqueezes
outwaterfrombetweentheturnsofplatinginwhichcase,althoughinitiallyapparently
dry,thegoodsarewetbeforeshipment.
"Rustwithpitting"

No.20Rustwithpitting
Deepbrowncolouredrustwhich,oftenwithrustscaleformation,whenremovedbywire
brushingorscrapingrevealspittingofthesurfaceofthesteel.
"Coveredwithsnow"
Visiblesurfacespartlyortotallycoveredwithsnowand/orice.
"Areasofsteelsurfacesreactingtosilvernitratesolutiontests"

No.21Silvernitrate.Notemilk ywhitearea:positivereaction
Suspectareasshouldbetested.Iftheyreact,thetestisproofthatchloridesare
involved:seethecommentsaboveonsilvernitratetestingandsampling.
"Stainedbyanunidentifiablepowder"
Thesepowdersareoftenhygroscopicandcontainchemicalswhichcanbeaggressive
tosteelsurfaces.Thecolourofthepowdermaybementioned.Surveyorsshould
endeavourtotakeandretainsamplesofthepowder.
"Ruststreaked""evidenceofcontactwithfreemoisturedripdownrust
streaks"
Theseclauseswillapplymainlytothepackingofwrappedmaterialtheyarevery
importantasdriftingfreemoisturecanpenetratetheoverlapsofpackingandcontact
thecontentssocausingdamagedirectbycontact,alsocreatinginternalsweatingof
thematerial.
NB.Wherewrappedgoodsareconcernedmanyoftheabovementionedclausescan
beusedforexample,"WrappersRustStained."Wheregalvanisedmaterialis
concernedtherustisreferredtoeitheras"WhiteOxidationMarks"or,whenmore
advanced,as"WhiteRust".Itisimportanttomentiondripdownmoisturerunswhen
theseareobserved.


Mechanical(handling)damages
Althoughatthetimeofloadingthesedamagesmaybenothingmorethan
irregularities,theycaneventuallyleadtodamagedevelopingandthegoodsmustbe
consideredasnotbeingaltogethersuitableperhapsforstowagepurposes,orcapable
ofwithstandingnormalhandlingthefollowingclausesonBillsofLadingshouldmake
thisclear.
Unwrappedmaterial
Hotrolledsteelsheetingincoils

No.22Hotrolledcoils.Notebendingdamagetoinnercircumferenceturnsofplating

No.23Hotrollingcoilsexcessivetelescoping
"Innerand/orouter(orboth)edgesofplatinglocallydentedand/orbuckledwherehandlinggearmarked(numberofcoils
affected)."
"Sideedgewindingslocallyaffectedbydeepscoremarks."
"Innerand/orouter(orboth)turnsofplatingtelescopedupto(givemaximumextentoftelescopingincentimetres,also
numberofcoilsaffected.)"
"Telescopededgesofplatingtornandbent(numberofcoils)."
"(Numberofcoils)looselywound,windingsslack,strappingbandsslackaveragenumberofstrappingbandspercoil
brokenand/ormissing."
"Coilovalised:notetwowayinnerdiametermeasurementsandmentionnumbersofindividualcoilsaffected."
NB.Thetightnessofthewindingsofcoilsandefficiencyofstrappingisofconsiderable
importance.Looselywoundcoilscanleadtoinstabilityofthestow,damagetothe
materialandeventualcostsforrestrappinginordertofacilitatefurtherhandling(for
example,oncarriagetofinaldestination).Thenumberofstrappingbandsappliedare
theminimumbrokenormissingstrappingbandsshouldnotbeignored.
Hotrolledsteelplatesinbundles
"Edgesofbottomplatesinbundleslocallybentand/orbuckledwherehandlinggear
marked.""Edgesofplatinglocallyscored/gouged(numberofbundlesaffected)."
Singlesteelplates

"(Givenumberofplates).Plateedgeslocallybentwherehandlinggearmarked."
"(Givenumberofplates).Plateswaved/bentalonglength.Bentonend."
"Largesteelbeams"

No.24Largesteelbeams
Thesecanbeshippedinsinglepiecesorwiredintobundles.Overloadingofslingsmay
causebendingoftheflanges.Whenthegoodsareinbundleform,securedor
unsecured,itisimportanttoobservehowtheflangescanleadtopressureinstow
resultinginseriousdistortionofthebeamwebsandsuchdamageisnotuncommon.
Theflangesmustnotoverlapconsecutivelybutalternately.Steelbeamsareregularly
shippedinlargequantities.
"(Numberofpieces)flangesincorrectlyoverlappingforstowagepurposes."
"(Numberofpieces)flangeslocallybent.Beamsbent.Websbentand/ordistorted."
Merchantiron
Smallscantlingmaterialintheformofangles,flats,beams,rounds,squares,
channels,etc.,shippedinlengthsof20and40feetoftenformpartofacargo.They
aremadeupintounprotectedbundleswhicharesecuredwithflatmetalstrapping
bandsorwire.Ifnotwellpackedandtightlysecured,inhandling,individualpieces
projectattheendsandbecomevulnerabletobendingdamages.
"Bundleslooselysecured."
"Securingofbundlesinsufficient."
"Individualpiecesprojectingonends.Projectedandpiecesbent."
Pipesandtubes
TheremarksaboveforMerchantIronwouldapplytosmallscantlingpipesmadeup
intobundles.Ifthesepipesarefittedwithplasticprotectioncapstheirconditionshould
benoted.
SingleMildSteelPipesareshippedlooseandinvariouslengths.Damagesconsistof
localiseddentingonthebodyofthepipeorontheends.Endscanbecompletely
distortedsothatthepipeintheaffectedareaisoutofround.Iftheendsofthepipes
arebevelled,readyforwelding,thebevellededgesoftenbecomescoredordamaged
(requiringrebevelling).Itiscustomarytohandlethesegoodswithcopperorplastic
linedliftingclamps/hooks.Inthefollowingthenumberofpipesaffectedshouldbe
mentioned:
"(Number)pipeslocallydentedin(numberofplaces)."
"(Number)pipesdentedononeend.Outofroundononeend."
"(Number)pipesbevelledendscored,nicked,cut."
Speciallycoatedpipesandcementlinedpipesoftenformpartofship'scargoes.
Althoughsuchpipesareunprotected,damagetothecoatingsorevendefectscaused
inhandlingcanprovokeclaims.
"Cementliningaffectedbyhairlinecracks."
"(Number)pipescementcoatingchippedand/orlocallybrokenonends."

"(Number)pipescementcoatingchippedand/orlocallybrokenonends."
"(Number)pipesprotectivecoatinglocallyscored,chafedwherehandlinggearmarked."
Wirerods
Unwrappedgoods

No.25Wirerods:disintegrationofbundlescausedbybadstowage&roughhandling
Unwrappedwirerodsaresubjecttoclaimsforscoring,nicking,twistingandtangling.
Suchwirehasinmanyinstancestoundergoredrawing.Scoringandnickingmay
resultinthewirebreakinginthediesandevidenceofthedefectsiscarriedoninthe
drawnmaterial.Twistingandtanglingcausesdelaysontheproductionline.The
followingclausescanbeused:
"Strappingbandsslackandconverging.Bundlesslackandleaningtooneside."
"Endwindingstwistedand/ortangled."
"Percentageofvisiblewindingsnicked,scored,chafed."
Wrappedgoods
Wrappedwirerodsareusuallydestinedforprestressingpurposes,wireformusical
instrumentsandtyrecord,etc.Anydefectswhatsoeverwillundoubtedlyresultin
claims.Thisisdelicatematerialandthefollowingclausescanbeused:
"Packinglocallychafedwherehandlinggearmarked."
"(Numberofcoils)packinglocallytorn,partlytorn,visiblecontentsscored,chafed,rusty."
Sheetpilings

No.26Sheetpilingsreadyforshipment
Singleanddoublesheetpilingshavekeyinggroovesontheiredges.Theseinterlocking
groovesmustnotsustaindamage.
"Keyinggrooveslocallybentin(givenumberofpositions)."
Ifuncoated,anormalrustclausewillapply.Ifcoatedforprotection,thefollowingwill
applyifthecoatisdefective:
"Ruststained/rusty,whereprotectivecoatingscratched,scored,gougedorchafedaway."

"Ruststained/rusty,whereprotectivecoatingscratched,scored,gougedorchafedaway."
Wrappedmaterial
Steelcoils

No.27Steelcoilscoldrolledsteelstripsheet
"Innerandouteredgesofcircumferencepackingdentedandchafedwherehandling
gearmarked."
Packages

No.28Pack agescoldrolledsheets
"Upperandloweredgesofpackingdentedwherehandlinggearmarked."
General
"(Sidepacking)(circumferencepacking)(innercorepacking)(toppacking)locallydented/scored/tornopen/contents
exposed/visibleplateedgesbuckled/scored/chafed/rusty."
"(Number)strappingbandsbrokenand/ormissing."
"Innerand/oroutercircumferencesplateedgestelescoping,edgesofplatingbuckled/torn."
"Coil(givepackagenumber)ovalised(giveinnercorediametertwowaydimensions)."

/ CARRIAG OF STL CARGOS

HansJrgensenPublished02October2004

Part 5 Reponiilitie under Charterpartie

Typesofcontracts
InadditiontotheBillofLading(whichevidencesthecontractofcarriagebetweenthe
carrierandthecargointerests),therewilloftenbeaTimeCharterpartyoraVoyage
Charterparty,orboth.
TheOwner'sobligationsundertheHagueorHagueVisbyRules
TheBillofLadingwillusuallybesubjecttotheHagueorHagueVisbyRules.These
RuleswillalsooftenbeincorporatedinaTimeCharterpartyorVoyageCharterpartyby
meansofaParamountClause.UndertheHagueorHagueVisbyRules,theCarrier,
OwnerorDisponentOwnerhasanobligation,beforeandatthebeginningofeach
voyage,toexerciseduediligence(thatis,reasonablecare)tomakethevessel
seaworthy.Forthesepurposes,avesselisnotseaworthyifsheisnotcargoworthy.In
addition,theRulesimposeageneralobligationproperlyandcarefullytoload,handle,
stow,carry,keep,careforanddischargethecargo.
Loading,stowageanddischargingoperations
TimeCharterparties
However,undermostunamendedTimeCharterpartyforms,itistheCharterer(rather
thantheOwner)whoisprimarilyresponsibleforloading,stowinganddischargingthe
cargo.Nevertheless,theMasterisalwaysentitledtosupervisethoseoperationsand
theremaybecertainsituationswhereresponsibilityshiftsbacktoOwners(for
example,wheretheMasternegligentlyintervenesintheoperationsorwherethereisa
problem,suchasstability,whichisparticularlywithintheprovinceoftheMaster).Itis,
however,notunusualforCharterpartiestobeamendedtomaketheMaster
responsibleforloading,stowageanddischargeoperationsand,inthosecases,the
responsibilityistransferred,evenwherethestevedoresareengagedbytheCharterer.
TheNYPEInterClubAgreement
ThepositionwithregardtocargoclaimsissimplifiedundertheNYPEform
Charterparty,ifthecontractincorporatestheInterClubAgreement.Wherethis
Agreementisincorporatedintothecharter,thegeneralruleisthattheOwnerwillbe
100%responsibleforclaimsarisingoutofthevessel'sunseaworthiness(oranerroror
faultinthenavigationofthevessel),theChartererswillbe100%responsibleforclaims
arisingoutofcargohandling(unlessthecharterpartyisamendedtomakethese
matterstheMaster'sresponsibility,inwhichcaseresponsibilityisapportionedona
50/50basis),andshortdeliveryandotherclaimswillbeapportionedona50/50basis.
VoyageCharterparties
UnderaVoyageCharterpartytheChartererwillbeprimarilyresponsibleforloading,
stowageanddischarging,ifthecontractprovidesforFIOSterms.If,however,the
contractprovidesforlinerterms,thenOwnerswillbeprimarilyresponsibleforthese
operations.
Conclusion
Theaboveisageneraldescriptionoftheparties'obligationsunderCharterparties,but
intheeventofadisputeordisagreement,itisessentialtocontacttheClub(either
directlyorthroughitsCorrespondents).Complexdisputesandproblemscanariseout
ofthecarriageofsteelcargoes.TheClubhasavastarrayoftechnicalandlegaladvice

ofthecarriageofsteelcargoes.TheClubhasavastarrayoftechnicalandlegaladvice
atitsdisposal,notonlytoassistafteraclaimhasarisen,buttoassistinthe
preventionofclaims.Intheeventofuncertaintyastowhatshouldbedone,the
MembershouldcontacttheClub.Skuldistheretohelp,aspartoftheMember'steam.