Definition of Landscape

Landscape ecology by definition deals with the ecology of landscapes.

Definitions of landscape invariably include an area of land containing a mosaic of
patches or landscape elements (see below). Forman and Godron (1986) defined
landscape as a heterogeneous land area composed of a cluster of interacting
ecosystems that is repeated in similar form throughout. Turner et al (2002) define
landscape as an area that is spatially heterogeneous in at least one factor of
interest. The landscape concept differs from the traditional ecosystem concept in
focusing on groups of ecosystems and the interactions among them the focus is
on spatial heterogeneity and its impact on process. There are many variants of the
definition depending on the research or management context.
First picture shows Landscape picture in Ngantang Village Malang East Java (first
landscape)

Second landscape in Desa Argosari Lumajang

Analysis of the landscape:

Form of land use
Land use is characterised by the arrangements, activities and inputs people
undertake in a certain land cover type to produce, change or maintain it"
(FAO/UNEP, 1999) (Adopted during the course of development of the Land Cover
Classification System, LCCS). A more inclusive definition of land-use is often
used in practice. 'Land use' actually includes near-surface water (see the definition
of land). Any given area of land is usually used to satisfy multiple objectives or
purposes.
There are some form of land use that can be seen visually in that landscape.
Landuse of first landscape is forest, Agroforestry,corn field, paddy field, and
moor. On the second landscape, theres vegetable field with some plant as the
border

Land cover
Land cover data documents how much of a region is covered by forests,
wetlands, impervious surfaces, agriculture, and other land and water types. Water
types include wetlands or open water. Land use shows how people use the
landscape whether for development, conservation, or mixed uses. The different
types of land cover can be managed or used quite differently.. Land cover maps
provide information to help managers best understand the current landscape. To
see change over time, land cover maps for several different years are needed. With
this information, managers can evaluate past management decisions as well as
gain insight into the possible effects of their current decisions before they are
implemented.
In the landcape, the condition of land cover are annual plants and seasonal
crops. Heterogenity in the landscape are high, there are several comodity such as
chili plant, coconut trees, paddy field, and bush which has different organism or
pest.

Transect

Transect

sketch

of

Second lanscape (Argosari Village)

first

landscape

(Ngantang

Village)

Structure of the constituent omponents

Natural Vegetation
In the first landscape, there are Natural vegetation because so many
organism in the forset such as plant, microorganism, animals. natural vegetation in

landscaping qualitatively is enough, about 70%. But on the second landscape,

theres no natural vegetation and low biodiversity (about 40%).
Vegetation or natural vegetation supports critical functions in the
biosphere, at all possible spatial scales. First, vegetation regulates the flow of
numerous biogeochemical cycles, most critically those of water, carbon, and
nitrogen; it is also of great importance in local and global energy balances. Such
cycles are important not only for global patterns of vegetation but also for those of
climate.
Second, vegetation strongly affects soil characteristics, including soil
volume, chemistry and texture, which feed back to affect various vegetational
characteristics, including productivity and structure. Third, vegetation serves as
wildlife habitat and the energy source for the vast array of animal species on the
planet and, ultimately, to those that feed on these. Vegetation is also critically
important to the world economy, particularly in the use of fossil fuels as an energy
source, but also in the global production of food, wood, fuel and other materials.
Interaction between land use
Theres interaction between land use in the first landscape. First landscape
have high biodiversity because of natural vegetation. High biodiversity can reach
ecological balance. the other side, paddy field and corn field used by farmer in the
village for fulfill their economics. On Second landscape, biodiversity is low. But
different commodity make differet pest.
Agricultural landscape sustainability criteria are based on the following table:

First landscape