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  • Smoking and prenatal visits affect birthweight

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    youngho
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    1. A regression analysis was conducted to examine the effect of smoking on birthweight while controlling for additional factors. The initial regression found smoking was associated with lower birthweight (-253 grams), but this may have suffered from omitted variable bias. 2. A second regression added additional controls like alcohol use and number of prenatal visits. This reduced the smoking coefficient to -217.58 grams, suggesting omitted variables biased the initial model. Number of prenatal visits had a significant positive relationship with birthweight. 3. A third regression used indicator variables to control for trimester of first prenatal visit. Having no visits was associated with 697.97 grams lower birthweight than visiting in the first trimester. Later tri

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    econometrics

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    PS6 Empirical Question Solution

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    1. A regression analysis was conducted to examine the effect of smoking on birthweight while controlling for additional factors. The initial regression found smoking was associated with lower birthweight (-253 grams), but this may have suffered from omitted variable bias. 2. A second regression added additional controls like alcohol use and number of prenatal visits. This reduced the smoking coefficient to -217.58 grams, suggesting omitted variables biased the initial model. Number of prenatal visits had a significant positive relationship with birthweight. 3. A third regression used indicator variables to control for trimester of first prenatal visit. Having no visits was associated with 697.97 grams lower birthweight than visiting in the first trimester. Later tri

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    44 tayangan2 halaman

    Smoking and prenatal visits affect birthweight

    Diunggah oleh

    youngho
    1. A regression analysis was conducted to examine the effect of smoking on birthweight while controlling for additional factors. The initial regression found smoking was associated with lower birthweight (-253 grams), but this may have suffered from omitted variable bias. 2. A second regression added additional controls like alcohol use and number of prenatal visits. This reduced the smoking coefficient to -217.58 grams, suggesting omitted variables biased the initial model. Number of prenatal visits had a significant positive relationship with birthweight. 3. A third regression used indicator variables to control for trimester of first prenatal visit. Having no visits was associated with 697.97 grams lower birthweight than visiting in the first trimester. Later tri

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    dari 2

    E6.

    1
    a. The estimated effect is -253.23.
    Dependent Variable: BIRTHWEIGHT
    Method: Least Squares
    Date: 10/11/16 Time: 13:30
    Sample: 1 3000
    Included observations: 3000
    White heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors & covariance
    Variable

    Coefficient

    Std. Error

    t-Statistic

    Prob.

    SMOKER
    C

    -253.2284
    3432.060

    26.81039
    11.89053

    -9.445158
    288.6380

    0.0000
    0.0000

    R-squared
    Adjusted R-squared
    S.E. of regression
    Sum squared resid
    Log likelihood
    F-statistic
    Prob(F-statistic)
    Prob(Wald F-statistic)

    0.028604
    0.028280
    583.7297
    1.02E+09
    -23364.13
    88.27934
    0.000000
    0.000000

    Mean dependent var


    S.D. dependent var
    Akaike info criterion
    Schwarz criterion
    Hannan-Quinn criter.
    Durbin-Watson stat
    Wald F-statistic

    3382.934
    592.1629
    15.57742
    15.58142
    15.57886
    1.972896
    89.21100

    b. 1. Bad habits such as drinking and smoking are probably correlated.


    Careless mothers who choose to smoke during pregnancy are more
    likely to miss prenatal visit. Both the habit of drinking and the number
    of prenatal visit affect the birthweight of the newborns. So the omitted
    variables are correlated with the included variable and affects the
    outcome. This indicates the existence of the omitted variable bias.
    2. The previous estimator of the coefficient is -253.23. Now it becomes
    -217.58. The difference is -35.65. Cannot say if the difference is
    significant or not because we do not have the SE of the difference. But
    it seems the regression does suffer from the omitted variable bias
    because the coefficient for nprevist is quite significant.
    Dependent Variable: BIRTHWEIGHT
    Method: Least Squares
    Date: 10/11/16 Time: 13:45
    Sample: 1 3000
    Included observations: 3000
    White heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors & covariance
    Variable

    Coefficient

    Std. Error

    t-Statistic

    Prob.

    SMOKER
    ALCOHOL
    NPREVIST
    C

    -217.5801
    -30.49129
    34.06991
    3051.249

    26.10764
    72.59671
    3.608326
    43.71445

    -8.333963
    -0.420009
    9.442028
    69.79954

    0.0000
    0.6745
    0.0000
    0.0000

    R-squared
    Adjusted R-squared
    S.E. of regression
    Sum squared resid
    Log likelihood
    F-statistic
    Prob(F-statistic)
    Prob(Wald F-statistic)

    0.072850
    0.071922
    570.4708
    9.75E+08
    -23294.20
    78.46971
    0.000000
    0.000000

    Mean dependent var


    S.D. dependent var
    Akaike info criterion
    Schwarz criterion
    Hannan-Quinn criter.
    Durbin-Watson stat
    Wald F-statistic

    3382.934
    592.1629
    15.53213
    15.54014
    15.53501
    1.973814
    59.48408

    3. 3051.25 217.58 + 8*34.07 = 3106.23


    d. 1. If we include Tripre1, then Tripre0 + Tripre1 + Tripre2 + Tripre3 = 1. We
    have perfect collinearity.

    2. Given everything else equal, the birthweight drops 697.97g if the mother
    does not make any prenatal visit compared to a mother who makes the visit in
    the first trimester.
    Dependent Variable: BIRTHWEIGHT
    Method: Least Squares
    Date: 10/11/16 Time: 13:48
    Sample: 1 3000
    Included observations: 3000
    White heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors & covariance
    Variable

    Coefficient

    Std. Error

    t-Statistic

    Prob.

    SMOKER
    ALCOHOL
    TRIPRE0
    TRIPRE2
    TRIPRE3
    C

    -228.8476
    -15.09998
    -697.9687
    -100.8373
    -136.9553
    3454.549

    26.54889
    69.70306
    146.5788
    31.55296
    67.69577
    12.48167

    -8.619854
    -0.216633
    -4.761732
    -3.195810
    -2.023099
    276.7697

    0.0000
    0.8285
    0.0000
    0.0014
    0.0432
    0.0000

    R-squared
    Adjusted R-squared
    S.E. of regression
    Sum squared resid
    Log likelihood
    F-statistic
    Prob(F-statistic)
    Prob(Wald F-statistic)

    0.046466
    0.044873
    578.7243
    1.00E+09
    -23336.29
    29.17949
    0.000000
    0.000000

    Mean dependent var


    S.D. dependent var
    Akaike info criterion
    Schwarz criterion
    Hannan-Quinn criter.
    Durbin-Watson stat
    Wald F-statistic

    3382.934
    592.1629
    15.56153
    15.57354
    15.56585
    1.976282
    23.21767

    3. Interpretation for the Coefficient for tripre2 (tripre3): given everything else
    equal, the birthweight drops 100.84g (136.96g) if the mother make the
    prenatal visit in the second (third) trimester compared to a mother who makes
    the visit in the first trimester.
    4. No.

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