An Axiom is a mathematical statement that is assumed to be true.

There are five basic axioms

of algebra. The axioms are the reflexive axiom, symmetric axiom, transitive axiom, additive
axiom and multiplicative axiom.

Reflexive Axiom: A number is equal to itelf. (e.g a = a). This is the first axiom of equality.
It follows Euclid's Common Notion One: "Things equal to the same thing are equal to each other."

Symmetric Axiom: Numbers are symmetric around the equals sign. If a = b then b = a.
This is the second axiom of equality It follows Euclid's Common Notion One: "Things equal to the
same thing are equal to each other."

Transitive Axiom: If a = b and b = c then a = c. This is the third axiom of equality. It

follows Euclid's Common Notion One: "Things equal to the same thing are equal to each other."

Additive Axiom: If a = b and c = d then a + c = b + d. If two quantities are equal and an

equal amount is added to each, they are still equal.

Multiplicative Axiom: If a=b and c = d then ac = bd. Since multiplication is just repeated
addition, the multiplicative axiom follows from the additive axiom.
corollaryFor example, you are shown a triangle and are told that two of the angles are 90 degrees and 35 degrees. it is a corollary
that the third angle is 55 degrees. You weren't told that... but based on other facts, it has to be true.
Corollary: The sum of the interior angles of a quadrilateral is 360.

Stewart's Theorem
Coxeter and Greitzer remark that the theorem below was named after M.Stewart, who stated it in 1746, but was
probably discovered by Archimedes about 300 B.C. However, the first known proof is by R.Simson, 1751.
Let point D lie between the vertices A and C of ABC. Then

AB2DC+BC2ADBD2AC=ACDCAD.
For the definiteness sake, let H (the foot of the altitude BH) lie
between D and C, as in the diagram. Apply (3.1) to BCD and (3.2) to ABD:

BC2=BD2+DC22DCDH,AB2=BD2+AD2+2ADDH.
Multiply the first identity by AD, the second by DC, and add the two

BC2AD+AB2DC=BD2(AD+DC)+DC2AD+AD2DC=BD2AC+ADDCAC.

Pythagorean Theorem
The Pythagorean Theorem may be one of the most well-known theorems in the world of mathematics. This theorem
explains that if you add together the squares of the two legs of a right triangle, you will get the square of the

hypotenuse (the side that is opposite from the right angle). You may remember the formula of the Pythagorean
Theorem which is illustrated in purple. Suppose we have a right triangle. We can label one of the shorter sides as a,
and the other shorter side as b. We can label the hypotenuse or the longest side as c. We have the following formula.

The Pythagorean Theorem will only work for triangles with a right angle! Let us not forget that every theorem has a
proof! While there are actually many interesting proofs for this theorem, in this lesson we are just looking at the main
ideas.

Definition Of Area

Examples: Operational Postulates

The following are some postulates that apply to the four operations, including addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division. These postulates are also algebraic properties used to solve algebraic equations.
The Addition Postulate: If you have one apple and Sally has one apple, when you both add the same quantity
to your existing number of apples, you'll still have the same number of apples. Using algebra, the postulate
states:
If x = y, then x + 4 = y + 4
The Subtraction Postulate: If you have ten apples and Sally has ten apples, when you both subtract the same
quantity of apples from your existing number of apples, you'll still have the same number of apples.
If x = y, then x - 3 = y - 3
Without being repetitive, these same principles apply to both multiplication and division.
The Multiplication Postulate: If x = y, then x * 3 = y * 3
The Division Postulate: If x = y, then x / 7 = y / 7
rea is defined as the number of square units that covers a closed figure.\

The Ruler Postulate: Points on a line can match up with real numbers. In other words, each point on the line
will represent a real number.
The Segment Addition Postulate: Remember that a segment has two endpoints. If you have a line segment
with endpoints A and B, and point C is between points A and B, then AC + CB = AB

GEOMETRY POSTULATES AND THEOREMS Postulate 1: Through any two points, there is
exactly one line. Postulate 2: The measure of any line segment is a unique positive number. The
measure (or length) of AB is a positive number, AB. Postulate 3: If X is a point on AB and A-XB (X is between A and B), then AX + XB = AB Postulate 4: If two lines intersect, then they
intersect in exactly one point Postulate 5: Through any three noncollinear points, there is exactly
one plane. Postulate 6: If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.+ Postulate 7: If
two points lie in a plane, then the line joining them lies in that plane. Theorem 1.1: The midpoint
of a line segment is unique. Postulate 8: The measure of an angle is a unique positive number.
Postulate 9: If a point D lies in the interior of angle ABC, then m ABD + m DBC = m ABC
Theorem 1.4.1: There is one and only one angle bisector for any given angle. Definition:
Officially, Perpendicular lines are two lines that meet to form congruent adjacent angles.

Axiom Of Extensionality

Axiom Of Union

Axiom Of Infinity

Axiom Of Regularity
Parallel Line
Segments

Line segments that never intersect (they are always

the same distance apart)

Right Angle

An angle that measures 90

Acute Angle

An angle that measures less than 90

Obtuse Angle

An angle that measures more than 90

Vertex

Point at which two line segments intersect (forming

an angle)

Scalene
Triangle

A triangle with all three sides with different lengths

Isosceles
Triangle

A triangle with two equal length sides (and two

equal internal angles)

Equilateral
Triangle

A triangle with all three sides of equal length (each

internal angles = 60)

Radius

Distance (line segment) from center of a circle to

any point on that circle's circumference.

Diameter

A line segment (or length) joining two points on a

circles circumference and passes through the
circle's center (twice the length of the radius)

Circumferenc
e

Distance around a circle (the perimeter)

Chord

A line segment joining two points on a curve.