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Lab 9 Exercise Physiology

Lab 9 report due in one week

** Wear athletic clothing to this lab **

Review of cellular respiration

Anaerobic
respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2

6H2O +

6CO2 + ATP/HEAT

GLUCOSE
During exercise, the muscles need more energy (ATP), so they need more O2

Muscle contraction
requires ATP
- ATP to release myosin from actin
- Ca+2 ATPase pump to get
Ca+2 back into ER
- Na/K ATPase
pump to restore
gradients after AP

5 Stations for Exercise Physiology Lab


BMR
BIOPAC GAS
ANALYSER

BICYCLE

STEPS

TREADMILL

TREADMILL

Exercise Physiology Lab

BASAL METABOLIC RATE

BICYCLE or STEPS

TREADMILL

ENERGY INPUT

ENERGY OUTPUT
Synthetic Reactions

Carbohydrate
Fat

Membrane Transport
Signal Conduction
Detoxification/Degradation

Protein
Heat production
Mechanical Work

Units of heat energy

1oC

1g H2O

1 calorie (small c) = the amount of heat required to raise 1 g H2O by 1oC

1 Calorie (big C) = 1000 calories = 1 kcal

Energy Output
2000 - 2500 kcal/day

BASAL METABOLIC RATE

60-70%

SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY
(Fidgeting)

20-30%

DIET-INDUCED THERMOGENESIS
NONSHIVERING THERMOGENESIS

5-15%

> 2500 kcal/day


PURPOSEFUL EXERCISE OR ACTIVITY
Chipotle Chicken Burrito
Big Mac
Large Fries

700 kcal
540 kcal
500 kcal

Direct Calorimetry
Measure energy output
by changes in
water temperature

It is expensive to use direct calorimetry

Relationship between heat and oxygen consumption


CARBOHYDRATES

C6H12O6

+ 6O2

6H2O + 6CO2 + HEAT

GLUCOSE
6
CO2 produced
=
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) =
O2 consumed
6

= 1.0

FATS

C15H31COOH + 23O2

16H2O+ 16CO2 + HEAT

PALMITIC ACID
16
CO2 produced
= 0.7
=
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) =
O2 consumed
23
Varies between 0.69 and 0.70 depending on fatty acid

RER also known as respiratory quotient (RQ)

Measuring metabolic rate using oxygen consumption


Calories

Liters O2

Calories

gram

gram

Liter O2

Carbohydrate

4.2

0.84

5.0

Fat

9.4

2.00

4.7

Protein (minor)

4.3

0.96

4.5

Average 4.825 Calories produced/L O2 consumed

Measuring metabolic rate using oxygen consumption

Biopac gas analyzer

Read directly VO2 in liters/min


APPROXIMATE EXPECTED VALUE = 200-250 ml/min

** Open the air chamber when you are done and clean
out with air from lab bench (O2 should be back to 20%) **

Calmly breathe into gas analyzer for 5-6 mins, until you get steady readings

Metabolic Rate
Across species

With age in humans

Exercise Physiology Lab

BASAL METABOLIC RATE

BICYCLE or STEPS

TREADMILL

Exercise bicycle

SET
Power Output
Watts

RPM

energy

revolutions

time

minute

120 (Watts)

60

MEASURE
Heart Rate
Blood Pressure

CALCULATE
Stroke Volume (SV)
Cardiac Output (CO)
Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

Kp
resistance measured
in kilopond

Calculated Variables
Stroke volume (SV) is the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle
every beat
Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle
every minute
CO at rest is about 5 L/min
Total peripheral resistance (TPR) is how much resistance there is in the
arterioles.
Smooth muscle relaxed vasodilation decreased resistance
Smooth muscle contracted vasoconstriction increased resistance

Calculated Variables
Stroke volume (SV) estimated from blood pressure
SV = 1.7 x (Ps-Pd)
Cardiac output (CO) calculated from heart rate and stroke volume
CO = HR X SV
Total peripheral resistance (TPR) calculated from
pressure (MAP) and cardiac output (CO)

Pout
capillaries

Pin

Predictions
During exercise, what do you think will happen to:
Heart rate
Stroke volume
Cardiac output
Total peripheral resistance
Fat consumption vs Carbohydrate consumption

Control by autonomic nervous system

CNS

Para

Symp

Smooth
muscle
Arteriole

Sympathetic nervous system causes:


- Increased heart rate (SA node)
- Increased contractility of ventricles
- Vasoconstriction of arterioles

The sympathetic nervous system is activated during exercise

Cardiac Output

Cardiac Output = Heart Rate X Stroke Volume


liters/min

min-1

liters

C.O. = H.R. X S.V.


Sympathetic NS

Local control of blood flow


Normal activity determines localActive
Metabolic
bloodtissue
flow

Paracrine
signal

Decreased O2
Increased CO2

Vasodilation

Increased delivery of O2 to tissue

Increased blood flow to muscles during exercise

<insert Fig 25.7>

Vasoconstriction to GI + kidneys (sympathetic)


Local vasodilation to muscles

Total peripheral resistance decreases during exercise


MAP = TPR x CO

Decreased TPR
caused by local vasodilation

Mean arterial pressure rises only


slightly during exercise

Summary of changes during exercise

SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION
or small increase mean pressure
Cardiac Output
Heart rate
Stroke Volume
LOCAL METABOLIC FACTORS
Total Peripheral Resistance

Exercise Physiology Lab

BASAL METABOLIC RATE

BICYCLE or STEPS

TREADMILL

Only a couple of groups will do the treadmill experiment and share their
data. Everyone needs to write about this experiment in the lab report.

Treadmill
MEASURE
Heart rate (beats/min) from heart rate monitor
OBTAIN FROM LABSCRIBE GRAPHS
Percent oxygen in expired air (% VO2)
Percent carbon dioxide in expired air (% VCO2)
Respiration rate (breaths/min)

USE LABSCRIBE ANALYSIS TO CALCULATE


Ventilation rate (Ve) (L/min)
Volume of oxygen consumed (VO2) (L/min)
Volume of carbon dioxide produced (VCO2) (L/min)
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)
Air
chamber

How to use the heart rate monitors

Put water onto


sensor

Sensor must be
tight on chest

If there is interference with other


monitors, go into the hallway to
activate the heart rate monitor

How to breathe into gas analyzer

Fresh
air

Gas analyzer measures VO2 and VCO2, so RER can be calculated

Changes during exercise


% O2 in expired air
% CO2 in expired air
Respiration rate (breaths/min)
Ventilation rate (volume of air inhaled/min)
O2 consumption
CO2 produced
RER from around 0.8 to about 1 during exercise
mixed fuel (0.8) carbohydrates (1)

Changes in RER during exercise


RER = CO2 produced/ O2 consumed
RER for burning pure carbohydrates = 1.0
RER for burning only fats = 0.7
Recall that you can get more calories per volume of oxygen consumed
by breaking down carbohydrates

Review Lab 9

Basal metabolic rate using the BioPac gas analyzer


- Measure VO2 consumed
- Calculate metabolic rate

Bicycle or steps
- Measure heart rate and blood pressure during light and
moderate exercise
- Calculate total peripheral resistance, stroke volume and
cardiac output. How do they change during exercise?

Treadmill
- Measure heart rate, %O2 and %CO2 exhaled, respiration rate
at rest, during light (walking) and intense exercise (running)
- Calculate VO2, VCO2 and RER
- How does RER change as intensity of exercise increases?

Assignment Due Dates


Week

Monday lecture

Lab

Assignments
due

10/24

Exercise physiology

Lab 9 Exercise
physiology

Prelab 9
Lab 8 worksheet

10/31

Example Lab 10
presentation

Lab 10 Independent
investigation

Lab 9 report

11/7

Review for exam

No lab

11/14

Exam in lecture

Lab 10 Independent
investigation

11/21

No lecture

No lab

11/28

No lecture

Lab 10 presentations

Lab 10 report

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