Bahan Ajar KALKULUS INTEGRAL

Oleh: ENDANG LISTYANI

ANTI TURUNAN
(hal 299)
Anda tentu sudah mengenal invers atau balikan suatu operasi hitung
Invers dari operasi penjumlahan adalah pengurangan; perkalian dengan
pembagian, pemangkatan dengan penarikan akar.
Demikian pula turunan merupakan invers atau balikan dari anti turunan dan
sebaliknya.
Definisi
Suatu fungsi F disebut suatu anti turunan dari suatu fungsi f pada interval I jika
F(x) = f(x) untuk setiap x pada I
Ilustrasi
Jika F(x) = 3x3 + x2 2x 7 , maka F(x) = 9x2 + 2x 2
Jika f adalah fungsi yang didefinisikan sebagai
f(x) = 9x2 + 2x 2, maka f turunan dari F and F adalah anti turunan dari f
Jika G(x) = 3x3 + x2 2x + 5, maka G juga anti turunan dari f karena G(x) = 9x 2
+ 2x 2
Secara umum, fungsi yang didefinisikan sebagai 3x 3 + x2 2x + C, dengan C
adalah konstanta, merupakan anti turunan dari f
Secara umum, jika suatu fungsi F adalah suatu anti turunan dari f pada interval
I dan jika G didefinisikan sebagai G(x) = F(x) + C dimana C adalah konstanta
sebarang, maka G(x) = F(x) = f(x)
dan G juga merupakan anti turunan dari f pada interval I
Notasi untuk Anti Turunan
Ax(9x2 + 2x 2) = 3x3 + x2 2x + C
Bagaimana dengan

1
Ax( 2 x3 + 2x2 2

x)=?

Tentu bukan pekerjaan mudah menentukan suatu fungsi yang jika diturunkan
berbentuk

1
2 x3 + 2x2 2

Untuk itu diperlukan notasi dan aturan-aturan yang dapat mempermudah

menentukan anti turunan

Anti turunan dinotasikan sebagai

.... dx

f ( x) dx = F(x) + C

Teorema A (hal 301)

r
x
dx

x r 1
C
r 1

untuk r bilangan rasional dan r - 1

Sifat-sifat
1.

dx = x + C

2.

af ( x)dx = a f ( x)dx

3.

[ f ( x) g ( x)]dx = f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx

Dengan demikian

1
Ax( 2 x3 + 2x2 2

x)=

1
( 2 x3 + 2x2 2

1 3
x dx 2 x 2 dx

2
+

x ) dx

2 x

2 dx
3

1 3
1 1 4
2 2
2. x
. x
x
3
2
4
3
=
+ C1 +
+ C2 2(
+ C3 )

1 4 2 3 4
x
x
x x C
8 +3 -3

Soal-soal 5.1 halaman 307. Tugas individu

Untuk dikerjakan hari kamis tanggal 14 Feb 2013
No 2 26 no genap saja
No 27 50 semua

FUNGSI-FUNGSI APA YANG DAPAT DIINTEGRALKAN?

2

Sebarang fungsi yang terintegralkan pada [a,b] harus terbatas di

[a , b]. Yaitu: terdapat konstanta M sedemikian sehingga

f ( x) M

Contoh

f ( x)

1
x2

Perhatikan fungsi
pada selang [-2 , 2]
merupakan fungsi tak terbatas.
Tidak terdapat suatu bilangan M sedemikian sehingga

f ( x) M

untuk semua x pada [-2 , 2]

1
f ( x) 2
x tidak terintegralkan pada
Dengan demikian
[-2 , 2]

Lihat soal no 21 hal 347

f(x) = x3 + sin x
Ada M = 9
[-2 , 2]

sehingga

f ( x) M

untuk setiap x pada

Jadi f(x) = x3 + sin x terintegralkan pada [-2 , 2]

f(x) = 1/(x+3)
Ada M = 1 sehingga
pada [-2 , 2]

f ( x) 1 untuk setiap x

Jadi f(x) = 1/(x+3) terintegralkan pada [-2 , 2]

f(x) = 1/(x-1)
pada [-2 , 2] maksimum dan minimum di dan di -
tidak ada nilai M sehinngga

f ( x) M

jadi f(x) = 1/(x-1) tidak terintegralkan pada [-2 , 2]

f(x) = tan x
pada [-2 , 2] maksimum dan minimum di dan di

f(x) = x3 + sin x
Ada M =
[-2 , 2]

sehingga

f ( x) M

untuk setiap x pada

Jadi f(x) = x3 + sin x terintegralkan pada [-2 , 2]

f(x) = 1/(x+3)
Ada M = 1 sehingga

f ( x) 1 untuk setiap x pada [-2 , 2]

Jadi f(x) = 1/(x+3) terintegralkan pada [-2 , 2]

f(x) = 1/(x-1)
pada [-2 , 2] maksimum dan minimum di dan di -
tidak ada nilai M sehinngga

f ( x) M

jadi f(x) = 1/(x-1) tidak terintegralkan pada [-2 , 2]

4

f(x) = tan x
pada [-2 , 2] maksimum dan minimum di dan di -
tidak ada nilai M sehinngga

f ( x) M

jadi f(x) = tan x tidak terintegralkan pada [-2 , 2]

TEOREMA A (hal 342)

(Teorema keintegralan). Jika f terbatas pada [a , b] dan kontinu
di [a , b] kecuali pada sejumlah terhingga titik, maka f
terintegralkan pada [a , b].
Khususnya jika f kontinu pada seluruh selang [a , b], maka f
terintegralkan pada [a , b]

f(x) = sin(1/x)
Ada M =..... sehingga
setiap x pada [-2 , 2]

f ( x) M

untuk

Jadi f terintegralkan pada [-2 , 2]

 x 2 jika 2 x 0

f(x) =

1 jika 0 x 2

f ( x) M
Ada M = 4 sehingga
untuk setiap x pada [-2 , 2]
Jadi f terintegralkan pada [-2 , 2]

FUNGSI LOGARITMA ASLI

Teorema (hal 453)

ln 1 = 0

2 ln x
x dx
19)
Misal ln x = u

1
dx du
x
2 ln x

x dx

20)

2 u du u 2 C (ln x) 2 C

1
dx
x(ln x) 2

Misal ln x = u
7

1
dx du
x

1
dx
2
x(ln x)

u 2 du

1
1
= u-1 + C = u + C = ln x + C
Hitunglah

2
)

FUNGSI BALIKAN/INVERS
Misalkan y = f(x) = x3 + 1
x = f-1(y) =

y 1

Apakah setiap fungsi mempunyai invers?

Perhatikan fungsi y = f(x) = x2

x=

y bukan fungsi , jadi y = f(x) = x2 tidak mempunyai balikan/INVERS.

Tetapi jika domainnya di batasi misalnya y = f(x) = x2 didefinisikan pada [0 ,

maka y = f(x) = x2 mempunyai invers yaitu x = f-1(y) =

y
8

y = f(x) mempunyai invers jika y merupakan fungsi satu-satu atau fungsi monoton
Jika f memiliki invers, maka y = f(x)
x = f-1(y)
Grafik y = f(x) sama/identik dengan grafik x = f-1(y)
Pembahasan lebih lanjut
yang terkait dengan fungsi invers adalah
-1
menggunakan bentuk y = f (x). Perhatikan bahwa posisi x dan y dipertukarkan
Dengan demikian grafik fungsi y = f-1(x) dapat diperoleh dengan mencerminkan
grafik y = f(x) terhadap garis y = x
y=x
-1
y = f (x)

y = f(x)

FUNGSI EKSPONEN ASLI

Invers dari fungsi logaritma asli adalah fungsi eksponen asli
y = ln x

x = ey

Grafik y = ln x identik dengan grafik x = ey

y = ln x
x = ey

Grafik y = ex diperoleh dengan mencerminkan grafik y = ln x terhadap garis y = x

(hal 468)

y = ln x
x = ey

y = ex

y = f(x) = ex disebut fungsi eksponen asli

Sifat-sifat:
ln e = 1

Contoh

10

Turunan dari ex

y ex

dy
ex
dx

Contoh

11

y ex

dy
e x e x dx dy
dx
x
x
e dx y C e C

x
x
e dx e C

Contoh
Integralkan

2 x 1

dx

Misal 2x+1 = u
2 dx = du

2 x 1

1 u
1 u
1 2 x 1
e
d
u

e
C

dx 2
2
2
=

Fungsi eksponen umum

y ax

dy
?
dx
dy
e x ln a . ln a
dx
dy
a x ln a
dx

y a x y e x ln a

ecara Umum

12

Contoh

Tentukanlah
1) y = 5

y ax

dy
dx

2x+3

x
(2) y = 7

2 6 x

dy
a x ln a a x ln a dx dy
dx
x
a ln a dx dy
1

x
a dx ln a dy

1
yC
ln a
1
(
)a x C
ln a

Contoh

u=sin x
du = cos x dx

Fungsi logaritma terhadap basis a

13

Definisi (hal 479)

y log a x x a y

y log a x x a y ln x y ln a y
y

ln x
ln a

ln x
ln x
log a x
ln a
ln a

log a x

ln x
ln a

y log a x

dy
?
dx

y log a x y

ln x
dy
1

ln a
dx x ln a

Fungsi Invers Trigonometri (hal 494)

y sin x x arc sin y

Bagaimana grafik fungsi y = arc sin x ?

14

y arc sin x

dy
?
dx

y arc sin x x sin y

dx
cos y
dy
1
x
yy

y arc sin x

dx
cos y 1 x 2
dy
dy
1

dx
1 x2

dy
1

dx
1 x2
1
dx dy
2
1 x
1
dx dy
2
1 x

15

1 x

dx dy

yC
arcsin x C

1
1 u

du arcsin u C

Introduction to Differential Equation

We know that the expression F(x) = f(x) is equivalent with
so we can write

dF(x) = f(x) dx,

dF(x) f(x) dx F(x) C

this formula will help us to solve differential equation.

What is differential equation ?
Let start with an example.
Suppose we want to find out xy-equation of a curve passing through a point (-1,
2) with the gradient on each point of the curve is equal to twice the absis of the
point.

dy
Hence dx

= 2x on each point of the curve.

Now, we will find a function y = f(x) satisfied that condition.

Method 1. If the equation is on the form

dy
dx = g (x), then y = g ( x) dx ,
y=

2x dx = x

+C

Method 2

dy
Think dx

as dy is divided by dx, so we can write

dy 2x dx
Integrate two sides

dy = 2x dx
16

y + C1 = x2 + C2
y = x2 + C2 - C1

y = x2 + C

If the curve pass the point (1,2), we can find C :

2 = (1)2 + C
So C = 1 and the xy-equation is y = x2 + 1

dy
The expression dx = 2x

is called differential equation.

Other examples of differential equation are

dy
dx

= 2xy

y dy = (x2 + 1) dx

d2y

dy
dx 2 + 2 dx

- 3xy = 0

An equation that contains an unknown function and some of its derivatives

is called differential equation.
In this lecture, we only consider separable first order differential equation.
Notify that the equation

2
x

3x
dy
2
dx = y
can be written as
y2 dy = (x + 3x2) dx
Here, x and y term are separated. To solve this equation, we use method 2

2
2
y
dy
(x

3x
) dx

y3
3

+ C1 =

x2
2 +x

+ C2

y3

3x 2
= 2 + 3x

+ 3C2 3C1

y3

3x 2
= 2 + 3x

+C

17

3
y=

3x 2
3x 3 C
2

Supposed we have y = 6 for x = 0,

then we can find C:
6=

C = 216
Hence,

3
y=

3x 2
3 x 3 216
2

Check this result by substituting it in differential equation. The left side of the
differential equation becomes

3x 2

3
dy 1

2 3 x 216

dx = 3

2
3
(3x + 9x2)

x 3x 2
3 2

3
x 3x 216
2

2
3

and the right side of the differential equation becomes

x 3x 2
x 3x
y2

2 2

3
x 3x 216
3

2
3

.
Those give the same expression.

Evaluate
1. The point (3,2) is on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve the tangent
line has a slope equal to 2x 3. Find an equation of
the curve

18

Solution
Suppose y = f(x) is the equation of the curve

dy
dx = 2x 3
dy = (2x 3)dx
y=

(2x 3)dx = x2 3x + C

The point (3,2) is on a curve, so 2 = 32 3.3 + C

C=2

Hence the equation of the curve is y = = x2 3x + 2

2. The points (-1,3) and (0,2) are on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve
Dx2y = 2 4x. Find an equation of the curve
Solution
Suppose y = f(x) is the equation of the curve

dy
dx =
y=

(2 4x) dx = 2x 2x2 + C1

(2x 2x2 + C1) dx = x2 -

2
3

x3 + C1x + C2

The points (-1,3) and (0,2) are on a curve so,

3 = (-1)2 -

2 = (0)2 -

2
3
2
3

(-1)3 + C1(-1) + C2 ..(1)

(0)3 + C1(0) + C2 ..(2)

From (1) and (2) : C2 = 2 , C1 =

2
3

Hence the equation of the curve is

y = x2 -

2
3

x3 +

2
3

x+2

3. An equation of the tangent line to a curve at the

point (1,3) is y = x +2. If at any point (x,y) on the curve, D x2y = 6x,

find an

equation of the curve

Solution
Suppose y = f(x) is the equation of the curve

19

dy
dx = 3x

+ C1

y = x3 + C1x + C2
The slope of the tangent line to the curve at the
point (1,3) is1, so 3(1)2 + C1 = 1, C1 = -2
The point (1,3) is on the curve, so
3 = 13 + (-2)(1) + C2 , C2 = 4
Hence the equation of the curve is y = x3 - 2x + 4
4. The Volume of water in a tank is V cubic meters
when the depth of the water is h meters . If the rate
of chane ofV with respect to h is given by
DhV =

(2h+3) , find the volume of water in the tank

2

when the depth is 3 m

Solution
Suppose V = f(h)

dV
dh = (2h+3) , V = (2h+3)
1
V = 2 (2h+3) d(2h+3)
2

dh

11
= 2 . 3 (2h+3)

+C

11
When h = 0, V = 0, so 0 = 2 . 3 (2.0+3)
9
C=- 2
1
9
V = 6 (2h+3) - 2
1
9
If h = 3, V = 6 (2.3+3) - 2

+ C,

= 117

The volume of water in the tank when the depth

is 3 m = 117

m3

Evaluate
1. The point (3,2) is on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve the tangent
20

line has a slope equal to 2x 3. Find an equation of the curve

2. The points (-1,3) and (0,2) are on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve
Dx2y = 2 4x. Find an equation of the curve
3. An equation of the tangent line to a curve at the point (1,3) is y = x +2.
If at any point (x,y) on the curve, Dx2y = 6x, find an equation of the curve
4. The Volume of water in a tank is V cubic meters when the depth of the water
is h
meters . If the rate of chane ofV with respect to h is given by D hV =
(2h+3)2, find
the volume of water in the tank when the depth is 3 m

Evaluate
1. The point (3,2) is on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve the tangent
line has a slope equal to 2x 3. Find an equation of the curve
2. The points (-1,3) and (0,2) are on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve
Dx2y = 2 4x. Find an equation of the curve
3. An equation of the tangent line to a curve at the point (1,3) is y = x +2.
If at any point (x,y) on the curve, Dx2y = 6x, find an equation of the curve
4. The Volume of water in a tank is V cubic meters when the depth of the water
is h
meters . If the rate of chane ofV with respect to h is given by D hV =
(2h+3)2, find
the volume of water in the tank when the depth is 3 m

Evaluate
1. The point (3,2) is on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve the tangent
line has a slope equal to 2x 3. Find an equation of the curve
2. The points (-1,3) and (0,2) are on a curve, and at any point (x,y) on the curve
Dx2y = 2 4x. Find an equation of the curve
3. An equation of the tangent line to a curve at the point (1,3) is y = x +2.
If at any point (x,y) on the curve, Dx2y = 6x, find an equation of the curve
4. The Volume of water in a tank is V cubic meters when the depth of the water
is h
meters . If the rate of chane ofV with respect to h is given by D hV =
(2h+3)2, find
the volume of water in the tank when the depth is 3 m

Introduction to Area

21

Consider a region R in the plane as shown in Fig. 1. The region R is bounded by

the x axis, the lines x = a and x = b, and the curve having the equation y = f(x),
where f is a function continuous on the closed interval [a,b].

R
a
Fig. 1

Divide the closed interval [a,b] into n subintervals

For simplicity, now we take each of these subintervals as being of equal length,

ba
n
for instance, x. There for x =

Denote the endpoints of these subintervals by x 0 , x1 , x2, . . . , xn-1 , xn

where x0 = a , x1 = a +
xn = b

x ,

xi = a + i

Let the ith subinterval be denote by

[xi-1,xi].
Because f is continuous on the closed interval [a,b], it is continuous on each
closed subinterval.
By the extreme-value theorem, there is a number in each bsubinterval for which f
has an absolute minimum value.
In the ith subinterval, let this number be c i , so that f(ci) is the absolute minimum
value of f on the subinterval [xi-1,xi].
Consider n rectangles, each vhaving a width
see Fig 2.

f(ci)

x units and an altitude f(c ) units

i

a
x
b
Fig. 1
Let the sum of the areas of these n rectangle be given by S n square units, then
Sn = f(c1)

x + f(c ) x + . . . + f(c ) x

= i 1 f(ci) x .(*)
The summation on thr right side of (*) gives the sum of measures of vthe areas of
n inscribed rectangles. Thus however we define A, it must be such that A

DEFINITION

Suppose that the function f is continuous on the closed interval [a,b], with f(x)
0 for all x in [a,b], and that R is the region bounded by the curve y=f(x), x axis,
and the lines x = a and x = b. Divide the closed interval [a,b] into n subintervals

ba
n , and denote the ith subinterval by [x

each of length x =
i-1,xi]. Then if
f(ci) is the absolute minimum function value on the ith subinterval, the measure of
the area of region R is given by
22

f (ci )

lim

A=

n i 1

Example
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = x 2, the x axis, and the line
x = 3 by taking inscribed rectangle.
Solution
Devide the interval [0,3] into n subinterval, each of length

x, x = 2 x, . . . , x = i x
x = (n-1) x , x = 3
30 3
x = n = n

x0 = 0 , x1 =

n-1

x;

Because f is increasing on [0,3], the absolute minimum value of f on the ith

subinterval [xi-1,xi] is f(xi-1)

lim

There for A =

n i 1

Because xi-1 = (i-1)

f(xi-1) = [(i-1)
Therefore

f ( xi 1 )

x]

x and f(x) = x ,

i 1

f ( xi 1 )

(i 1) 2

x = i 1

x)

2
(
i
2i 1)

= i 1

27
n3

= .lanjutkan
Gunakan (pilih) rumus sbb

n(n 1)
i

2
i 1
n

i2

i 1
n 2 (n 1) 2 n
;

n( n 1)(6n 3 9n 2 n 1
i
30
; i 1

i 1

n(n 1)(2n 1)
6

THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

In the preciding section the measure of the area of a region was defined as the
following limit:

lim

f (ci )

n i 1

..(*)
23

To define the definite integral we need to consider a new kind of limiting process,
of which the limit given in (*) is a special case.
Let f be a function defined on the closed interval [a,b]. Divide thus interval into n
subintervals by choosing any (n-1) intermediate points between a and b.
Let x0 = a , and xn = b , and let
x0 < x1 < x2 < . . . < xn-1 < xn
The points x0 , x1 , x2, . . . , xn-1 , xn are not necessarily equidistant. Let
the length of the ith subinterval so that

i x = x x
i

i x be

i -1

A set of all such subintervals of the interval [a,b] is called a partition of the
interval [a,b].
One (or more) of these subintervals is longest. The length of the longest

subinterval of the partition called the norm of the partition, is denoted by

Choose a point in each subinterval of the partition P. Let x i* be the point chosen in
[xi -1 , xi]
Form the sum f(xi*)

1 x + f(x ) 2 x + . . . + f(x ) i x + . . . + f(x ) n x =

2

*
i

*
n

f ( xi* )

i 1

ix

Such a sum is called a Riemann sum, named for the mathematician George
Friedrich Bernhard Riemann (1826 1866)

x2*

x3*

xn*

x1*

xi*

Definition
If f is a function defined on the closed interval [a,b], then the definite integral of f
from a to b, denote by

f ( x) dx

a
b

, is given by

f ( xi* )
f ( x) dx lim

P 0
i 1

ix

if the limit exists

24

Note
That the statement the function f is integrable on the closed interval [a,b] is
synonymous with the statement : the definite integral of f from a to b exists

f ( x) dx

In the notation for the definite integral

f (x)

is called the integrand, a is called the lower limit, and b is called the

upper limit.
The symbol

is called an integral sign

Definition

f ( x) dx f ( x) dx

If a > b, then

=-

f ( x) dx

=0

THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF THE CALCULUS

Theorem
If f is a continuous function on the closed interval [a,b], and F
antiderivative of f on [a,b], then

is an any

f ( x) dx

= F(b) F(a)

F
(
x
)
a
We should write F(b) F(a) =
Example

3
x
dx

Evaluate
Solution

25

1 4
x
dx

4 x
1
=
3

2
1

1 4 1 4
1 3
( 2)
(1)
= 4
- 4
=4- 4 = 34

Properties of The Definite Integral

Theorem

kf ( x) dx k f ( x) dx

a
b

[ f ( x) g ( x)]dx f ( x) dx g ( x) dx

a
b

a
b

a
b

[ f ( x) g ( x)]dx f ( x) dx g ( x) dx

Kerjakan secara kelompok, 2 3 orang

Tentukan panjang busur
1. y3 = 8x2, dari x = 1 ke x = 8
2. 6xy = x4 + 3 , dari x = 1 ke x = 2
3. 27y2 = 4(x-2)3 , dari x = 2 ke x = 11
4. x = 5 cos , y = 5 sin

5. x = 2 cos + cos(2 ) + 1 , y = 2 sin + sin (2 ) , 0

Jawab

Kerjakan secara kelompok, 2 3 orang

Tentukan panjang busur
1. y3 = 8x2, dari x = 1 ke x = 8
2. 6xy = x4 + 3 , dari x = 1 ke x = 2
3. 27y2 = 4(x-2)3 , dari x = 2 ke x = 11
4. x = 5 cos , y = 5 sin

5. x = 2 cos + cos(2 ) + 1 , y = 2 sin + sin (2 ) , 0

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Kerjakan secara kelompok, 2 3 orang

Tentukan panjang busur
1. y3 = 8x2, dari x = 1 ke x = 8
2. 6xy = x4 + 3 , dari x = 1 ke x = 2
3. 27y2 = 4(x-2)3 , dari x = 2 ke x = 11
4. x = 5 cos , y = 5 sin

5. x = 2 cos + cos(2 ) + 1 , y = 2 sin + sin (2 ) , 0

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