08-04-2013

Assignment # 01

Name: Muhammad Usman Habib

Roll Number: 11053123-052

Topic: Fluid Mechanics-II

Lab Equipment

Subject: Fluid Mechanics Lab - II

Place Photo Here,

Otherwise Delete Box

Submitted to:
Engr. Muhammad Tariq

Chemical Engineering 4th Semester

Fluid Mechanics-II Lab

Lab Equipment
1. Free and Force Vortex Apparatus
2. Centrifugal Fan Study Unit
3. Pelton Turbine
4. Pipe Friction Apparatus
5. Reciprocating Compressor
6. Cavitation Demonstrator
7. Series and Parallel Pump Test Unit
8. Orifice Discharge Apparatus
9. Methods of Flow Measurement

1- Free and Force Vortex Apparatus:Diagram:-

Names of components:1- Base plate

6- Inter changeable Central outlet

2- Inlet connection

7- Slanted-seat valve for radial

3- Selector ball cock for radial

(4) Or tangential (5) inlet

discharge regulation
8- Radius and height gauge

4- Radial inlet or outlet

9- Height gauge

5- Tangential vessel

10- Transparent vortex

Technical Description:The unit is suitable for investigating natural and forced vortices that are
generated in a transparent tank. It is possible to measure the profile of the
vortex using calipers. A natural vortex is generated by draining water from
the tank through an interchangeable central outlet. 4 inserts of varying
diameter are provided. A forced vortex can be generated by inserting an
impeller, nozzles are fitted in the tank wall to inject water and spin the
impeller. The water supply is provided either from the laboratory mains or
using the HM 150 (closed water circuit).

Applications:1) Investigation on forced vortices.

2) Investigation on free vortices.
3) Recording of surface profiles.
4) Measurements on vortices.

2- Centrifugal Fan Study Unit:Diagram:-

Name of the Components:1. Centrifugal Fan

2. Static pressure tubes
3. Fluid thread rectifier
4. Test chambers (4a), (4b)
4c. Flow-rate gate
5. Pilot tube
6. U Manometer
7. Thermometer
8. Venturi tube
9. Venturi tube pipe tap
10. Differential micro manometer
11. Electrical switch
12. Load Cell

Technical Description:The experimental set-up is clearly laid out on a laboratory trolley. A radial
fan with drive unit generates an air flow in a vertical pipe section. On the
switch box on the drive unit, the fan speed, power consumption and moment
generated can be indicated as measured values on a digital display. An iris
diaphragm, a nozzle duct or a butterfly valve can be inserted in the pipe
section. The pressure differences to be measured can be indicated on a panel
using three different differential pressure measuring devices.

Applications:Air cooler series with centrifugal fans, designed for air sock applications
mainly in working and packaging rooms where it is essential to have low air
velocity and uniform hydrometric conditions.
To determine flow rate of air with Venturi tube and orifice plate.
To determine velocity of air in tube with help of Pilot tube.
To study characteristics of centrifugal fans.

3- Pelton Turbine:Diagram:-

Name of Components:1. Base plate

6. Turbine housing

2. Nozzle inlet

7. Manometer

3. Nozzle adjustment

8. Adjustable breaking device

4. Nozzle valve

9. Spring balance

5. Pelton wheel

10. Outlet through open housing

Technical Description:The Pelton Turbine has a circular disk mounted on the rotating shaft or
rotor. This circular disk has cup shaped blades, called as buckets, placed at
equal spacing around its circumference. Nozzles are arranged around the
wheel such that the water jet emerging from a nozzle is tangential to the
circumference of the wheel of Pelton Turbine. According to the available
water head (pressure of water) and the operating requirements the shape
and number of nozzles placed around the Pelton Wheel can vary.
The high speed water jets emerging form the nozzles strike the buckets
at splitters, placed at the middle of a bucket, from where jets are divided into
two equal streams. These stream flow along the inner curve of the bucket
and leave it in the direction opposite to that of incoming jet. The high speed
water jets running the Pelton Wheel Turbine are obtained by expanding the
high pressure water through nozzles to the atmospheric pressure. The high
pressure water can be obtained from any water body situated at some height
or streams of water flowing down the hills.
Pelton turbine consists of stationary inlet nozzle, a runner and a casing.
The runner consists of multiple buckets mounted on a rotating wheel. The jet
strikes the buckets and imparts momentum. The buckets are shaped in a
manner to divide the flow in half and turn its relative velocity vector nearly
1800.

Applications: To measure torque of Pelton turbine.

To measure output power.
To measure hydraulic power.
To measure efficiency of Pelton turbine.

4- Pipe Friction Apparatus:Diagram and name of Components:-

Technical Description:The experimental set-up can be used on its own or with the HM 150
Basic Hydraulics Bench. A supply of water is all that is required for operation.
The unit is suitable for measuring pipe friction losses for laminar and
turbulent flows. The experimental set-up is clearly laid out on a training
panel. For investigations on laminar flow, a head tank is used for the water
supply, whilst for turbulent flow, the supply is provided via the Basic
Hydraulics Bench directly (or the water mains). The water flows through a
pipe section; the flow is adjusted using reducing valves. The connection to
the required measuring device is made via pressure tapings.

Applications:1. Measurement of the pressure loss for laminar flow

2. Measurement of the pressure loss for turbulent flow
3. Determination of the critical Reynolds' number
4. Measurements using a tube manometer
5. Measurements using a mercury U tube manometer

5- Reciprocating Compressor:Diagram and name of Components:-

Technical Description:The present invention relates to a crank gear for a

reciprocating compressor, in particular a reciprocating compressor with
opposite cylinders. During the functioning of reciprocating compressors
dynamic forces are generated such as centrifugal forces of rotating masses
and forces of inertia of alternate masses. Dynamic forces, and the relative
torques, are discharged on the foundations, causing vibrations and stress
which may be excessive in some applications.
The crank gear comprises two opposite cylinders each of which is
positioned on a line. Each line includes a connecting rod connected at a first
end to the crankshaft and, at a second end, to a rod connected to a cylinder.
The crank gear comprises at least one module, each of which in turn
comprises two lines having opposite cylinders. The cylinders are not normally
aligned and consequently the forces of inertia of the alternate masses create
a free, non-balanced torque, for each pair of opposite cylinders.

Applications:

To determine compressor speed.

To find volumetric and mass flow rate of air.

To determine shaft power.

To measure mechanical losses.

To find different kind of efficiencies.

6- Cavitation Demonstrator:Diagram:-

Name of Components:1- Table Top Frame

6- Manometer

2- Pressure Reducing Valve

7- Venturi Pipe

3- Spherical Valve

8- Spherical Valve

4- Variable area Flow Meter

9- Water Drain Connection

5- Thermometer

10- Water Feed Connection

Technical Description:The apparatus consists of a circular Venturi-shaped test section

manufactured from clear acrylic to allow full visualization of flow conditions
inside the section.
Water enters the test section at relatively low velocity. As the area of
the test section contracts towards the throat the velocity of the water
increases and the static pressure falls in accordance with the Bernoulli
equation. If the flow of water is increased the sub-atmospheric pressure at
the throat causes free and dissolved gasses to be released as bubbles in the
liquid.
As the flow is increased further the pressure continues to fall at the
throat until a limit is reached corresponding to the Vapor Pressure of the
liquid. At this condition small bubbles of vapor are formed in the liquid. These
bubbles collapse violently as the pressure rises again in the downstream
expansion of the test section.
This process is called Cavitation and can be regarded as one of the
most destructive forces created in a liquid system. Any further increase in the
flow of liquid causes an increase in the Cavitation. The test section
incorporates tapings that allow the static pressure upstream of the
contraction, inside the throat and downstream of the expansion to be
measured. Each tapping is connected to a Bourdon gauge of appropriate
range.

Applications: This apparatus uses to show the causes and effects of demonstration.
Allows practical and effective study of flow and pressure in Venturi meter.
Ideal classroom demonstration apparatus.

7- Series and Parallel Pump Test Unit:Diagram:-

12
1
11

10
2
9
3

Name of Components:-

1. Storage Tank

2.Pressure Gauge (P13)

3. Valve (V2)

4.Valve (V1)

5. Pressure Gauge (P11)

6.Pressure Gauge (P14)

7. Centrifugal Pump (P1)

8. Valve (V3)

9. Centrifugal Pump (P2)

10.Pressure Gauge (P12)

11. Rota-meter

12.Valve (V5)

Technical Description:This apparatus has been designed for use with existing H1 and H1d
Hydraulic Test Benches, as a low cost demonstration of pump performance
in a series and parallel configuration. The apparatus is mounted in a selfcontained modular frame and comprises two similar dual speed centrifugal
pumps interconnected by an arrangement of pipes and valves which can be
arranged so that the performance of a single pump, two pumps in series or
two pumps in parallel can be determined. Delivery pressure is measured on
a Bourdon gauge and flow rate is measured using the H1 or H1d Hydraulic
Bench.

Application: The Arm field Series/Parallel Pump Test Set is designed for the study
of the centrifugal pump.
Performance and benefits of series and parallel operation.
The case study where and when its required.
Pump characteristics curves for centrifugal pumps.
Determination of capacity of pumps.
Single pump operation.
Determination of pump efficiency.

8- Orifice Discharge Apparatus:Diagram:-

Name of Components:1- Base plate

5- Pilot tube

2- Inlet

6- Double pressure gauge

3- Strainer

7- Overflow

4- Interchangeable discharge nozzle

8- Micrometer

Technical Description:A Plexiglas cylinder is equipped with an adjustable overflow and scale
which enables the height of the water column to be set and read accurately.
2 types of outlet nozzle can be compared. The trajectory of the jet can be
traced using adjustable probes and recorded on a white panel.
The water supply is provided either from the laboratory mains or using
the HM 150 (closed water circuit).

Applications:An apparatus to study of the discharge of water through a vertically

mounted orifice.
Determination of flow rate for various water heads.
Determination of flow rate coefficients.
Comparison b/w experiment and calculation.
Experiments on the discharge jet.

9- Methods of Flow Measurement:Diagram name of Components:-

Technical Description:A noninvasive bladder pressure and urinary flow measurement

apparatus and method, the apparatus including a pressure cuff configured
to be irremovably mounted to the penis of the patient and an inflation
system for selectively inflating and deflating the pressure cuff. A urine
collection and measurement system is provided to measure the volume and
rate of urine discharged by the patient. The transient response also provides
an indication whether a constriction of the urethra is proximal or distal.
The Hampden Model H-6950 Flow Measurement Unit is designed to
demonstrate the fundamental principles of flow measurement. Standard
industrial flow sensors are used to measure the flow rates. The student can
measure the primary output of the flow sensor; e.g. differential pressure,
frequency or pulse; and measure the secondary (flow rate) signal. In addition,
the student can also measure the pressure drop of each flow sensor and
water temperature. Thus the student is able to check the accuracy, linearity
and repeatability of each flow sensor and necessary transducers

Applications: A flow measurement cartridge assembly for measuring liquid flow in a

partially filled channel.
A method for measuring liquid flow using the cartridge assembly.
Investigate new ways means to measure pressure.
Measure flow rate using Venturi meter and Rota meter.
To demonstrate the fundamental principles of flow measurement.