http://www.dpu.ac.

th/masean/upload/content/files/018%20The%20Effect%20of%20Religiosity,
%20Ethnocentrism,%20and%20Corporate%20Image%20on%20Perception%20of.pdf

The Effect of Religiosity, Ethnocentrism, and Corporate Image on Perception

of Foreign Product Purchasing Behavior: Experience from Students of
University of Suska Riau
Religiosity at personal level of respondents

http://ircmb.org/jurnal/Andrian%20Haro%20-%20The%20Influence%20of%20Subjective%20Norms
%20Perceived%20Behavioral%20Control%20and%20Personal%20Religiosity%20in%20Consuming
%20Halal-Labeled%20Snack%20Products%20among%20Young%20Muslim%20Students.pdf?
boxtype=pdf&g=false&s=true&s2=false&r=wide
The Influence of Subjective Norms, Perceived Behavioral Control, and Personal Religiosity in
Consuming Halal-Labeled Snack Products among Young Muslim Students

Personal Religiosity
Religiosity can be considered as the extent to which an individual is committed to his religion, where it is
then reflected in his/her attitudes and behavior (Ahmad, et al., 2015). According to Alam, et al. (2011)
defines religiosity is a situation that is in one who encouraged him to behave according with high levels
of adherence to religion. Religiosity is the appreciation of a person's religion-related symbols, beliefs,
values and behaviors that are driven by spiritual powers (Mullen, et al., 2000). Religious teachings cover
large dimension including prohibition and rules to the followers. According to Pettinger, et al. (2004),
religion can influence consumer attitude and behavior as well as food purchasing decision and eating
habits.

Hypothesis
H3: There is a relationship between personal religiosity of young Muslim students and their intentions in
consuming halal-labeled snack products.
H4: There is a simultaneously relationship between subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and
personal religiosity of young Muslim students and their intentions in consuming halal-labeled snack
products.

https://www.academia.edu/23449190/To_purchase_or_not_to_purchase_US_products_role_of_religiosity
_animosity_and_ethno-centrism_among_Malaysian_consumers

To purchase or not to purchase US products:role of religiosity, animosity,

andethno-centrism among Malaysian consumers
Relationship between religiosity and purchase behavior of consumers
One of the earlier scholarly works linking religiosity andpurchase behavior is by Sood and Nasu (1995),
who through their study in Japan and US have established the relationship between religiosity and
purchase behavior. Delener (1994) by studying the relationship between religiosity of consumers and
automobile purchase decision-making has argued that religiosity should be used as an important construct
in understanding purchase patterns of consumers. Jianfeng
et al.
(2009) in their study in China have concluded that religiosity is strongly linked with behavior and
purchase decisions of consumers. According to Samli (1995) and Choi (2009),religiosity has a strong
inuence not only on consumption patterns but also on purchase behavior and product preferences of
consumers. A study by Srivastava (2010), shows that religion and religiosity of consumers in emerging
markets like India affect buying intention of consumers towards foreign and domestic products. Based on
these evidences, we hypothesize that:
H3: The stronger the religiosity of consumers, the lower the intention to purchase foreign products.

Relationship between religiosity, ethnocentrism, animosity and product judgment

Kea and Phau (2006), based on their study in China, have argued that ethnocentrism and consumer
animosity have a strong negative relationship with foreign product judgment. According to Nijssen
et al.
(1999), ethnocentrism and animosity are negatively correlated to foreign product judgment as evidenced
in a study carried out in a town in The Netherlands bordering Germany. During the period of less or no

conict between two neighboring countries(Netherlands and Germany), they found the effect of
ethnocentrism and animosity to be less signicant. A similar result has been observed by Rose
et al.
(2008) during their study with Muslim Arabs and Jewish Israelis on their attitude toward foreign
products. In a recent study, Josiassen (n.d.)has introduced a new construct called consumer
disidentication that in his opinion has a better explanatory power than ethnocentrism when it comes to
product judgment. However, in this study we are not using this new construct. There is a dearth of studies
linking religiosity and product judgment. Based on the above arguments, we propose the following
relationships:
H7: Animosity of consumers toward a foreign country will make them have a negative judgment
about the product from that country.
H8: Ethnocentric tendencies of consumers will make them have a negative judgment about the
products from the foreign country that has conicts.

http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/JIMA-09-2013-0068?journalCode=jima

Consumers and Halal cosmetic products: knowledge, religiosity, attitude and

intention