Detailed Energy Value Analysis Report

For
Alfanar Labor Camp Project
Al Kharj Road Riyadh
APD70
Presented to

ALFANAR Co.

September 2012

APD70

Table of contents

INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................15
EMS Comments and Recommendations.................................................................................. 16
1.0
Electrical Systems.................................................................................................17
1.1
Electrical Codes......................................................................................................17
1.2 Connected Load.......................................................................................................17
1.3 Labor Type 1 & 2 / Technician Type 1 & 2 Lighting .............................................18
1.4 Rest House lighting .................................................................................................20
1.5 Recreation lighting ..................................................................................................21
1.6 Restaurant/Guard House/Visitor Lounge Lighting .................................................21
1.7 Additional points on Lighting ..................................................................................22
1.8 LV Panel Construction ............................................................................................23
1.9 Capacitor Banks.......................................................................................................23
1.10
Metering & Energy Management ........................................................................24
2.0 Mechanical Systems...................................................................................................24
2.1
Mechanical Codes ..................................................................................................24
2.2 Air-Conditioning System.............................................................................................24
2.2.1 Designer Calculations...............................................................................................24
2.2.1 Suggested Cooling Load Calculations......................................................................26
2.2.1.1 Recommended Cooling Load Calculations Based on ASHRAE ..........................26
2.2.1.2 Based on Evaporative Cooling Design Guidelines Manual. .................................28
2.3 Supply Duct Sizing......................................................................................................30
2.4 Exhaust Air System. ....................................................................................................31
2.5 Steam System. .............................................................................................................31
2.5.1 Steam Boiler Sizing..................................................................................................31
2.5.2 Steam Network. ........................................................................................................31
2.6 Compressed Air System ..............................................................................................32
2.6.1 Air Compressor Sizing. ............................................................................................32
2.6.2 Compressed Air Network. ........................................................................................32
3.0 Plumbing System .......................................................................................................33
3.1 Tanks Capacity ...........................................................................................................33
3.1.1 Potable Water Storage Tank Capacity......................................................................33
3.1.2 Grey Water Collection Tank Capacity.................................................................33
3.1.2 Treated Grey Water Storage Tank Capacity ............................................................34
3.1.3 Soft Water Tank Capacity ........................................................................................35
3.1.4 Septic Tanks Capacity ..............................................................................................35
3.1.5 Fire Fighting Water and Pump. ................................................................................35
3.1.6 Electric Water Heaters..............................................................................................35
3.1.7 Solar Water Heaters..................................................................................................36
4.0 The Feasibility of Introducing Renewable Energy Solutions ...............................36
4.1 Solar Water Heating ...................................................................................................38
Energy Management Services Int.

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4.2 Solar Photovoltaic Panels ............................................................................................42

4.3 Wind Energy................................................................................................................44

Energy Management Services Int.

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The below table show Dar Engineering comments on EMS final report and EMS clarifications and
reply to Dar Engineering comments.
Please consider this complete document as the final report of EPD 70 as it includes EMS
recommendations on preliminary design drawings; designer comments on EMS recommendations
and EMS justifications, comments and reply on the designer comments and final design drawings
and tender documents.

Point
No
1.0

1.2

1.2.1

1.2.2

Comments
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
The following observations
are noted in the review of
available information on
lighting layouts and power
layouts of Labor Type 1(LT1),
Technician Type1 (TT1) and
Technician Type2 (TT2)
blocks;
The lights point of 2x26W
CFL down lights has been
reduced to 18W CFL down
lights keeping the number of
light points same. This will
effectively reduce the
lighting power density.

There are 4 Nos of twin

sockets provided for each
bedroom. This results in a
socket density of 78 Watts
(VA)/m2. Considering that
the rooms are provided with
multiple beds, it is

Energy Management Services Int.

DAR Technical
Clarification

EMS
Justifications/Reply

We do not have Technician

Type1 (TT1) and Technician
Type2
(TT2) blocks. Sir, it seems
that you are commenting on
old drawings.

Noted

Earlier we proposed 2 down

lights, and made our
calculations, and then we
were asked by Al Fanar staff
to change to 4 down lights
to give better distribution.
Anyhow, Dar recalculated
the required illumination
level to reduce the power
consumption and get the
most effective, economical
and complied with code as
much as possible. See the
attached.
Earlier we produced only 3
outlets in the room, and we
were instructed to increase
additional one by Mr.
Ahmed Al
Madani. The load
calculations is as per NEC

Noted

Noted.
EMS comment is related to
the number of socket points
and not on the load
calculation.

Page 4 of 45

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1.3.1

1.3.2

1.3.3

recommended to provide
one single socket per bed
with a minimum of two
sockets per bedroom. This
will reduce the socket
density by over 50%.
It is recommended to revisit
the number/type of sockets
considered in the bedrooms
in line with the design
occupancy and bedroom
layouts.
EMS recommendation was
not implemented in the
detail design.
T5 fluorescent with sensors
has been considered for
most hallways except that
the wattage shown in light
fixture schedule is 4x4 Watts
and conventional control
gear. The wattage should be
4x14W and with electronic
control gear.
Rooms
Refer to sec.1.2 above
Common Toilets
The common toilets of LT1
are provided with 2x26W
compact fluorescent down
light for the general areas
and
WC areas. The mirror lighting
is with 1x26W compact
fluorescent wall mount globe
light. Occupancy sensors
control the lighting in LT1
only.
The WC areas to have either
1x26W or 2x13W compact
fluorescent down light in

Energy Management Services Int.

code, not as per socket

density which is new word
for us, and as per the code
180 VA is considered as the
load of each receptacle (
single or double), and to
come over the total load
increment we assumed
demand factor of 0.35 for
receptacles instead of 0.4.
Pls. refer to NEC as well as
panel boards schedules

The eventual number of

sockets will depend on the
furniture layout and Clients
requirement.

Already complied.
Refer to drawing NO. E002,
Legend, General notes & List
of
abbreviations dated
September, 2012

Noted.

Refer to the same reply

above.
Already complied.
Refer to drawing NO. E002,
Legend, General notes & List
of
abbreviations dated
September, 2012

Noted
Noted in the Sep12
drawings issue.

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1.4

1.4.1

1.4.2

1.5
1.5.1

place of the current 2x26W.

The wattage of toilet lights is
not indicated on the
drawings/specifications.
Rest House lighting
Since lighting is not designed
yet for the Rest house,
the following design
considerations are
recommended for
the various areas within the
Rest house;
_ Kitchen LED/T5
fluorescent with occupancy
sensor
_ Living Dimmable LED
_ Toilet LED / compact
fluorescent with sensors
_ Bedroom Compact
fluorescent circular / LED
with
sensor
The security area and living
area lighting shown is 4x4
Watts T5. The wattage
should be 4x14W.
The bedroom lighting is of
2x38W T5. 38W T5 lamps are
not standard, instead
35Wcan be considered.
Recreation lighting
The
Gym/Tennis/Library/Prayer
Hall areas of the
Recreation building is
designed with
4x26W T5 fixtures with a
power density of 5.8W/m2,
which
seems to be optimum. The
toilets are with 2x26W

Energy Management Services Int.

Rest house lighting has

already been designed using
T5 fixtures for living room
and bedroom and CFL for
kitchen and toilets by using
occupancy sensors.
Refer Drawing No. E3RHG1
dated Sep 2012.

Noted in the Sep12

drawings issue.

Security area, living area and Noted in the Sep12

bedroom are provided with drawings issue.
2x35W T5.
Refer drawing No. E3RHG1
dated sept 2012.

Gym/Tennis/Library/Prayer
Hall areas are not designed
with 4x26W
T5 Fixture instead these are
designed with 3x35W T5 For
Gym/Tennis/Prayer Hall &
2x35W for Library.
Toilets are designed with
1x32W CFL and not with
2x26W. Refer

Noted in the Sep12

drawings issue.

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compact fluorescent down

lights
1.5.2

1.5.3

1.5.4

1.5.5

Consider sensors and/or

time schedule for all above
mentioned areas within the
recreation building including
the lockers, toilets and stairs.
The WC areas to have either
1x26W or 2x13W compact
fluorescent downlight in
place of the current 2x26W
The artificial lighting in
sports areas like the gym,
table
tennis and waiting areas
could be complemented with
day lighting elements such as
sun pipes/skylights. This will
not
only yield lighting savings
during daytime but also
improve
the indoor ambience.
The gym, prayer hall and
library area lighting is of
2x38W
T5 with 6m x 3m spacing.
The lighting power density is
8.4W/m2 which is
acceptable. However 38W T5
lamps are not standard,
instead 35W or 49W can be
considered.
Sensors have been
considered for showers and
toilets, and stairs with
pushbutton timer switches.
However the light fixture
schedule doesnt indicate the

Energy Management Services Int.

Drawing No. E002, Legend,

General notes & List of
abbreviations dated
September, 2012.
Already provided with Noted Noted in the Sep12
drawings issue.
Occupancy Sensors.

The fixtures used in the WC

area are 1x32W CFL. Refer
Drawing No
E002 & E3RECG1.
Gym, Table Tennis and
waiting areas are provided
with occupancy
sensors as per client
comments on drawing
E3RECG1 dated June
2012.
Refer Drawing No.
E3RECG1 dated sept 2012.

Acceptable. Noted in the

Sep12 drawings issue.

Sensors are considered in

the Sep12 drawings issue.
Daylight is limited to that
through windows

Noted in the Sep12

The gym, prayer hall and
drawings issue.
library area lighting are not
with 2x38W T5 instead
these areas are lit with
3x35W T5 Luminaires.
Refer Drawing No E3RECG1
dated sept 2012.
Occupancy sensor for the
toilet/ shower & timer
switches for the stair case
has already been provided.
Wattage for toilet fixtures
are
mentioned in the drawing
E002, Legend, General
notes & List of

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1.6
1.6.1

1.6.2

wattage for the specified CFL

fixtures for the showers and
toilets.
Restaurant/Guard
House/Visitor Lounge
Lighting
Since lighting is not designed
yet for the Restaurant/Guard
House/Visitor Lounge, the
following design
considerations
are recommended;
_ Dining Hall Compact
fluorescent/T5 with time
schedule
_ Toilets Compact
fluorescent/LED with sensors
_ Preparation/Dish wash T5
with time schedule
_ Laundry T5 with time
schedule
_ Kitchens/Pantry T5 with
time schedule
_ Offices T5 with
sensors/time schedule
_ Supermarket T5/LED with
time schedule
_ Security Area T5
_ Visitor Lounge T5 and
daylight system (sun
pipes/skylight)
The restaurants dining; dry
store, flour store,
preparation
and bread production areas
are designed with 4x38W T5
lights with louvers. The IP
rating should be specified for
these lights. The toilets are
with CFL and sensors. The
manager office lighting is

Energy Management Services Int.

abbreviations

Lighting layouts for the

Restaurant/Guard
House/Visitor Lounge have
already been prepared.
Refer Drawings E3RESG1,
E3RES01, E3RHG1, and
E3VLG1 dated September
2012.
These areas are designed
with T5 Fluorescent
luminaires & CFL
Down lights by using
occupancy sensors as per
client comments and
recommendations.

Noted in the Sep12

drawings issue.

Restaurants dining; dry

store, flour store,
preparation and bread
production areas are not
designed with 4x38W T5
instead these areas are
designed with 3x35W T5 &
2x 35W T5 luminaries.
Refer drawing No.
E3ResG1 & E3RES01

Noted in the Sep12

drawings issue.

Page 8 of 45

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with
4x4W T5 which should be
4x14WT5.

1.6.3

1.6.4

1.7

1.8

For the rest house and guard

room, the bedroom lighting
is of 2x38W T5. 38W T5
lamps are not standard,
instead 35W can be
considered. The security area
lighting of
4x4W T5 to be respecified
as 4x14W T5.
For the visitor lounge and
supermarket, 2x38W T5 and
4x4W T5 lights are specified
respectively. 38W T5 lamps
are not standard, instead
35W can be considered. and
4x4W T5 to be respecified
as 4x14W T5.
Additional points on Lighting
Electronic ballasts are
considered in the
specification for most
lighting.
Since most common areas
are considered with sensors,
this will ensure lights will be
switched off while the areas
are unoccupied.
LV Panel Construction
All main LV Panels are
recommended to be of Form
4,
Type2 while SMDBs could be

Energy Management Services Int.

dated sept 2012.

IP Rating for all the light
fixtures are mentioned in
the drawing Eo02 dated
sept 2012.
Manager office lighting is
with 2x35W T5. Refer
drawing No. E3Res G1
dated Sep 2012.
Rest house, guard room,
security areas are provided
with 2x35W T5 fixtures.
Refer Drawing E3RHG1
dated sept 2012.

Noted in the Sep12

drawings issue.

Visitor lounge and

supermarket are lit using
2x35W T5 fixtures. Refer
Drawing No. E3VLG1.

Noted in the Sep12

drawings issue.

Already complied in the last

submittal

Noted.

It is clear in our
specifications. We are using
NFPA system for our
Panel boards and not IEC
system using Forms for

Noted.

Page 9 of 45

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of Form 2 construction.
The form and type of panel
construction in not clear
from the specifications.

1.9

2.0
2.2.1

protection. Please
refer to our LV Switchgear
specifications. Form4, Type
LV panels
and Form2 are expensive
due to additional materials
required
inside the panel boards or
SMDB
Capacitor Banks
The size of the capacitor
The three transformers
bank is calculated as per the
(MDBs) are provided with
code, taking
into consideration the
450
various loads connected to
KVAR, 450 KVAR and 500
each transformer
KVAR power factor
and to achieve target power
correction capacitor banks
factor of 0.93.
respectively. Since the
demand load on
The proposed initial power
this transformers is less than factor differs according to
the load type.
1000 kW, and considering
the system load power factor The capacitor bank is steps
will be >0.85, the to achieve detuned type, and the
a target power factor of 0.93, controller will add
the Capacitor banks required the required value according
to the actual load power
is around 225 KVAR. A 330
factor.
KVAR will maintain a power
factor > 0.95. It is suggested
to Optimize the capacitor
bank size accordingly.
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
The designer considered a
According to Alfanar
unified factor of 1000 Btu/
management requirements
m2
and site survey for the
for sizing the different
existing Labor camp the new
evaporative cooling units
HVAC design Matching with
without
the existing Camp and as per
any consideration to the
ASHRAE code the
different application as
evaporating
following:
Cooling depend on zone
Also the designer provided
area, and the application
another calculation sheet
type not effect here,

Energy Management Services Int.

Using a higher capacity

automatic correction
capacitor banks will result in
higher cost.

EMS is fully aware and

agrees that choosing the
evaporating coolers was
Alfanar management
decision; but EMS des-agree
with designer when he said
that (as per ASHRAE code
the evaporating Cooling
depend on zone area, and
the application type not
effect here) because
ASHRAE handbook 2007
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APD70

based
on ASHRAE 2007 handbook
shows that the CFM/m2 is a
bout 94 which is almost the
same result that has been
gotten form the first
assumption.
2.2.1.1 using the Hourly Analysis
Program (HAP 3.34) that was
developed by Carrier; EMS
conducted a detailed load
calculations for the Library
and the Internet hall .

2.2.1.1 From the above table; the

area of Library and Internet
hall
is 364.7 m2 and its sensible
cooling load is 68.5 kW and
coil
load is 86.9 kW,
Leaving Air Temp (LAT) = DB
((DB WB) * Efficiency)
= 115 (115 68) * 0.85 =

Energy Management Services Int.

because in desert cooler

there in no Cooling coil, but
its depend on water
vaporization to make stream
cold air.
you can Check ASHRAE
Application

mentioned under the

Evaporative Cooling section
page 51.9 that coolers
capacity might be
determined from standard
heat gain calculations.

We cant using ( HAP

Program ) to calculate the
desert cooler
Load , Because there is no
Cooling Coil , So that there is
No Latent Heat or Sensible
Heat ,

- As mentioned above
ASHRAE handbook 2007
mentioned at 51.9 that
coolers capacity might be
determined from standard
heat gain calculations.
The evaporation process
will act as the cooling coil to
remove the sensible heat
from the space.

Also your HAP Calculation

Based on incorrect area for
Library and Internet hall its
364.7m2 ,but the true are is
343.8 m2 , also your
Calculation Based on
outdoor air in Riyadh (
Tdb=44 C &Twb =25 C) but
as per ASHRAE Standard the
outdoor air in Riyadh is (
Tdb=44 C &Twb=17.8 C) .

-The designer note about the

library area is noted.

EMS Provided (HAP

Calculations) as showing ,the
Sensible and Latent Cooling
Load its strange to know
that the evaporating Cooling
cant overcome the Latent
Heat So, Please Check your
calculations mentioned
above as per new notes.
Because the parameters

EMS; in this example

followed ASHRAE
recommendations by
conducting a detailed
cooling load calculations for
the library to know:
-The actual cooling
requirements.
- The air flow which is
calculated based on sensible
load only.

-The designer note about dry

and wet bulb temp is noted
although considering the
reduced wet bulb temp will
reduce the total cooling load
to 66.7 kW instead of 86.9
kW as per EMS example.

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75.05
Air Flow= Sensible heat load
/ (1.08 * (84.5 75.05) CFM
= 22,900 CFM
The designer calculations for
the same area show that the
required air flow of the
evaporative cooling unit is
29,500 CFM..
CFM / m2 = 22,900/364.7 =
62.8
From the above; it is clear
that the CFM requirements
based on actual cooling load
calculations are 36 % less
than
that considered by the
designer
2.2.1.1 In detailed calculations of
heat load are not
economically
justified; one method of
several estimates gives
satisfactory results. In this
method, the difference
between
dry bulb design temperature
and coincident wetbulb
temperature multiplied by
10 is equal to the number of
seconds needed for each air
change.
Applying this on the same
Library and Internet hall:
2.3
the main duct sizing based
on the designer calculations
for
the library and Internet hall
(29,500 CFM) is (1900 * 750
mm) and the air velocity is
12.3 m/sec; while the main

Energy Management Services Int.

which you used incorrect.

Nobody claims that

evaporative cooling will
overcome the latent heat;
simply because its a
humidifying process needed
to overcome the gained
sensible load inside the
space.

The CFM which calculated

from your side this is the
flow rate
required for ventilation not
for air conditioning, So we
cant
compare your calculations
with our Calculations

Anybody aware of the HAP

program knows that the
output of this program will
give both the fresh
(ventilation) air and the
system air quantities.

the main duct air velocity for

the desert cooler which
located in library and
Internet hall is ( 10.4 m/s =
2000 f/m ) & friction loss
is0.73 Pa/m = 0.09w.g/100
ft) this values based on

Reducing the evaporative

coolers sizes will reduce the
air flow and hence the main
duct sizes will be reduced
and the problem resulting
from small shafts or risers
will be eliminated.

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2.5
2.5.2
(A)

2.5.2
(B)

duct
sizing based on the
suggested air flow (22,900
CFM) will be
(1500 * 750 mm) with air
velocity of 9.6 m/sec.
EMS recommends the
designer revisiting the duct
sizing
area to recalculate the duct
dimensions for each area
based on the new
evaporative coolers adjusted
air flow.
STEAM SYSTEM
EMS desagrees with pipe
sizing as it was considered
based on pressure drop of
150
Pa/m; while ASHRAE
Fundamentals handbook
recommends a pressure drop
of 450 to1100 Pa/m for such
boiler pressure, applying
this; then the main pipe
diameter from the boiler
should be
maximum 40 mm instead of
50 mm
the steam boiler which is
considered as correct action;
but the layouts didnt show
any collections for the
condensate
return line from the main
steam line or from the steam
end users to the tank, taking
into consideration that this
condensate water is 100%
pure hot water; collecting it
and returning it to the feed

Energy Management Services Int.

Ashrea
recommendation to prevent
the noise , but in Residential
buildings
( LT1,LT2) there are some
HVAC risers has high velocity
because
available Architecture shaft
in the building not sufficient
for
HVAC work, this assumption
regarding to Alfanar
management agreement.

It is clear that the designer

didnt comment on the
other 2 calculations
methods provided by EMS
that adopts almost the
same way of calculating
the evaporative coolers
capacity and resulted in
50% of air flow reduction
than designer
calculations????

Sizing is based on Maximum

allowable velocity limit of 20
m/sec for medium pressure
steam which yields 50 mm
Pipe Di The designer
equipments schedule shows
the need for installing 2 air
compressors 18ameter.
Also, Higher velocities in
pipes will give rise to high
noises. Therefore, we tried
to limit velocity

2 steam boilers and not 2 air

compressors are suggested
to be installed; but laundry
equipments list shows the
need of 564 kg of steam
which means that one boiler
only will be operational and
the second will be stand-by.

Layout shows a TCV

(Temperature control valve)
on 1 live steam line coming
from boiler for preheating
water in Feed Water Tank.
Yes there is no condensate
collection system as there
was no recoverable
condensate from laundry
equipments. Condensate to
be collected from lines will
not be sufficient enough for

EMS; des-agree with the

designer reply; as more than
60% of the steam will be
used in tumblers dryers
through heat exchangers; all
the condensate from the
tumblers and from the main
steam line can be collected
and returned back to the
steam boiler feed water tank.
Condensate water quantity
estimated to be more than
1m3/hr (water cost + water

Un Scientific and
unconvinced justification.

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2.6
2.6.1

3.0
3.1.7

water tank will reduce the

preheating costs, the water
treatment costs and the
water costs.
COMPRESSED AIR
SYSTEM
The designer equipments
schedule shows the need for
installing 2 air compressors
18 CFM each at 115 PSIG,
one
operational while the other
is standby, while his
calculations according to
laundry equipments shows
that
the compressed air
requirements is 18 CFM by
considering
5% only as safety factor and
part of that requirements is
at
115 PSIG.
PLUMBING SYSTEM
SOLAR WATER HEATERS:
Although the drawings show
the location of solar water
heaters on the roof of
different buildings; the
designer
didnt mention anything
about the surface area of
these
solar water heaters or about
its capacity, or its piping
network.

Energy Management Services Int.

economical pre heating of

water.

treatment cost+ fuel cost)

Noted (It was as per

recommendation from
equipment suppliers)

Solar water heater selection

shall be based on
manufacture/supplier
recommendation since each
manufacturer has its own
parameters and constraints.

noted

Page 14 of 45

APD70

INTRODUCTION

Energy Management Services Emirates (EMS) is pleased to submit this preliminary

Energy Value Analysis Report for the proposed APD70 (labor camp project at Al- Kharj RoadRiyadh) in KSA. This report aims to review the preliminary design drawings for the project
and subsequently provide feedback and design guidelines/changes that can be considered in
the designs where applicable.
The findings of the report are based on the data and drawings provided by DAR engineering.
All major areas in air-conditioning, lighting and power were explored in fulfillment of the
following Tasks as detailed in the scope of our services;
Task 10 Optimize Water & Waste Water Systems Designs
Task 20 Energy Value Analysis of Electrical Systems
Task 30 Energy Value Analysis of Lighting Systems
Task 40 Energy Value Analysis of Cooling Systems
Task 50 Investigate the Feasibility of Introducing Renewable Energy Techniques

Energy Management Services Int.

Page 15 of 45

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EMS Comments and Recommendations

Energy Management Services Int.

Page 16 of 45

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1.0

Electrical Systems

1.1

Electrical Codes

Preliminary Recommendation
The Designer has referenced electrical/lighting codes and standards, such as IESNA, NEC
and Saudi Arabian Std. Organization.
The following are some of the additional standards/codes that are recommended to be
referenced;

Saudi Energy Conservation Code

Saudi Electric Codes

ASHRAE 90.1

The major areas of the building are addressed in this section as to the specific standards
requirement, Consultants design considerations and EMS comments/recommended
technologies and control strategies;
Detail Phase Comment
The above standards are preferred to be referenced in the specification document.

1.2

Connected Load

The following observations are noted in the review of available information on lighting layouts
and power layouts of Labor Type 1(LT1), Technician Type1 (TT1) and Technician Type2 (TT2)
blocks;
1. Lighting densities
Preliminary Recommendation

Energy Management Services Int.

Page 17 of 45

APD70

The lighting points of 2x26W compact fluorescent downlights provided in rooms results
in lighting density of approx 10 watts/sqm. Each typical room is provided with 4
downlights in the bedroom.
It is recommended to reduce the number of light point in the bedroom from 4Nos. to
2Nos for LT1 and the same for TT1 & TT2 but with addition of 1No. Downlight in the
entrance area. This will reduce the number of fixtures and hence the connected load.
Detail Phase Comment
The light points of 2x26W CFL downlights has been reduced to 18W CFL downlights
keeping the number of light points same. This will effectively reduce the lighting power
density.

2. Power density
Preliminary Recommendation
There are 4 Nos of twin sockets provided for each bedroom. This results in a socket density of 78
Watts (VA)/m2. Considering that the rooms are provided with multiple beds, it is recommended
to provide one single socket per bed with a minimum of two sockets per bedroom. This will reduce
the socket density by over 50%.
It is recommended to re-visit the number/type of sockets considered in the bedrooms in line with
the design occupancy and bedroom layouts.
Detail Phase Comment
EMS recommendation was not implemented in the detail design.

1.3

Labor Type 1 & 2 / Technician Type 1 & 2 Lighting

The current lighting for the areas within the accommodation blocks is as follows;
1. Hallways

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Preliminary Recommendation
The lighting provided is of 4 ft. linear fittings spaced approx 5m apart. The specifications
of the fixtures are not available. While LT1 hallway lighting is provided with occupancy
sensors, no sensors are shown in the TT1, and TT2.
The following strategies are recommended for all hallways;

Consider 2x35W T5 fluorescent

Occupancy sensors for all hallways.

Detail Phase Comment

T5 fluorescent with sensors has been considered for most hallways except that the
wattage shown in light fixture schedule is 4x4 Watts and conventional control gear. The
wattage should be 4x14W and with electronic control gear.

2. Rooms
Preliminary Recommendation
Refer to section 1.2 above
Detail Phase Comment
Refer to section 1.2 above.
3. Common Toilets
Preliminary Recommendation
The common toilets of LT1 are provided with 2x26W compact fluorescent downlight for
the general areas and WC areas. The mirror lighting is with 1x26W compact fluorescent
wall mount globe light. Occupancy sensors control the lighting in LT1 only.
The following is recommended for toilets;

The WC areas to have either 1x26W or 2x13W compact fluorescent downlight in

place of the current 2x26W.

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Detail Phase Comment

The wattage of toilet lights is not indicated on the drawings/specifications.
4. Stairs
Preliminary Recommendation
The lighting in stairs is not specified yet.
The following is recommended for the stairs;

2D/circular fluorescent (max 36W) with sensors/push button timer switch or

sensor.

Detail Phase Comment

The specifications show that 43W CFL lights with push button timer switch is considered
for the stairs which is acceptable.

1.4

Rest House lighting

Preliminary Recommendation
Since lighting is not designed yet for the Rest house, the following design considerations are
recommended for the various areas within the Rest house;

Kitchen LED/T5 fluorescent with occupancy sensor

Living Dimmable LED

Toilet LED / compact fluorescent with sensors

Bedroom Compact fluorescent circular / LED with sensor

Detail Phase Comment

The security area and living area lighting shown is 4x4 Watts T5. The wattage should be
4x14W.
The bedroom lighting is of 2x38W T5. 38W T5 lamps are not standard, instead 35W can be
considered.

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1.5

Recreation lighting

Preliminary Recommendation
The Gym/Tennis/Library/Prayer Hall areas of the Recreation building is designed with
4x26W T5 fixtures with a power density of 5.8W/m2, which seems to be optimum. The
toilets are with 2x26W compact fluorescent downlights.
The following are the recommendations;

Consider sensors and/or time schedule for all above mentioned areas within the
recreation building including the lockers, toilets and stairs.

The WC areas to have either 1x26W or 2x13W compact fluorescent downlight in place
of the current 2x26W

The artificial lighting in sports areas like the gym, table tennis and waiting areas could be
complemented with day lighting elements such as sun pipes/skylights. This will not only
yield lighting savings during daytime but also improve the indoor ambience.

Detail Phase Comment

The gym, prayer hall and library area lighting is of 2x38W T5 with 6m x 3m spacing. The
lighting power density is 8.4W/m2 which is acceptable. However 38W T5 lamps are not
standard, instead 35W or 49W can be considered.
Sensors have been considered for showers and toilets, and stairs with pushbutton timer
switches. However the light fixture schedule doesnt indicate the wattage for the specified
CFL fixtures for the showers and toilets.
Sensors have also been considered for most of the other areas within the building.

1.6

Restaurant/Guard House/Visitor Lounge Lighting

Preliminary Recommendation
Since lighting is not designed yet for the Restaurant/Guard House/Visitor Lounge, the
following design considerations are recommended;

Dining Hall Compact fluorescent/T5 with time schedule

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Toilets - Compact fluorescent/LED with sensors

Preparation/Dish wash T5 with time schedule

Laundry T5 with time schedule

Kitchens/Pantry - T5 with time schedule

Offices T5 with sensors/time schedule

Supermarket T5/LED with time schedule

Security Area T5

Visitor Lounge T5 and daylight system (sun pipes/skylight)

Detail Phase Comment

The type of lighting considered is as per EMS recommendations. However, following are the
comments on the wattages used;
The restaurants dining; dry store, flour store, preparation and bread production areas are
designed with 4x38W T5 lights with louvers. The IP rating should be specified for these lights.
The toilets are with CFL and sensors. The manager office lighting is with 4x4W T5 which
should be 4x14WT5.
For the rest house and guard room, the bedroom lighting is of 2x38W T5. 38W T5 lamps
are not standard, instead 35W can be considered. The security area lighting of 4x4W T5 to
be re-specified as 4x14W T5.
For the visitor lounge and supermarket, 2x38W T5 and 4x4W T5 lights are specified
respectively. 38W T5 lamps are not standard, instead 35W can be considered. and 4x4W
T5 to be re-specified as 4x14W T5.

1.7

Additional points on Lighting

Preliminary Recommendation

All fluorescent fixtures to have H.F. electronic ballast.

All non-emergency interior lighting has to be automatically controlled to turn off during
non-operational hours.

Provide manual override capability for after hours use.

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Detail Phase Comment

Electronic ballasts are considered in the specification for most lighting.
Since most common areas are considered with sensors, this will ensure lights will be
switched off while the areas are unoccupied.

1.8

LV Panel Construction

Preliminary Recommendation
All main LV Panels are recommended to be of Form 4, Type2 while SMDBs could be of Form
2 construction.
Detail Phase Comment.
The form and type of panel construction in not clear from the specifications.

1.9

Capacitor Banks

Preliminary Recommendation
Capacitor banks to be sized to meet the power factor requirement of the Saudi code.
However, it is recommended not to consider a low value for the initial (reference) power
factor in the capacitor bank sizing calculations to avoid oversized capacitor banks.
Detail Phase Comment
The three transformers (MDBs) are provided with 450 KVAR, 450 KVAR and 500 KVAR
power factor correction capacitor banks respectively. Since the demand load on this
transformers is less than 1000 kW, and considering the system load power factor will be
>0.85, the to achieve a target power factor of 0.93, the Capacitor banks required is around
225 KVAR. A 330 KVAR will maintain a power factor > 0.95. It is suggested to optimize the
capacitor bank size accordingly.

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1.10 Metering & Energy Management

Preliminary Recommendation
It is recommended to add communicable meters at major load centers and energy
management software for energy management purposes.
Detail Phase Comment
Same as preliminary phase comments.

2.0 Mechanical Systems

2.1

Mechanical Codes

The following are some of the standards that are recommended to be referenced for the
HVAC designs;

Saudi Energy Conservation Code

Saudi Mechanical Codes

ASHRAE 62.1

ASHRAE 90.1

The above standards are preferred to be referenced in the specification document.

2.2 Air-Conditioning System

2.2.1 Designer Calculations

According to Alfanar management requirements; the designer considers evaporative cooling

system to cool down the different spaces and applications in the labor camp.

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It is well known to everybody that evaporative cooling is energy efficient, environmentally

friendly and cost effective.
The designer considered a unified factor of 1000 Btu/ m2 for sizing the different evaporative
cooling units without any consideration to the different application as following:
Description
2

Area (m )
2

Heat Load (Btu/m )

Heat Load (Btu)
CFM
CFM/m2

One Room

Recreation Building

Restaurant

17

2190

2090

1,000
17,000
1,666

1,000
2,190,000
214,580

1,000
2,090,000
204,782

98

98

98

Also the designer provided another calculation sheet based on ASHRAE 2007 handbook
shows that the CFM/m2 is about 94 which is almost the same result that has been gotten
form the first assumption.
EMS disagree completely with both calculation results provided by the designer as the first
example was built on an exaggerated heat load figure (1000 Btu/m2) and the second
example which is based on ASHRAE 2007 handbook which is applicable for greenhouse
cooling load calculations where the solar radiation represents the major heat gain.
Based on the above results; the below table summarizing the evaporative cooling desert
cooling capacities as provided by the designer:
Building Type
Labor Type 1
Labor Type 2
Recreation Center

Resturant

Utility Building
Visitors Building

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Model
DC-1-LT1
DC-2-LT1
DC-1-LT2
DC-2-LT2
DC-1-REC
DC-1-LAU
DC-2-KIT
DC-3-LAU
DC-4-LAU
DC-5-KIT
DC-5-RES
DC-5-LAU
DC-6-KIT
DC-1-UB
DC-2-UB
DC-1-VL
DC-2-VL

CFM
30,400
19,200
32,000
33,600
29,500
9,000
13,500
16,000
21,000
29,500
29,500
29,500
32,000
8,000
1,600
10,000
6,000

QTY
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
1

kW
13
5.6
13
13
13
13
2.2
3.7
5.6
13
13
13
13
1.3
0.6
1.5
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2.2.1 Suggested Cooling Load Calculations

2.2.1.1 Recommended Cooling Load Calculations Based on ASHRAE

ASHRAE recommends using one of the 2 mentioned below methods to calculate the
evaporative cooling units capacities:
1- Detailed Cooling Load Calculations
Using the Hourly Analysis Program (HAP 3.34) that was developed by Carrier; EMS
conducted a detailed load calculations for the Library and the Internet hall; the following table
summarizing the results:

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From the above table; the area of Library and Internet hall is 364.7 m2 and its sensible
cooling load is 68.5 kW and coil load is 86.9 kW,
Leaving Air Temp (LAT) = DB ((DB WB) * Efficiency)
= 115- (115 68) * 0.85
= 75.05
Air Flow

= Sensible heat load / (1.08 * (84.5 75.05) CFM

= 22,900 CFM

The designer calculations for the same area show that the required air flow of the
evaporative cooling unit is 29,500 CFM..
CFM / m2

= 22,900/364.7 = 62.8

From the above; it is clear that the CFM requirements based on actual cooling load
calculations are 36 % less than that considered by the designer.
The above cooling load is calculated based on the below design parameters:
Wall U value = 0.475 W/m2 oC
Roof U value = 0.425 W/ m2 oC
Windows U value = 1.72 W/ m2 oC
Windows shading Coefficient = 0.29.
Lighting load density = 16.14 W/m2
Electrical Equipments = 30 W/m2
Number of occupants = 102 person seated at rest
(67.4 & 35.2 W/person for sensible and latent heat loads per person).
Fresh air requirements 100%

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2- Based on 2007 ASHRAE Handbook-HVAC Applications Assumption

It is clearly mentioned in this applications handbook that in dry climates, evaporative cooling is
effective at lower air velocities than those required in humid climates. Packaged direct
evaporative coolers are used for residential and commercial application. Coolers capacity
may be determined from standard heat gain calculations as per (ASHREA handbook
Fundamentals).
If detailed calculations of heat load are not economically justified; one method of several
estimates gives satisfactory results. In this method, the difference between dry-bulb design
temperature and coincident wet-bulb temperature multiplied by 10 is equal to the number of
seconds needed for each air change.
Applying this on the same Library and Internet hall:
Dry Bulb Temp (DB) = 45 oC
Wet Bulb Temp (WB) = 20 oC
Seconds needed for one air change = (45 20) *10 = 250 Sec.
Which means that one air change should occur at least every 4.16 minute in the space?
Number of air changes per hour = (60 * 60)/250 = 14.4
Library volume = 364.7 * 4 = 1,459 m3
Air Flow = 1,459 * 14 .4 = 21,010 m3/hr
= 12,396 CFM
Which is about 42 % of designer figure?

2.2.1.2 Based on Evaporative Cooling Design Guidelines Manual.

This manual is prepared by: Continuing Education and Development, Inc.

www.cedengineering.com
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Author: J. D. Palmer, P.E., C.E.M. (NRG Engineering)

Funded By: United States Department of Energy
AND
New Mexico Energy Minerals and Natural Resources Department Energy Conservation and
Management Division
In this manual, the publisher provided a general rule of thumb to check for the evaporative air
coolers sizing based on the quantity of delivered air per unit floor area, or CFM/ft2. This value
is usually between 1.5 (on low speed) to 5 CFM/ ft2 depending on the building conditions,
internal load, insulation values, etc. For instance, an aspen pad cooler serving a poorly
insulated building with no exterior shading and many internal heat sources would typically use
4+ CFM/ ft2, while a rigid media cooler serving a well insulated building with shading on the
southwest, few internal heat sources and low occupancy would use 1.5 CFM/ ft2.
Applying these figures on the Library and Internet hall then;
Minimum air flow = 1.5 * 364.7 *10.76 = 5,886 CFM
Maximum air flow = 5 *364.7 * 10.76 = 19,621 CFM, which represents 66.5% only of the
designer consideration for the same area.
Flow per unit area = CFM/m2 = 54
EMS recommends considering sizing the evaporative cooling units based the air flow
calculated as a result of the detailed cooling load calculations (63 CFM / m2). More air
delivery means larger ducts and more fan energy and may affect the acoustics of the room. If
the airflow is insufficient, comfort cannot be maintained. A good design will include a twospeed fan so that the maximum air flow rate will only be delivered during peak load periods.
Considering this figure; then the required evaporative coolers capacities will be as
summarized in the following table:

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Building Type
Labor Type 1
Labor Type 2
Recreation Center

Resturant

Utility Building
Visitors Building

Model
DC-1-LT1
DC-2-LT1
DC-1-LT2
DC-2-LT2
DC-1-REC
DC-1-LAU
DC-2-KIT
DC-3-LAU
DC-4-LAU
DC-5-KIT
DC-5-RES
DC-5-LAU
DC-6-KIT
DC-1-UB
DC-2-UB
DC-1-VL
DC-2-VL

CFM
19,600
12,400
20,600
21,600
19,000
5,800
8,700
10,300
13,500
19,000
19,000
19,000
20,600
5,200
1,100
6,500
3,900

QTY
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
1

2.3 Supply Duct Sizing.

The main duct sizing based on the designer calculations for the library and Internet hall
(29,500 CFM) is (1900 * 750 mm) and the air velocity is 12.3 m/sec; while the main duct
sizing based on the suggested air flow (22,900 CFM) will be (1500 * 750 mm) with air
velocity of 9.6 m/sec.
EMS recommends the designer revisiting the duct sizing area to re-calculate the duct
dimensions for each area based on the new evaporative coolers adjusted air flow.
Another point that should be raised here that the provided design drawings doesnt show the
engineering solution for exhausting the supplied air quantities from each evaporative cooler, It
is clear that exhaust from toilets will only remove very small fraction of the supply air while
the remaining air will be ex-filtrated though doors and windows.

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2.4 Exhaust Air System.

The designer considered an exhaust air fan of 1200 CFM and an exhaust air duct of (500 *
250 mm) for the toilet, lockers room and changing room next to the Library and Internet Hall.
EMS checked the exhaust air quantities and found it according to ASHRAE 62.1-2007, and
agrees with the suggested fan sizing and exhaust duct dimensions.

2.5 Steam System.

2.5.1 Steam Boiler Sizing.

The designer equipments schedule shows the need for installing 2 steam boilers 626 kg
each, one operational while the other is stand-by, while his calculations according to laundry
equipments requirements shows that the steam requirements is 564 kg after considering
10% as safety factor.
EMS agrees with the designer selection.

2.5.2 Steam Network.

The steam layouts show that the main the steam from the boiler is distributed by a 2 inch
pipe diameter at 150 PSIG,
EMS dis-agrees with pipe sizing as it was considered based on pressure drop of 150 Pa/m;
while ASHRAE Fundamentals handbook recommends a pressure drop of 450 to 1100
Pa/m for such boiler pressure, applying this; then the main pipe diameter from the boiler
should be maximum 40 mm instead of 50 mm.
EMS agrees with 150 PSIG operational pressure as the required steam pressure at the
utility press is 115 PSIG.

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Also steam layouts shows that the water in feed water tank is pre-heated with live steam
before introduced to the steam boiler which is considered as correct action; but the layouts
didnt show any collections for the condensate return line from the main steam line or from
the steam end users to the tank, taking into consideration that this condensate water is
100% pure hot water; collecting it and returning it to the feed water tank will reduce the preheating costs, the water treatment costs and the water costs.
EMS recommends the designer to re-visit this area to collect and direct the condensed water
from all possible points and return it back to the boiler feed water tank.

2.6 Compressed Air System

2.6.1 Air Compressor Sizing.

The designer equipments schedule shows the need for installing 2 air compressors 18 CFM
each

at 115 PSIG, one operational while the other is stand-by, while his calculations

according to laundry equipments shows that the compressed air requirements is 18 CFM by
considering 5% only as safety factor and part of that requirements is at 115 PSIG.
EMS recommends increasing the installed air-compressors capacity by at least 20% to cater
for future expansions and any compressed air leaks, also the operating pressure should be
increased to about 120 PSIG to cater for pressure drop through pipes, fittings and valves.

2.6.2 Compressed Air Network.

The compressed air layouts show that the main the compressed air from the air
compressors is distributed by a 1 inch pipe diameter at 115 PSIG,
EMS agrees with pipe size and as mentioned above; recommends increasing the operational
pressure to 120 PSIG as the required steam pressure at the utility press is 115 PSIG.

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3.0 Plumbing System

3.1 Tanks Capacity

3.1.1 Potable Water Storage Tank Capacity

The designer calculations are based on water consumption of (185 liter/person/day) as

previously recommended by EMS in its preliminary report last May 2012.
The Potable storage water tank capacity is calculated as following:
Occupants requirements = 4860 person * 185 lit/p/day * 0.6 (grey water utilization)
= 540 m3/day
Water consumption for desert coolers = 97.4 m3/day
Water required for Laundry = 38 m3/day.
Total water required = 675.4 m3/day
Storage for 2 days = 1350.8 m3/day
Fire water = 228 m3/day
Total storage capacity for 2 days = 1578.8 m3
EMS agrees on the above mentioned calculations; although desert coolers consumption
should be less due to exaggerated sizing.

3.1.2 Grey Water Collection Tank Capacity

The designer calculations of the grey water collection tank capacity was based on two
sources of waste water,

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The first source was based on considering 4,860 persons, 185 lit/day/person, 60%
waste water discharge factor, and 10% evaporation factor which could secure 486
m3/day.
EMS agrees with designer calculations.

The second source was based on 190 m3/day from kitchen with 80% collection
factor which could secure 152 m3/day.
Although the designer didnt provide any calculations for the water needs of the
restaurant; the considered figure is almost equivalent to the standard international
restaurants figure (35 gallons per seat per day).
Total waste water collection 638 m3/day.
EMS agrees with designer calculations.

3.1.2 Treated Grey Water Storage Tank Capacity

The designer calculation for the treated grey water storage tank capacity was based on two
main consumers:
-

Flushing system: which was calculated based on 4860 persons, 185 lit/day/person
and 40% flushing of total daily demand, which could consume (360 m3/day).
EMS agrees with designer calculations.

Irrigation system: which was calculated based on considering 10 liters per day for
each square meter of covered area and also for each palm tree, which could
consume (115.6 m3/day).

The total water treated consumption = 475.6 m3/day

Remaining treated water = 143.2 m3/day
EMS agrees with designer calculations.

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3.1.3 Soft Water Tank Capacity

The designer calculations for soft water capacity were based on kitchen requirements of 190
m3/day, and drinking water of 1.8 liter/day/person which is equivalent to about 10m3/day.
The total soft water tank capacity considered by the designer is 250 m3.
EMS agrees with designer calculations.

3.1.4 Septic Tanks Capacity

The designer calculation of septic tanks capacity shows the necessity of installing 2 septic
tanks 162 m3 each, the calculations was based on considering 4,860 persons, 185
liter/day/person, 10% evaporation and 40% soil waste factor.
EMS agrees with designer calculations.

3.1.5 Fire Fighting Water and Pump.

The designer considered 228 m3 for fir fighting in his calculations; this as a result of
considering 250 gpm in residential block and 750 gpm for external network.
The calculations shows the need of a fire pump of 1000 gpm, at 250 ft total dynamic head,
and 80 HP motor.
EMS agrees with designer calculations.

3.1.6 Electric Water Heaters..

The provided designer calculations for the hot water storage tanks and electric water
heaters capacity are calculated based on the following assumptions:
Tout

= 60 oC

Tin

= 12 oC

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Demand Factor = Different demand factors based on type of building

Storage Factor = Different storage factors based on type of building
Efficiency

= 0.95

And the results can be summarized in the following table:

Although; EMS agrees with designer calculations of the electric water heaters, we
recommend utilizing the steam to generate the required domestic hot water especially for
the restaurant and for any other close building.

3.1.7 Solar Water Heaters..

Although the drawings show the location of solar water heaters on the roof of different
buildings; the designer didnt mention anything about the surface area of these solar water
heaters or about its capacity, or its piping network.
EMS recommends the designer to re-visit this area to include the above mentioned data on
the drawings and to include it in the BOQ which was not provided with design package.

4.0 The Feasibility of Introducing Renewable Energy Solutions

Renewable energy systems are being used widely overall the world to help in saving the
natural resources and reduce the impact of the fossil fuel burning on the environment by
reducing the emissions or what is now called Green House Gases (GHG).

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Many types and systems of renewable energy are available in the world, the applicability and
the feasibility of these systems depends on many variables that affect the installation and/or
the operation of the renewable energy systems.
In Saudi Arabia, there are some renewable energy systems that could be utilized to reduce
depending on the fossil fuel energy sources. The following systems are applicable in the:
1- Solar thermal water heating system
2- Wind energy systems
3- Solar photovoltaic systems

This report will investigate the feasibility and applicability of the above mentioned systems for
Al-Fanar Head Quarter Building.
It is well known that solar energy is the main renewable energy source especially in the
Middle East area due to high solar radiation in comparison to other areas in the world as
shown in the below figure:
World Solar Radiation

According to RETScreen software; the average daily solar radiation, wind speed and
temperature data for Riyadh region which are based on ground monthly measured data are
shown in the below table:

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Table (1)
. Riyadh ground weather data

4.1 Solar Water Heating

The designer didnt provide any calculations, sizing or selection for the recommended solar
water heaters that are mentioned in the drawings on several buildings roofs
EMS calculations based on Wagner selections for the APD 32 show that:
Domestic water heating cost = 19,980 * 0.26
= 5,195 SAR/yr.
Solar Water Heaters cost

= 35,000 SAR

Pay-Back period: 6.7 yrs.

Wagner selection and other data are shown in the below figures.

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4.2 Solar Photovoltaic Panels

Solar photovoltaic systems (PVs) produce power intermittently due to the lack of the
continuous sun light; therefore back up storage battery shall be used. More electricity is
produced on a clear, sunny day with more intense sunlight and direct light angle. Cloudy days

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can significantly reduce the power output, and of course no power is produced at night. PV
systems work best during summer months since the day is longer and the sun intensity is
higher. Due to these variations between summer and winter, day and night, it is difficult for
PV systems to cover all the needed power, therefore it is advised to be used in conjunction
with utility-supplied electricity.
The generating capacity depends on the PV modules efficiency in converting sunlight to

electricity.
For Al-Fanar Head quarter project, electrical analysis of installing a PV system to supply part
of the buildings load was evaluated by using special PV software
It was assumed that the proposed area for installing the PV panels is on the roof empty
areas away from the equipments shading. All PV modules should be oriented to the south in
order to absorb maximum solar energy with efficient way. The available empty surface area
was not determined yet, therefore, the following estimation is referred to kWh per squared
meters. The following assumptions were considered in the study:
1) The PV panel tilted angle is 20 degree and facing to the south.
2) PV SYST version 4.0 software package was selected in this study.
3) PV module is Si- poly crystalline type with maximum efficiency of 13.4%.
4) Electric Tariff = 0.26 SAR/kWh
5) Standalone (Off-Grid) project cost = 15.0 SAR / W

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PVSYST is a PC software package for the study, sizing, simulation and data analysis of
complete PV systems. It is suitable for grid-connected, stand-alone and DC-grid (public
transport) systems, and offers an extensive meteorological and PV-components database.
The total electrical generation capacity depends on the PV modules efficiency in converting
sunlight to electricity.
It was shown that for off grid project the annual energy supply is 163 kWh / m2 of module,
with electric power of 133.6 Watt /m2 for each module. In other word, the annual delivered
electrical energy from PV modules of total area 100 m2, for example, is about 16.22 MWh.
The proposed above PV arrays produce total electrical power capacity of about 19.73 kWp.
The annual saved in electrical energy = 0.26 SAR/kWh * 163 kWh = SAR 42.4 / m2
The PV cost was estimated and summarized as follows:
The above mentioned systems prices includes solar panels, batteries, inverters and charge
controller.
The capital cost of PV module = SAR 2,000 / m2.
The payback Period = 47.2 years

4.3 Wind Energy

Wind turbines are well known as an electricity generator turbines; it converts the mechanical
wind power into electrical power. Installation of wind turbines usually facing obstacles due to
many factors that affect the applicability of utilizing the wind technology. These factors could
be summarized as follows:
1) The wind potential: it depends on hourly wind speed and the speed fluctuations. Figure (2)
shows the average monthly wind speed for Riyadh, which shows that maximum wind speed is
3.7 m/sec.
2) Windmill noise: The rotation of windmill blades and the internal gears usually generates a
noise sound for the neighbors living close to the windmills.

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APD70

Wind speed and wind speed fluctuations are mainly dictated by physical geography and
vegetation. The ideal site for wind energy generation should offer wind resources with the
following characteristics:

Average annual wind speed above 7 m/s

Minimal Fluctuations (Standard deviation from average wind speed)

Minimal time with wind speeds over 20-25 m/sec.

Table (1) above shows that the average winds speed for Riyadh is less than 7 m/sec.
Moreover, the minimum distance between the wind mill and the surrounding residents
building shall be not less than 10 times the height of the wind mill to avoid the windmill noises.
Since trees and surrounding building are usually considered as major wind obstacles,
therefore, height of the wind turbine should be increased in order to compensate the effect of
these obstacles. It is expected that the height of the wind mill not less than 30 meter to run
with acceptable low air resistance. Then the building should be far from the mill with at least
300 meter. Moreover, the voltage drop and cost of the electric cables will be increase the
wind turbine is installed far from the electricity local network.
Other environmental issue that limits the installation of the wind turbines is its negative
impact on the birds and other native animals on the surrounding environment which cause
the native animals and bird to leave.
Therefore, it is not recommended to install wind turbine at AlFanar Head Quarter project due
to the above obstacles.

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