SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

SYSTEM
400/220KV SHANKERPALLY

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
The more than 4000 Substation Automation (SA) Systems installed worldwide are proof
of the acceptance of such systems and the appreciation of their benefits by the utilities and
industry around the globe. Utilities and industries have long been seeking a global
communication standard to facilitate fully integrated and truly interoperable substation
automation systems. Gaining acceptance worldwide, IEC 61850 is the first and only global
standard that considers all the communication needs within substations.
To understand the main features of IEC 61850-based substation automation systems and
their impact on the specification for such systems, it is important to analyze the evolution and
trends going on around the world. From substation control and protection to Fiber optics based
Substation. Fiber optics based Substation to GSM /CDMA based Substation Automation. From
modern to intelligent Substation Automation System Architectures, Functional Structures,
Application examples, Features and Benefits.
IT based solution for protection and control offer cost effective measures to counteract
large area system disturbances. Effective fault location is mandatory for faster finding and fixing
of problems. Integrated numerical protection & control allows automated power restoration and
load shedding. On-line condition monitoring reduces maintenance costs and enables. Substation
Automation offers a cost effective infrastructure for implementing on-line condition monitoring
of assets.
The general principles of the substation operation have not changed, since their
developing days. Therefore the control and protection tasks remain the same. The objective of
modern substation automation (SA) is to solve these tasks in a more efficient and economical
way by using state of the art information technologies (IT) and to provide more functionality to
work plant and systems harder.

1.2 PROBLEN FORMULATION:

The SAS system shall be comprehensively self-monitored such that faults are
immediately indicated to the operator, possibly before they develop into serious situations. Such
faults are recorded as a faulty status in a system supervision display. This display shall cover the
status of the entire substation including all switchgear, IEDs, communication infrastructure and
remote communication links, and printers at the station level, etc.
Faults and errors occurring in the substation shall be listed in an alarm list and shall be
immediately transmitted to the control centre. The alarm list shall substitute a conventional alarm
tableau, and shall constitute an evaluation of all station alarms. It shall contain unacknowledged
alarms and persisting faults.
So the Substation Automation System shall have the capability to support simultaneous
communications with multiple independent remote master stations.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THESIS:
To understand the main features of IEC 61850-based substation automation systems and
their impact on the specification for such systems, it is important to analyze the evolution and
trends going on around the world. From substation control and protection to fiber optics based
Substation. From modern to intelligent Substation Automation System Architectures, Functional
Structures, Application examples, Features and Benefits.
The typical SAS architecture shall be structured in two levels, i.e. in a station and a bay
level. At bay level, the IEDs shall provide all bay level functions regarding control, monitoring
and protection, inputs for status indication and outputs for commands.
The IEDs should be directly connected to the switchgear without any need for additional
interposition or transducers. Each bay control IED shall be independent from each other and its
functioning shall not be affected by any fault occurring in any of the other bay control units of
the station. The data exchange between the electronic devices on bay and station level shall take
place via the communication infrastructure.
The general principles of the substation operation have not changed, since their
developing days. Therefore the control and protection tasks remain the same. The objective of
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modern substation automation (SA) is to solve these tasks in a more efficient and economical
way by using state of the art information technologies (IT) and to provide more functionality to
work plant and systems harder.
1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS:
In this project we are discussed about some of the important issues in different chapters
like.
Chapter 2: In this chapter we discuss about the substation automation system which is operated
on 400/220KV system. As well as system design, architecture and functional requirements etc.,
Chapter 3: In this chapter discussed about the conventional substation and stages of automation
substation implementations.
Chapter 4: In this chapter discussed about the IEC 61850, fiber optical cables and Ethernet
switches.
Chapter 5: In this chapter discussed overview of SHANKARPALLY SUBSTATION
AUTOMATION SYSTEM 400/220KV.
Chapter 6: Conclusion and future scope utilities have been mentioned in this final chapter
proceeded with required references.

2. SUBSTATION AUTOMATION SYSTEM

2.1 INTRODUCTION:
The substation automation system shall be offered from a manufacturer who must have
designed, manufactured, tested, installed and commissioned substation automation system which
must be in satisfactory operation on 400/220kV system. The Substation Automation System
(SAS) shall be installed to control and monitor all the sub-station equipment from remote control
centre (RCC) as well as from local control centre.
The SAS shall contain the following main functional parts:
Bay control Intelligence Electronic Devices (IED s) for control and monitoring.
Station Human Machine Interface (HMI)
Redundant managed switched Ethernet Local Area Network communication infrastructure with
hot standby.
Gateway for remote control via industrial grade hardware (to RCC) through IEC60870-5-101
protocol.
Remote HMI.
Peripheral equipment like printers, display units, key boards, Mouse etc.
It shall enable local station control via a PC by means of human machine interface (HMI)
and control software package, which shall contain an extensive range of supervisory control and
data acquisition (SCADA) functions. It shall include communication gateway, intelligent
electronic devices (IED) for bay control and inter IED communication infrastructure. An
architecture drawing for SAS is enclosed.
The communication gateway shall facilitate the information flow with remote control
centers. The bay level intelligent electronic devices (IED) for protection and control shall
provide the direct connection to the switchgear without the need of interposing components and
perform control, protection, and monitoring functions.

2.2 SYSTEM DESIGN:

The Substation Automation System (SAS) shall be suitable for operation and monitoring
of the complete substation including future extensions as given in Section-Project. The systems
shall be of the state-of-the art suitable for operation under electrical environment present in extra
high voltage substations, follow the latest engineering practice, and ensure long-term
compatibility requirements and continuity of equipment supply and the safety of the operating
staff. The offered SAS shall support remote control and monitoring from Remote Control centers
via gateways. The system shall be designed such that personnel without any background
knowledge in Microprocessor-based technology are able to operate the system.
The operator interface shall be intuitive such that operating personnel shall be able to
operate the system easily after having received some basic training. The system shall incorporate
the control, monitoring and protection functions specified, self-monitoring, signaling and testing
facilities, measuring as well as memory functions, event recording and evaluation of disturbance
records.
Maintenance, modification or extension of components may not cause a shutdown of the
whole substation automation system. Self-monitoring of components, modules and
communication shall be incorporated to increase the availability and the reliability of the
equipment and minimize maintenance.
Bidder shall offer the Bay level unit (a bay comprises of one circuit breaker and
associated disconnect or, earth switches and instrument Transformer), bay mimic along with
relay and protection panels and PLCC panels (described in other sections of technical
specifications) housed in air-conditioned Switchyard Panel Room suitably located in switchyard
and Station HMI in Control Room building for overall optimization in respect of cabling and
control room building.
2.3 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE:
The SAS shall be based on a decentralized architecture and on a concept of bay-oriented,
distributed intelligence. Functions shall be decentralized, object-oriented and located as close as
Possible to the process.

The typical SAS architecture shall be structured in two levels, i.e. in a station and a bay
level. At bay level, the IEDs shall provide all bay level functions regarding control, monitoring
and protection, inputs for status indication and outputs for commands.
The IEDs should be directly connected to the switchgear without any need for additional
interposition or transducers. Each bay control IED shall be independent from each other and its
functioning shall not be affected by any fault occurring in any of the other bay control units of
the station. The data exchange between the electronic devices on bay and station level shall take
place via the communication infrastructure. This shall be realized using fiber-optic cables,
thereby guaranteeing disturbance free communication. The fiber optic cables shall be run in G . I
conduit pipes. Data exchange is to be realized using IEC 61850 protocol with a redundant
managed switched Ethernet communication infrastructure The communication shall be made in
fault tolerant ring in redundant mode, excluding the links between individual bay IEDs to switch
wherein the redundant connections are not envisaged, such that failure of one set of fiber shall
not affect the normal operation of the SAS. However failure of fiber shall be alarmed in SAS.
Each fiber optic cable shall have four (4) spare fibers at station level; the entire station
shall be controlled and supervised from the station HMI. It shall also be possible to control and
monitor the bay from the bay level equipment at all times. Clear control priorities shall prevent
operation of a single switch at the same time from more than one of the various control levels,
i.e. RCC, station HMI, bay level or apparatus level.
2.4 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS:
The high-voltage apparatus within the station shall be operated from different places:

Remote control centers

Station HMI.

Local Bay controller IED (in the bays)

Operation shall be possible by only one operator at a time. The operation shall depend on the
conditions of other functions, such as interlocking, synchrocheck, etc. (see description inBay
level control functions).

2.4.1 Select-before-execute:
For security reasons the command is always to be given in two stages: selection of the
object and command for operation under all mode of operation except emergency operation.
Final execution shall take place only when selection and command are actuated.
2.4.2 Command supervision Bay/station interlocking and blocking:
Software Interlocking is to be provided to ensure that inadvertent incorrect operation of
switchgear causing damage and accidents in case of false operation does not take place.
In addition to software interlocking hardwired interlocking are to be provided for:
(a) Bus Earth switch Interlocking
(b) Transfer Bus interlocking (if applicable)
It shall be a simple layout, easy to test and simple to handle when upgrading the station
with future bays. For software interlocking the bidder shall describe the scenario while an IED of
another bay is switched off or fails. A software interlock override function shall be provided
which can be enabled to bypass the interlocking function.
2.4.3 Run Time Command cancellation:
Command execution timer (configurable) must be available for each control level
connection. If the control action is not completed within a specified time, the command should
get cancelled.
2.4.4 Self-supervision:
Continuous self-supervision function with self-diagnostic feature shall be included.
2.4.5 User configuration:
The monitoring, controlling and configuration of all input and output logical signals and
binary inputs and relay outputs for all built-in functions and signals shall be possible both locally
and remotely.
The Functional requirement shall be divided into following levels:

a. Bay (a bay comprises of one circuit breaker and associated disconnect or, earth switches and
instrument transformer) Level Functions
b. System Level Functions
2.4.6 Bay level functions:
In a decentralized architecture the functionality shall be as close to the process as
possible. In this respect, the following functions can be allocated at bay level:

Bay control functions including data collection functionality in bay control/protection

unit.

Bay protection functions

Separate IEDs shall be provided for bay control function and bay protection function.
2.4.7. Bay control functions:
2.4.7.1. Overview Functions:

Control mode selection

Select-before-execute principle

Command supervision:
1. Interlocking and blocking
2. Double command

Synchrocheck, voltage selection

Run Time Command cancellation

Transformer tap changer control (Raise and lower of tap ) (for power transformer bays)

Operation counters for circuit breakers and pumps

Hydraulic pump/ Air compressor runtime supervision

Operating pressure supervision through digital contacts only

Breaker position indication per phase

Alarm annunciation

Measurement display

Local HMI (local guided, emergency mode)

2.4.7.2. Control mode selection:

a. Bay level Operation:
As soon as the operator receives the operation access at bay level the operation is
normally performed via bay control IED. During normal operation bay control unit allows the
safe operation of all switching devices via the bay control IED.
b. Emergency Operation:
It shall be possible to close or open the selected Circuit Breaker with ON or OFF push
buttons even during the outage of bay IED.
c. Remote mode:
Control authority in this mode is given to a higher level (Remote Control Centre) and the
installation can be controlled only remotely. Control operation from lower levels shall not be
possible in this operating mode.
2.4.7.3. Synchronism and energizing check:
The synchronism and energizing check functions shall be bay-oriented and distributed to the
bay control and/or protection devices. These features are:

Settable voltage, phase angle, and frequency difference.

Energizing for dead line - live bus, live line - dead bus or dead line dead bus with no
synchro-check function.

Synchronizing between live line and live bus with synchro-check function

2.4.7.4. Voltage selection:

The voltages relevant for the Synchro check functions are dependent on the station
topology, i.e. on the positions of the circuit breakers and/or the isolators. The correct voltage for
synchronizing and energizing is derived from the auxiliary switches of the circuit breakers, the
isolator, and earthing switch and shall be selected automatically by the bay control and protection
IEDs.
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2.4.7.5. Transformer taps changer control:

Raise and lower operation of OLTC taps of transformer shall be facilitated through Bay
controller IED.
2.4.8. Bay protection functions:
The protection functions are independent of bay control function. The protection shall be
provided by separate protection IEDs (numerical relays) and other protection devices as per
section Relay & Protection. IEDs, shall be connected to the communication infrastructure for
data sharing and meet the real-time communication requirements for automatic functions. The
data presentation and the configuration of the various IEDs shall be compatible with the overall
system communication and data exchange requirements.
2.4.8.1. Event and disturbance recording function:
Each IED should contain an event recorder capable of storing at least 200 time-tagged
events. The disturbance recorder function shall be as per detailed in section C&R
2.4.8.2. Bay Monitoring Function:
Analogue inputs for voltage and current measurements shall be connected directly to the
voltage transformers (VT) and the current transformers (CT) without intermediate transducers.
The values of active power (W), reactive power (VAR), frequency (Hz), and the rms values for
voltage (U) and current (I) shall be calculated in the Bay control/protection unit.
2.5. SYSTEM LEVEL FUNCTIONS:
2.5.1. Status supervision:
The position of each switchgear, e.g. circuit breaker, isolator, earthing switch, transformer
tap changer etc., shall be supervised continuously. Every detected change of position shall be
immediately displayed in the single-line diagram on the station HMI screen, recorded in the
event list, and a hard copy printout shall be produced. Alarms shall be initiated in the case of
spontaneous position changes.
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The switchgear positions shall be indicated by two auxiliary switches, normally closed
(NC) and normally open (NO), which shall give ambivalent signals. An alarm shall be initiated if
these position indications are inconsistent or if the time required for operating mechanism to
change position exceeds a predefined limit. The SAS shall also monitor the status of sub-station
auxiliaries. The status and control of auxiliaries shall be done through separate one or more IED
and all alarm and analogue values shall be monitored and recoded through this IED.
2.5.2. Measurements:
The analogue values acquired/calculated in bay control/protection unit shall be displayed
locally on the station HMI and in the control centre. The abnormal values must be discarded. The
analogue values shall be updated every 2 seconds. Threshold limit values shall be selectable for
alarm indications.
2.5.3. Event and alarm handling:
Events and alarms are generated either by the switchgear, by the control IEDs, or by the
station level unit. They shall be recorded in an event list in the station HMI.
Alarms shall be recorded in a separate alarm list and appear on the screen. All, or a freely
selectable group of events and alarms shall also be printed out on an event printer. The alarms
and events shall be time-tagged with a time resolution of 1 ms. The tentative list for various
feeders and systems are enclosed as Annexure-I
2.5.4. Station HMI:
On the HMI the object has to be selected first. In case of a blocking or interlocking
conditions are not met, the selection shall not be possible and an appropriate alarm annunciation
shall occur. If a selection is valid the position indication will show the possible direction, and the
appropriate control execution button shall be pressed in order to close or open the corresponding
object. Control operation from other places (e.g. REMOTE) shall not be possible in this
operating mode.

2.5.4.1. Presentation and dialogues:

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The operator station HMI shall be a redundant with hot standby and shall provide basic
functions for supervision and control of the substation. The operator shall give commands to the
switchgear on the screen via mouse clicks. The HMI shall give the operator access to alarms and
events displayed on the screen. Aside from these lists on the screen, there shall be a printout of
alarms or events in an event log. An acoustic alarm shall indicate abnormalities, and all
unacknowledged alarms shall be accessible from any screen selected by the operator. The
following standard pictures shall be available from the HMI:

Single-line diagram showing the switchgear status and measured values

Control dialogues with interlocking or blocking information details. This control dialogue
shall tell the operator whether the device operation is permitted or blocked.

Measurement dialogues

Alarm list, station / bay-oriented

Event list, station / bay-oriented

System status

2.5.4.2. HMI design principles:

Consistent design principles shall be adopted with the HMI concerning labels, colours,
dialogues and fonts. Non-valid selections shall be dimmed out. The object status shall be
indicated using different status colours for:

Selected object under command

Selected on the screen

Not updated, obsolete values, not in use or not sampled

Alarm or faulty state

Warning or blocked

Update blocked or manually updated

Control blocked

Normal state

2.5.4.3. Process status displays and command procedures:

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The process status of the substation in terms of actual values of currents, voltages,
frequency, active and reactive powers as well as the positions of circuit breakers, isolators and
transformer tap-changers shall be displayed in the station single-line diagram. In order to ensure
a high degree of security against undesired operation, a "select-before-execute" command
procedure shall be provided. After the "selection" of a switch, the operator shall be able to
recognize the selected device on the screen, and all other switchgear shall be blocked.
As communication between control centre and device to be controlled is established, the
operator shall be prompted to confirm the control action and only then final execute command
shall be accepted. After the execution of the command the operated switching symbol shall
flash until the switch has reached its new position. The operator shall be in a position to execute
a command only, if the switch is not blocked and if no interlocking condition is going to be
violated. The interlocking statements shall be checked by the interlocking scheme implemented
at bay and station level. After command execution the operator shall receive a confirmation that
the new switching position has been reached or an indication that the switching procedure was
unsuccessful with the indication of the reason for non-functioning.
2.5.4.4. System supervision & display:
The SAS system shall be comprehensively self-monitored such that faults are
immediately indicated to the operator, possibly before they develop into serious situations. Such
faults are recorded as a faulty status in a system supervision display. This display shall cover the
status of the entire substation including all switchgear, IEDs, communication infrastructure and
remote communication links, and printers at the station
Level, etc.
2.5.4.5. Event list:
The event list shall contain events that are important for the control and monitoring of the
substation. The event and associated time (with1 ms resolution) of its occurrence has to be
displayed for each event.
The chronological event list shall contain:

Position changes of circuit breakers, isolators and earthing devices

Indication of protective relay operations

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Fault signals from the switchgear

Indication when analogue measured values exceed upper and lower limits. Suitable provision
shall be made in the system to define two level of alarm on either side of the value or which
shall be user defined for each measured.

Loss of communication.
Filters for selection of a certain type or group of events shall be available. The filters shall

be designed to enable viewing of events grouped per:

Date and time

Bay

Device

Function e.g. trips, protection operations etc.

Alarm class

2.5.4.6. Alarm list:

Faults and errors occurring in the substation shall be listed in an alarm list and shall be
immediately transmitted to the control centre. The alarm list shall substitute a conventional alarm
tableau, and shall constitute an evaluation of all station alarms. It shall contain unacknowledged
alarms and persisting faults. The date and time of occurrence shall be indicated. The alarm list
shall consist of a summary display of the present alarm situation. Each alarm shall be reported on
one line that contains:

The date and time of the alarm

The name of the alarming object

A descriptive text

The acknowledgement state.

Whenever an alarm condition occurs, the alarm condition must be shown on the alarm list

and must be displayed in a flashing state along with an audible alarm.

2.5.4.7. Object picture:
When selecting an object such as a circuit breaker or isolator in the single-line diagram, the
associated bay picture shall be presented first. In the selected object picture, all attributes like
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Type of blocking

Authority

Local / remote control

RSCC / SAS control

Errors shall be displayed.

2.5.4.8. Control dialogues:

The operator shall give commands to the system by means of mouse click located on the
single-line diagram. Data entry is performed with the keyboard. Dedicated control dialogues for
controlling at least the following devices shall be available:

Breaker and disconnect or

Transformer tap-changer

2.5.5. User-authority levels:

It shall be possible to restrict activation of the process pictures of each object (bays,
apparatus...) within a certain user authorization group. Each user shall then be given access rights
to each group of objects, e.g.:

Display only

Normal operation (e.g. open/close of switchgear)

Restricted operation (e.g. by-passed interlocking)

System administrator

For maintenance and engineering purposes of the station HMI, the following authorization
levels shall be available:

No engineering allowed

Engineering/configuration allowed

Entire system management allowed

2.5.6. Reports:
The reports shall provide time-related follow-ups of measured and calculated values. The
data displayed shall comprise:
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1. Trend reports:

Day (mean, peak)

Month (mean, peak)

Semi-annual (mean, peak)

Year (mean, peak)

2. Historical reports of selected analogue Values:

Day (at 15 minutes interval)

Week

Month

Year

It shall be possible to select displayed values from the database in the process display online. Scrolling between e.g. days shall be possible. Unsure values shall be indicated. It shall be
possible to select the time period for which the specific data are kept in the memory. Following
printouts shall be available from the printer and shall be
Printed on demand:
i. Daily voltage and frequency curves depicting time on X-axis and the appropriate parameters
on the Y-axis. The time duration of the curve is 24 hours.
ii. Weekly trend curves for real and derived analogue values.
iii. Printouts of the maximum and minimum values and frequency of occurrence and duration of
maximum and minimum values for each analogue parameter for each circuit in 24 hr period.
iv. Provision shall be made for logging information about breaker status like number of operation
with date and time indications along with the current vale it interrupts (in both condition i.e.
manual opening and fault tripping)
v. Equipment operation details shift wise and during 24 hours.
vi. Printout on adjustable time period as well as on demand for MW, MVAR, Current, Voltage on
each feeder and transformer as well as Tap Positions, temperature and status of pumps and fans
for transformers.
vii. Printout on adjustable time period as well as on demand system frequency and average
frequency.
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viii. Reports in specified formats which shall be handed over to successful bidder. The bidder has
to develop these reports. The reports are limited to the formats for which data is available in the
SAS database.
2.5.7. Trend display (historical data):
It shall be possible to illustrate all types of process data as trends input and output data,
binary and analogue data. The trends shall be displayed in graphical form as column or curve
diagrams with a maximum of 10 trends per screen. Adjustable time span and scaling ranges must
be provided. It shall be possible to change the type of value logging (direct, mean, sum, or
difference) on-line in the window. It shall also be possible to change the update intervals on-line
in the picture as well as the selection of threshold values for alarming purposes.
2.5.8. Automatic disturbance file transfer:
All recorded data from the IEDs with integrated disturbance recorder as well as dedicated
disturbance recording systems shall be automatically uploaded (event triggered or once per day)
to a dedicated computer and be stored on the hard disc.
2.5.9. Disturbance analysis:
The PC-based work station shall have necessary software to evaluate all the required
information for proper fault analysis.
2.5.10. IED parameter setting:
It shall be possible to access all protection and control IEDs for reading the parameters
(settings) from the station HMI or from a dedicated monitoring computer.
2.6. GATEWAY:
2.6.1 Communication Interface:
The Substation Automation System shall have the capability to support simultaneous
communications with multiple independent remote master stations.
The Substation Automation System shall have communication ports as follows:
(a) Two ports for Remote Control Centre
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(b) Two ports for Regional System Coordination Centre (RSCC)

The communication interface to the SAS shall allow scanning and control of defined
points within the substation automation system independently for each control centre. The
substation automation system shall simultaneously respond to independent scans and commands
from employer's control centers (RCC & RSCC). The substation automation system shall support
the use of a different communication data exchange rate (bits per second), scanning cycle, and/or
communication protocol to each remote control centre. Also, each control centres data scan and
control commands may be different for different data points within the substation automation
system's database.
2.6.2 Remote Control Centre Communication Interface:
Employer will supply communication channels between the Substation Automation
System and the remote control centre. The communication channels provided by Employer will
consist either of power line carrier, microwave, optical fiber, VSAT or leased line, the details of
which shall be provided during detailed Engineering.
2.6.3 Interface equipment:
The Contractor shall provide interface equipment for communicating between Substation
Automation system and Remote control centre and between Substation Automation system and
Regional System Coordination Centre (RSCC). However, the communication channels available
for this purpose are specified in section project. In case of PLCC communication any modem
supplied shall not require manual equalization and shall include self-test features such as manual
mark/space keying, analogue loop-back, and digital loop-back.
The modems shall provide for convenient adjustment of output level and receive
sensitivity. The modem should be stand alone complete in all respects including power supply to
interface the SAS with communication channel. The configuration of tones and speed shall be
programmable and maintained in non-volatile memory in the modem. All necessary hardware
and software shall also be in the scope of bidder except the communication link along with
communication equipment between substation control room and Remote Control Centre.
2.6.4 Communication Protocol:
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The communication protocol for gateway to control centre must be open protocol and
shall support IEC 60870-5-101 and IEC 61850 for all levels of communication for sub-station
automation such as Bay to station HMI, gateway to remote station etc..

2.7 SYSTEM HARDWARE:

2.7.1 Redundant Station HMI, Remote HMI and Disturbance Recorder Work station:
The contractor shall provide redundant station HMI in hot standby mode. The servers
used in these work stations shall be of industrial grade. It shall be capable to perform all
functions for entire substation including future requirements as indicated in the SLD. It shall use
industrial grade components. Processor and RAM shall be selected in such a manner that during
normal operation not more than 30% capacity of processing and memory are used. Supplier shall
demonstrate these features. The capacity of hard disk shall be selected such that the following
requirement should occupy less than 50% of disk space:
1. Storage of all analogue data (at 15 Minutes interval) and digital data including alarm , event
and trend data for thirty(30) days,
2. Storage of all necessary software,
3. 20GB space for OWNER'S use. Supplier shall demonstrate that the capacity of hard disk is
sufficient to meet the above requirement.
2.7.2 HMI (Human Machine Interface):
The VDU shall show overview diagrams (Single Line Diagrams) and complete details of
the switchgear with a colour display. All event and alarm annunciation shall be selectable in the
form of lists. Operation shall be by a user friendly function keyboard and a cursor positioning
device. The user interface shall be based on WINDOWS concepts with graphics & facility for
panning, scrolling, zooming, decluttering etc.
2.7.3 Visual Display Units/TFT's (Thin Film Technology):
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The display units shall have high resolution and reflection protected picture screen. High
stability of the picture geometry shall be ensured. The screen shall be at least 21" diagonally in
size and capable of colour graphic displays. The display shall accommodate resolution of 1280 X
1024 pixels.

2.7.4 Printer:
It shall be robust & suitable for operation with a minimum of 132 characters per line. The
printing operation shall be quiet with a noise level of less than 45 dB suitable for location in the
control room. Printer shall accept and print all ASCII characters via master control computer unit
interface. The printer shall have in built testing facility. Failure of the printer shall be indicated in
the Station HMI.
The printer shall have an off line mode selector switch to enable safe maintenance. The
maintenance should be simple with provisions for ease of change of print head, ribbon changing,
paper insertion etc. All reports and graphics prints shall be printed on laser printer. One dot
matrix printer shall be exclusively used for hourly log printing. All printers shall be continuously
online.
2.7.5 Mass Storage Unit:
The mass storage unit shall be built-in to the Station HMI. All operational measured
values, and indications shall be stored in a mass-storage unit in form of DVD RW The unit
should support at least Read (48X), Write (24X), and Re-Write (10X) operations, with MultiSession capability.
It should support ISO9660, Rockbridge and Joliet File systems. It should support
formatting and use under the operating system provided for Station HMI. The monthly back up
of data shall be taken on disc. The facility of back up of data shall be inherent in the software.
2.7.6 Switched Ethernet Communication Infrastructure:
The bidder shall provide the redundant switched optical Ethernet communication
infrastructure for SAS One switch shall be provided to connect all IEDs in one diameter of each
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765 and 400kV yard and for two bays of 220kV yard to communication infrastructure. Each
switch shall have at least two spare ports for connecting bay level IEDs and one spare port for
connecting station bus.
2.8 BAY LEVEL UNIT:
The bay unit shall use industrial grade components. The bay level unit, based on
microprocessor technology, shall use numerical techniques for the calculation and evaluation of
externally input analogue signals. They shall incorporate select-before-operate control principles
as safety measures for operation via the HMI. They shall perform all bay related functions, such
as control commands, bay interlocking, data acquisition, data storage, event recording and shall
provide inputs for status indication and outputs for commands. They shall be directly connected
to the switchgear. The bay unit shall acquire and process all data for the bay (Equipment status,
fault indications, measured values, alarms etc.) and transmit these to the other devices in substation automation system. In addition, this shall receive the operation commands from station
HMI and control centre.
The bay unit shall have the capability to store all the data for at least 24 hours. One no.
Bay level unit shall be provided for supervision and control of each 765, 400 and 220 kV bay (a
bay comprises of one circuit breaker and associated disconnected, earth switches and instrument
transformer). The Bay level unit shall be equipped with analogue and binary inputs/outputs for
handling the control, status monitoring and analogue measurement functions.
All bay level interlocks are to be incorporated in the Bay level unit so as to permit control
from the Bay level unit/ local bay mimic panel, with all bay interlocks in place, during
maintenance and commissioning or in case of contingencies when the Station HMI is out of
service. The bay control unit to be provided for the bays shall be preferably installed in the CB
relay panel/feeder protection panel for respective bay. Further in case of one and half breaker
schemes, the BCU for Tie CB shall be provided in Tie CB relay panel.
The tie CB relay panel shall also house the Ethernet switch (es) to be provided for the
diameter. The bay control unit for future bay (if required as per section project) shall be installed
in a separate panel. The Bay level unit shall meet the requirements for withstanding
electromagnetic interference according to relevant parts of IEC 61850. Failure of any single

22

component within the equipment shall neither cause unwanted operation nor lead to a complete
system breakdown.
2.8.1. Input/output (I/O) modules:
The I/O modules shall form a part of the bay level unit and shall provide coupling to the
substation equipment. The I/O modules shall acquire all switchgear information (i.e. data coming
directly from the switchgear or from switchgear interlocking devices) and transmit commands
for operation of the switchgear. The measured values of voltage and current shall be from the
secondaries of instrument transformers. The digital inputs shall be acquired by exception with 1
ms resolution. Contact bouncing in digital inputs shall not be assumed as change of state
2.9 SWITCHYARD PANEL ROOM:
The switchyard panel room shall be constructed to house Bay level units, bay mimic,
relay and protection panels, PLCC panels etc. one each for a diameter in 765/400kVsub-station
and for two bays in 220kV Level. In case of incomplete diameter the switchyard panel room
shall have necessary space for accommodating the future bay IEDs. The layout of
equipment/panel shall be subject to Owners approval. The switchyard panel room shall be
provided with necessary illuminations, fire alarm system with at least two detectors with
necessary power supply.
The detailed constructional requirement of switchyard panel room is detailed in section
civil of technical specification and air conditioning requirement of switchyard panel room shall
be as detailed in section Air conditioning system of technical specification. The air conditioner
provided in switchyard panel room shall be monitored from substation automation system.
2.10 EXTENDIBILITY IN FUTURE:
Offered substation automation system shall be suitable for extension in future for
additional bays. During such requirement, all the drawings and configurations, alarm/event list
etc. displayed shall be designed in such a manner that its extension shall be easily performed by
the employer. During such event, normal operation of the existing substation shall be unaffected
and system shall not require a shutdown.

23

The contractor shall provide all necessary software tools along with source codes to
perform addition of bays in future and complete integration with SAS by the user. These
software tools shall be able to configure IED, add additional analogue variable, alarm list, event
list, modify interlocking logics etc. for additional bays/equipment which shall be added in future.
2.11 SOFTWARE STRUCTURE:
The software package shall be structured according to the SAS architecture and strictly
divided in various levels. Necessary firewall shall be provided at suitable points in software to
protect the system. An extension of the station shall be possible with lowest possible efforts.
Maintenance, modification or an extension of components of any feeder may not force a shutdown of the parts of the system which are not affected by the system adaptation.
2.12 STATION LEVEL SOFTWARE:
2.12.1 Human-machine interface (HMI):
The base HMI software package for the operator station shall include the main SAS
functions and it shall be independent of project specific hardware version and operating system.
It shall further include tools for picture editing, engineering and system configuration.
The system shall be easy to use, to maintain, and to adapt according to specific user
requirements. Systems shall contain a library with standard functions and applications.
2.12.2 Bay level software:
The system software shall be structured in various levels. This software shall be placed in
a non-volatile memory. The lowest level shall assure system performance and contain basic
functions, which shall not be accessible by the application and maintenance engineer for
modifications.
The system shall support the generation of typical control macros and a process database
for user specific data storage. In case of restoration of links after failure, the software along with
hardware shall be capable of automatically synchronizing with the remaining system without any
manual interface. This shall be demonstrated by contractor during integrated system test.
2.12.3 Application software:
24

In order to ensure robust quality and reliable software functions, the main part of the
application software shall consist of standard software modules built as functional block
elements. The functional blocks shall be documented and thoroughly tested. They form part of a
library. The application software within the control/protection devices shall be programmed in a
functional block language.
2.12.4 Network Management System:
The contractor shall provide network management system software for following
management functions:
a. Configuration Management
b. Fault Management
c. Performance Monitoring
This system shall be used for management of communication devices and other IEDs in
the system.
This NMS can be loaded in DR workstation and shall be easy to use, user friendly and
menu based. The NMS shall monitor all the devices in the SAS and report if there is any fault in
the monitored devices. The NMS shall
(a) Maintain performance, resource usage, and error statistics for all managed links and devices
and present this information via displays, periodic reports and on demand reports.
(b) Maintain a graphical display of SAS connectivity and device status.
(c) Issue alarms when error conditions occurs
(d) Provide facility to add and delete addresses and links
2.13 TYPE TESTS:
2.13.1 Control IEDs and Communication Equipment:
a. Power Input:
i. Auxiliary Voltage
ii. Current Circuits
iii. Voltage Circuits
iv. Indications
b. Accuracy Tests:
25

i. Operational Measured Values

ii. Currents
iii. Voltages
iv. Time resolution
c. Insulation Tests:
i. Dielectric Tests
ii. Impulse Voltage withstand Test
d. Influencing Quantities:
i. Limits of operation
ii. Permissible ripples
iii. Interruption of input voltage
e. Electromagnetic Compatibility Test:
i. 1 MHZ. burst disturbance test
ii. Electrostatic Discharge Test
iii. Radiated Electromagnetic Field Disturbance Test
iv. Electrical Fast transient Disturbance Test
v. Conducted Disturbances Tests induced by Radio Frequency Field
vi. Magnetic Field Test
vii. Emission (Radio interference level) Test.
viii. Conducted Interference Test
f. Function Tests:
i. Indication
ii. Commands
iii. Measured value Acquisition
iv. Display Indications
g. Environmental tests:
i. Cold Temperature
ii. Dry Heat
iii. Wet heat
iv. Humidity (Damp heat Cycle)
v. Vibration
26

vi. Bump
vii. Shock
2.13.2 Factory Acceptance Tests:
The supplier shall submit a test specification for factory acceptance test (FAT) and
commissioning tests of the station automation system for approval. For the individual bay level
IEDs applicable type test certificates shall be submitted. The manufacturing and configuration
phase of the SAS shall be concluded by the factory acceptance test (FAT). The purpose is to
ensure that the Contractor has interpreted the specified requirements correctly and that the FAT
includes checking to the degree required by the user. The general philosophy shall be to deliver a
system to site only after it has been thoroughly tested and its specified performance has been
verified, as far as site conditions can be simulated in a test lab
2.13.3 Hardware Integration Tests:
The hardware integration test shall be performed on the specified systems to be used for
Factory tests when the hardware has been installed in the factory. The operation of each item
shall be verified as an integral part of system. Applicable hardware diagnostics shall be used to
verify that each hardware component is completely operational and assembled into a
configuration capable of supporting software integration and factory testing of the system. The
equipment expansion capability shall also be verified during the hardware integration tests. The
vendor specifically demonstrates how to add a device in future in SAS during FAT. The device
shall be from a different manufacturer than the SAS supplier.
2.13.4 Integrated System Tests:
Integrated system tests shall verify the stability of the hardware and the software. During
the tests all functions shall run concurrently and all equipment shall operate a continuous 100
Hours period. The integrated system test shall ensure the SAS is free of improper interactions
between software and hardware while the system is operating as a whole.
2.14 SITE ACCEPTANCE TESTS:

27

The site acceptance tests (SAT) shall completely verify all the features of SAS hardware
and software. The bidder shall submit the detailed SAT procedure and SAT procedure shall be
read in conjunction with the specification.
2.15 SYSTEM OPERATION:
Operation of the system by the operator from the remote RCC or at the substation shall
take place via industry standard HMI (Human Machine interface) subsystem consisting of
graphic color VDU, a standard keyboard and a cursor positioning device (mouse).
The colored screen shall be divided into 3 fields:
i) Message field with display of present time and date
ii) Display field for single line diagrams
iii) Navigation bar with alarm/condition indication
2.16 POWER SUPPLY:
Power for the substation automation system shall be derived from substation 220V DC
system. Inverter of suitable capacity shall be provided for station HMI disturbance recorder
evaluation unit and its peripheral devices e.g. printer etc. In the event of Power failure, necessary
safeguard software shall be built for proper shutdown.
2.17 DOCUMENTATION:
The following documents shall be submitted for employers approval during detailed
engineering:
(a) System Architecture Drawing
(b) Hardware Specification
(c) Functional Design Document
(d) Clear procedure describing how to add an IED/bay/diameter in future covering all major
suppliers.
The following documentation to be provided for the system in the course of the project
shall be consistent, CAD supported, and of similar look/feel. All CAD drawings to be provide in
dxf format.
List of Drawings
Substation automation system architecture
28

 Block Diagram
2.18 TRAINING SUPPORT SERVICES, MAINTENANCE AND SPARES:
2.18.1 Training:
Contractor personnel who are experienced instructors and who speak understandable
English shall conduct training. The contractor shall arrange on its own cost all hardware training
platform required for successful training and understanding in India. The Contractor shall
provide all necessary training material. Each trainee shall receive individual copies of all
technical manuals and all other documents used for training. These materials shall be sent to
Employer at least two months before the scheduled commencement of the particular training
course.
2.18.2 Computer System Hardware Course:
A computer system hardware course shall be offered, but at the system level only. The
training course shall be designed to give Employer hardware personnel sufficient knowledge of
the overall design and operation of the system so that they can correct obvious problems,
configure the hardware, perform preventive maintenance, run diagnostic programs, and
communicate with contract maintenance personnel.
The following subjects shall be covered:
(a) System Hardware Overview: Configuration of the system hardware.
(b) Equipment Maintenance: Basic theory of operation, maintenance techniques and diagnostic
procedures for each element of the computer system, e.g., processors, auxiliary memories,
LANs, routers and printers. Configuration of all the hardware equipments.
(c) System Expansion: Techniques and procedures to expand and add equipment such as loggers,
monitors, and communication channels.
(d) System Maintenance: Theory of operation and maintenance of the redundant hardware
configuration, failover hardware, configuration control panels, and failover switches.
Maintenance of protective devices and power supplies.
(e) Subsystem Maintenance: Theory of design and operation, maintenance techniques and
practices, diagnostic procedures, and (where applicable) expansion techniques and procedures.
Classes shall include hands-on training for the specific subsystems that are part of Employer's
29

equipment or part of similarly designed and configured subsystems. All interfaces to the
computing equipment shall be taught in detail.
2.18.3 Computer System Software Course:
The Contractor shall provide a computer system software course that covers the
following subjects:
(a) System Programming: Including all applicable programming languages and all stand-alone
service and utility packages provided with the system. An introduction to software architecture,
Effect of tuning parameters (OS software, Network software, database software etc.) on the
performance of the system.
(b) Operating System: Including the user aspects of the operating system, such as program
loading and integrating procedures; scheduling, management, service, and utility functions; and
system expansion techniques and procedures
(c) System Initialization and Failover: Including design, theory of operation, and practice
(d) Diagnostics: Including the execution of diagnostic procedures and the interpretation of
diagnostic outputs,
(e) Software Documentation: Orientation in the organization and use of system software
documentation.
(f) Hands-on Training: One week, with allocated computer time for trainee performance of
unstructured exercises and with the course instructor available for assistance as necessary.
2.18.4 Application Software Course:
The Contractor shall provide a comprehensive application software courses covering all
applications including the database and display building course. The training shall include:
(a) Overview: Block diagrams of the application software and data flows. Programming
standards and program interface conventions.
(b) Application Functions: Functional capabilities, design, and major algorithms. Associated
maintenance and expansion techniques.
(c) Software Development: Techniques and conventions to be used for the preparation and
integration of new software functions.

30

(d) Software Generation: Generation of application software from source code and associated
software configuration control procedures.
(e) Software Documentation: Orientation in the organization and use of functional and detailed
design documentation and of programmer and user manuals.
(f) Hands-on Training: One week, with allocated computer time for trainee performance of
unstructured exercises and with the course instructor available for assistance as necessary.

2.19 MAINTENANCE:
During Guaranteed Availability Period, the Contractor shall take continual actions to
ensure the guaranteed availability and shall make available all the necessary resources such as
specialist personnel, spare parts, tools, test devices etc. for replacement or repair of all defective
parts and shall have prime responsibility for keeping the system operational. During guarantee
period as specified in tender document, contractor shall arrange bi-monthly visit of their
representative to site to review the performance of system and in case any defect/shortcoming
etc. is observed during the period, the same shall be set right by the contractor within 15 days.
2.20 RELIABILITY AND AVAILABILITY:
The SAS shall be designed so that the failure of any single component, processor, or
device shall not render the system unavailable. The SAS shall be designed to satisfy the very
high demands for reliability and availability concerning:
Mechanical and electrical design
Security against electrical interference (EMI)
High quality components and boards
Modular, well-tested hardware
Thoroughly developed and tested modular software
Easy-to-understand programming language for application programming
Detailed graphical documentation and application software
Built-in supervision and diagnostic functions
Security
1. Experience of security requirements
31

2.

Process know-how

3.

Select before execute at operation

4.

Process status representation as double indications

Distributed solution
Independent units connected to the local area network
Back-up functions

a) Outage:
The state in which substation automation system or a unit of SAS is unavailable for
Normal Operation as defined in the clause 7.1 due to an event directly related to the SAS or unit
of SAS. In the event, the owner has taken any equipment/ system other than Sub-station
Automation System for schedule/forced maintenance, the consequent outage to SAS shall not be
considered as outage for the purpose of availability.
b) Actual outage duration (AOD):
The time elapsed in hours between the start and the end of an outage. The time shall be
counted to the nearest 1/4th of an hour. Time less than 1/4th of an hour shall be counted as
having duration of 1/4th of an hour.
c) Period Hours (PH):
The number of hours in the reporting period. In a full year the period hour are 8760h
(8784h for a leap year).
d) Actual Outage hours (AOH):
The sum of actual outage duration within the reporting period
AOH = AOD
e) Availability:
Each SAS shall have a total availability of 99.98 % i.e. the ratio of total time duration minus the
actual outage duration to total time duration.

32

2.21 GUARANTEES REQUIRED:

The availability for the complete SAS shall be guaranteed by the Contractor. Bidder shall
include in their offer the detailed calculation for the availability. The contractor shall demonstrate
their availability guaranteed by conducting the availability test on the total sub-station
automation system as a whole after commissioning of total Sub-station Automation system. The
test shall verify the reliability and integrity of all sub-systems.
Under these conditions the test shall establish an overall availability of 99.98%. After the
lapse of 1000 Hours of cumulative test time, test records shall be examined to determine the
conformance with availability criterion. In case of any outage during the availability test, the
contractor shall rectify the problem and after rectification, the 1000 Hours period start after such
rectification. If test object has not been met the test shall continue until the specified availability
is achieved.
2.22 SUMMERY:
In this chapter we discussed about the substation automation system. It shall enable local
station control via a PC by means of human machine interface (HMI) and control software
package, which shall contain an extensive range of supervisory control and data acquisition
functions. It shall include communication gateway, intelligent electronic devices (IED) for bay
control and inter IED communication infrastructure. An architecture drawing for SAS is
enclosed.

33

3. DEVELOPMENTS OF SUBSTATION AUTOMATION SYSTEM

3.1 INTRODUCTION:
Substation Automation is the integrated implementation of the Control Subsystem and the
Protection Subsystem in a Substation utilising Intelligent Electronic Devices. The general
principles of the substation operation have not changed, since their developing days. Therefore
the control and protection tasks remain the same. The objective of modern substation automation
(SA) is to solve these tasks in a more efficient and economical way by using state of the art
information technologies (IT) and to provide more functionality to work plant and systems
harder.
IT based solution for protection and control offer cost effective measures to counteract
large area system disturbances. Effective fault location is mandatory for faster finding and fixing
of problems. Integrated numerical protection & control allows automated power restoration and
load shedding. On-line condition monitoring reduces maintenance costs and enables. Substation
Automation offers a cost effective infrastructure for implementing on-line condition monitoring
of assets.
3.2 CONVENTIONAL SUBSTATION:

34

Very Wide Cabling i.e. from equipment to BMB/CTMB/CVT MB and from

BMB/CTMB/CVT MB to Control Room Dedicated Device. Control Panels for the Bay Circuit
Breaker Control & Indication. Isolator Control & Indication. Earth Switch Indication. DC & AC
Healthy Indication and Testing. Annunciation facial for Troubles. Panel Meters & Energy Meter.

35

Fig.3.1 Convention control & protection

36

3.3 DEVELOPMENTS OF SUBSTATION AUTOMATION SYSTEM:

3.3.1 Stage-1 Development:
1. This system is exciting Conventional System to convert Remote Control System.
2. This is same as Substation Monitoring System.
3. Additionally One More RTU is provided for Remote Control & Operation.
4. Normally RTU Having 3 Types of cards
1. Analog Input Card - To Monitor the Analog Values
2. Digital Input Card To Monitor the Status of Equipment
3. Digital Output Card To Control & Operation of Substation Equipment
5. Exciting RTU for only monitoring the Substation from Remote Control Station exclusively
for ALDC / SLDC / RLDC / NLDC.
6. Without disturbing the exciting RTU the following works are carried.
7. All Controls of Circuit Breakers & Isolators are brought to RTU to Control Card.
8. All Status of Circuit Breakers & Isolators are Brought to RTU to Digital Card.
9. Each Bay is provided with Multifunction Meters. They are connected in Mudbugs
Configuration and brought to network.
10. Transformer OTI, WTI, Online DGA & Tap Changer Positions information is available in 420mA. They are brought to RTU Analog Card.
11. Switch yard is fixing with no of Digital Cameras and focusing the major equipment to View
the yard and this is having a facility to slow motion moving round to cover all the Major
equipments. This also put in Network to monitor from remote/ local
12. The RTU, Energy Meters, MFM and Digital Cameras are connected in Network in Ethernet
Switch and to Station Control System and connected to Modem & Router to Remote Control
Centre.
13. The Operator, those who are sitting at Remote control Center having a System and he
Can Monitor the substation and take a decision for any thing.
14. This is Stage-1 Substation Control System.

37

Fig.3.2 Substation automation system stage-1

38

3.3.2 Stage-2 Development:

This is same as Stage-1 Substation Monitoring System except new IED is introduced in a
Panel. It is called Bay Control Unit. This replaces additional one More RTU for Remote Control
& RTU for ALDC / SLDC / RLDC /NLDC as if it is new Substation. All Controls & Status are
brought to BCU of Particular Bay in addition to Conventional Control Panel.

Fig.3.3 Substation automation system stage-2

39

3.3.3 Stage-3 Development:

This is Distributed Control Rooms using Bay Kiosks and called Portable Relay Rooms.
In this Conventional Control Panel is not required. This is almost RTU, but limited to one Bay
and nothing but Mini RTU. Still Extensive wide cabling between Bay Kiosks/PRR to switch
yard equipment. But cables reduced to 60% to 80%.
The Main Control Room Having only Network system with Printer and Aux System
Monitoring. But still Auxiliary system Location is Not Distributed and Centralized. This concept
is not changing. All IEDs are connected to Fiber Optic cable and Ethernet Switches. Even if FO
cables damaged, still protection function is working and it is unable to Monitor and control from
Control Room / RCC / ALDC /SLDC.

Fig 3.4 Bay level automation stage-3

40

3.3.4 Stage-4 Development:

This is also called process level intelligent substation automation. This is Distributed
IEDs for each Switch Yard Equipment for Operation and Maintenance. This is Called Process
Bus Automation. Non Conventional Instrument Transformers for Voltage and Current
Measurement In this Distributed Control Rooms / Bay Kiosks / Portable relay Rooms are not
required. No Physical wiring from Switch Yard to Bay to Control. Total Fiber Optic Ethernet
connection and IEC61850 Communication.

Fig 3.5 Intelligent SA architecture

41

3.3.5 Stage-5 Development:

This is Distributed IEDs for each Switch Yard Equipment for Operation and
Maintenance. This is Called Process Bus Automation. One complete Panel for one Bay. All
control, Protection IEDs TVM/EM is available. No Physical wiring from Switch Yard to Bay to
Control. Total GSM/CDMA connection and IEC61850 Communication. The reliability of system
Depends on availability of GSM / CDMA.

Fig 3.5 Intelligent GSM/CDMA SA architecture

42

3.4. SUMMERY:
Substation Automation is the integrated implementation of the Control Subsystem and the
Protection Subsystem in a Substation utilising Intelligent Electronic Devices. In this chapter we
discus about the developments of substation automation system

43

4. IEC 61850
4.1 INTRODUCTION:
The general scope of the standard is designed to support the communication of all
functions being performed in the substation. Its main goal is interoperability; this is the ability
for IEDs from one or different manufacturers to exchange information and use the information
for their own functions. Moreover, the standard allows a free allocation of these functions and
accepts any system philosophy, from a distributed architecture (e.g. decentralized substation
automation) to a centralized configuration (e.g. RTU based).
The standard separates the functionality represented by the data model and the related
communication services from the communication implementation (stack). This makes the
standard future-oriented, taking into consideration that the development in the communication
technology is moving quicker than the development of the functionality in the field of substation
automation including protection. The data model of the standard is an objectoriented one,
grouping the data into the smallest possible sets referring to the smallest possible functions to be
implemented independently.
These smallest possible data groups or functions are named Logical Nodes. The Logical
Nodes and all Data and Attributes contained are named according to a standardized semantic,
which is mandatory. Each IEC 61850 compliant IED may be configured using its dedicated tool.
However, all these IED-tools have to be compliant with IEC 61850. This means that the reading,
handling, and writing of configuration files has to be according to the Substation Configuration
description Language (SCL) of IEC 61850 as regards the standardized data model, the data
access (services) and all communication connections. This allows the system integrator to use
understandable data from all devices (independently of the supplier) to build the complete
system and to assure data consistency.

44

4.2 IMPACT OF IEC 61850 ON SPECIFICATION:

The standard has an impact on all activities related to the field of protection and
substation automation but the main issues are how to implement the standard in practice, which
is to be done by the suppliers, and how to specify protection and substation automation systems,
which is to be done by the users like utilities. The basis for any Substation Automation
specification remains the single line diagram of the substation to be controlled, protected and
monitored as well as the allocation of functions to the switchgear objects. In this respect the
process interface given by the switchgear has to be clearly defined, whether this interface is
conventional or based on the serial process bus using actuators and sensors.
As already mentioned above, some changes in the technologies used for Substation
Automation and Protection have been very important like the use of serial communication and of
multifunctional equipment. This means that all requested functionality is specified without
reference to any possible implementation in devices. IEC 61850 is already based on this
approach. This is the condition to be respected in order to allow the system integrator to
elaborate an optimal solution, also taking into consideration other aspects such as the requested
performance and possible project constraints of the system, which are described below in more
detail. As the standard is not defining the quality of functions, the behavior and performance of
all functions have to be specified as before.
Typical examples are performance of a distance protection (precision, tripping times, etc)
or interlocking logics based on the single line diagram. One of the constraints is the allocation of
functions. Each manufacturer of protection devices still decides by itself which functions can be
provided in one device, what algorithms with what performance are used, and which setting
information is required by the corresponding tool. Thus, if these parts are important to a user, the
user still needs to add them into the specification by defining their preferred allocation to
devices.
Specifying according to the standard IEC 61850 means that the entire functionality is
split into Logical Nodes with their corresponding data, i.e. with the common language for the
signal names defined in the standard.
If this is not done in the specification already, the system integrator has to do it. Anyway,
the people anywhere in charge of the project execution (design, engineering, testing, FAT,
45

commissioning, SAT, operation, etc) will once has to learn this common language. It is an
advantage to, from now on, achieve as much as possible and as quick as possible compliance
with the standard. The standard indicates mandatory and optional data.
It is recommended to check the old lists of all signals and evaluate which ones are
really needed, what purpose they have and which functions they belong to. If no details are
specified, all data defined as mandatory are provided according to the data model in IEC 61850.
Otherwise, all needed optional data have to be listed. If only signal lists are provided, the system
designer and integrator will translate these into the data model and associated services. The use
of the already mentioned standardized Substation Configuration description Language (SCL) has
an important advantage, i.e. the integrity of data is ensured by using one single data entry. For
example, if the specification is already using SCL of IEC 61850, the system designer and
integrator can take this information directly into its design and engineering tool.
4.3 CONFIGURATION TOOLS AND PROCESS:
The IEC 61850 communication standard provides a System Configuration Language
(SCL) that can be used to configure communications for both IEDs and the entire system. It
involves the use of several types of files, created for different purposes, and two levels of tools
for creating and managing those files. The files are represented in XML (Extensible Mark-up
Language), enabling the interoperable exchange of configuration and capability information
between supplier tools. The semi-automated process (i.e. people still need to enter design
intentions), illustrated in Figure 4, virtually eliminates hand-entry of information and manual
configuration of equipment. The four types of files that comprise SCL, listed roughly in the order
they are used to produce a configured system, are the following.

4.3.1 Ied Capabilities Description:

This file describes the communications capabilities of an individual IED, and it is typically
installed in the IED before shipment from the factory. The file can be extracted from the IED at
any time. It contains no information about how the device is to be used in a target system, but

46

does fully describe what communication services and information models can be supported by
the IED.
4.3.2 System Specification Description:
This file describes the functional specification of the whole secondary system at the
station, including the communications system. Among other things, it captures a one-line
diagram of the targeted system. It allows Logical Nodes [LNs] (i.e. functional pieces of the
whole IEC 61850 information model) to be assigned to the various IEDs according to their
functional roles and capabilities. These actions are typically performed using a single System
Configuration Tool, selected from among those offered by IED manufacturers.
4.3.3 System Configuration Description:
This file is created using the System Configuration Tool, the SSD file and ICD files for
all IEDs used in the system. The result is a complete process configuration for the secondary
system, with IEDs bound to individual process functions, primary equipment, and client-access
privileges. It also includes all predefined network associations and all client-server connections
with LNs on a data level.
4.3.4 Configured Ied Description:
When the SCD file has been created, it is used to create an individual, downloadable
Configured IED Description file for each IED in the secondary system. This is achieved using
the IED Configuration Tool provided by each manufacturer. As long as these tools have an
interoperable SCL interface, as described by the IEC 61850 standard, they may be proprietary.
This is often necessary, so that the tools can download additional IED configurationally data that
is proprietary in nature, but which does not affect system
4.4 USE OF IEC 61850 RANGE LIMITS FOR MEASUREMENTS:
The IEC 61850 range limits for measurement values shall be applied as follows:
a) Normal Operating Region: The high and low limits shall be used to define this region.
Values for power system variables are expected to fall within this region.

47

b) Warning Operating Region: The high-high and low-low limits shall be used to define
this region. Values in this region indicate that some kind of operational correction is required.
c) Emergency Operating Region: The min and max limits shall be used to define this
region. Values in this region indicate exceptional conditions requiring immediate attention.
d) Out-of-Range: Min and max represent the boundaries for measurements within process
limits. Data outside these limits is questionable and may indicate equipment failure.
Accordingly, data quality shall be marked questionable and out-of-range. When an analog
data value transitions into an out-of-range region, the last reasonable value shall be retained
in the Repository. It shall not be updated again until the value leaves the out-of-range region.
4.5 PROCESSING:
All events shall be time-tagged at the time of occurrence, as detected/determined by the
monitoring/processing source (e.g. BUC or other IED) Time-tagging resolution shall be a
maximum of 1 ms, relative to the internal clock of the monitoring/processing source. Event
records can be cleared at the source once successfully reported. Reports use confirmed services,
which ensure that the server is notified whether each transfer is successful. Pending events at a
server shall not be lost.
4.5.1 Contact inputs:
Changes in signal state shall be time-tagged at the time of transition, although such changes must
be validated before they can be accepted, processed. and reported.

Validation shall be achieved

by applying digital filtering to ensure changes persist for at least a user-defined period of time
before they are accepted as genuine.
IEDs shall be able to detect a quick sequence of multiple changes in status for the same
point and ensure that all those changes are reported. This assumes that individual status
transitions persist sufficiently long to qualify for validation. These sequences of changes may
arise, for example, from breaker TRIPs alternating with RECLOSE operations. Server IEDs shall
support both buffered and unbuffered IEC 61850 event reporting. It shall include integrity
reporting, set at a user-defined interval. Buffered reports for any server shall be capable of
supporting 10 times the number of reportable entities; this minimizes the chances of data loss if
reporting capabilities are temporarily disabled. Event buffer overflows shall be reported to the

48

CCU. The contractor shall recommend which optional and/or new attributes to support in each
CDC placed into service for the delivered systems
4.6 HISTORICAL DATA:
An application shall be provided for periodically saving real-time data in records that can
be later retrieved to support station troubleshooting and planning. This application shall run on
the Operator Interface [MMI] platform in Terminal Stations and substations.
The capabilities and procedures associated with this application shall be reasonably simple to use
and intuitive, requiring only a small amount of training (i.e. a half-hour). The capabilities that
shall be provided include the following.
4.6.1 Acquired Historical Points:
A historical point is defined as a set of periodically recorded data values for a specific
variable. The operator shall be able to select (or deselect) variables (one at a time) from a
template containing candidates supported by the stations Local Repository. For each historical
point, the operator shall be able to select a periodic rate. The following rates shall be available: 1,
5, 15, 30, or 60 minutes (synchronized to the hour); daily, weekly, monthly (at the end of each
period).
Each historical point shall take the name of the variable used. For each historical point,
the operator shall be able to enable or suspend operation (i.e. data collection and recording) or
delete the historical point completely.
At any time, the operator shall be able to display this template to view his selections for
existing historical points and to make any changes. An Enter button shall be used to signal that
changes or additions are ready to be processed by the system.
4.6.2 Calculated Historical Points:
The operator shall be able to specify a formula for calculating a historical point. This
shall work the same way as before, except that the formula may reference one or more candidate
variables from the same template used for acquired historical points. Formula creation shall be
supported by an unambiguous syntax for arithmetic operators, a list of useful functions (e.g.
49

square root; trig functions, etc), and precedence. Calculated historical points need to have a name
assigned.
4.6.3 Retrieval of Historical Point Records:
The operator shall be able to enter a report mode, wherein he can set up an Excel
spreadsheet for presenting the recorded data he wants. He shall be able to specify several
conditions concurrently, such as the following:

Start date and end date

Historical point names (or wildcard)

Values exceeding x, less than x, or equal to x

If the application is unsuccessful in finding requested data, it shall respond with an

appropriate message, providing the operator with information that is helpful. Aside from the data
loaded into the spreadsheet from historical points, the operator shall be able to enter supporting
text and other content as he would in any Excel spreadsheet. All spreadsheet functions shall be
available to total columns of figures, and so on. The operator shall be able to print the report or to
temporarily display fields of data graphically (e.g. a trend graph, displayed against a timemarked axis). The amount of data in a report shall only be limited by available data and the size
of an Excel worksheet.
4.7 WINDOWS USAGE:
Windows shall be provided to allow the partitioning of the monitor so that several
displays and information from several programs can be viewed simultaneously. At any time,
there shall be one and only one active window at the MMI. The active window shall be the focus
of all user interactions such as display call-up, navigation through displays, program execution,
and dialog interactions. A window shall become active by clicking within its boundary. In
general, all windows shall have the same basic structure, and include the following:
a) Window Border
b) Title Bar
c) Maximize. Minimize, Restore and Close buttons
d) Scroll Bars, when the display spans beyond the window. The magnitude and position of
the slider of the scroll bar shall represent the size of portion of the display that is
50

currently being shown relative to the full size of the display and the position of the shown
portion within the display.
e) Mode/Case Identification: The operational mode of the function running in the window
f) Shall be very distinctly shown.
g) A Toolbar from which pull down menus can be called.
h) Application Area: The main area of the window, from the SA system functions and
applications are operated. It shall be possible to change the size of windows by dragging
edges, and to drag the complete window to any position on the screen.
4.8 USER INTERFACE FEATURES:
4.8.1 Date and Time:
The date and time shall be shown on the MMI monitor. Date shall be presented in the
format DD /MM/YYYY. Time shall be presented in the format HH:MM:SS with a resolution of
one (1) second and shall be updated once per second.
4.8.2 Pushbuttons (Soft Keys) and Function Keys:
In the context of this specification, the term push-button (or simply button) refers
exclusively to icons on a display from which functions can be initiated or displays can be called
by clicking them.
4.8.3 Function Keys:
The term function key (or simply key) refers to a physical key on the keyboard. The
following frequently used functions shall be assigned function keys: SILENCE, ACK, DEL.
They shall be labeled as such. Others may be proposed.
4.8.4 Keyboard Functions:
MEA shall be able to assign and reassign combinations of keys of the MMI's keyboard
(e.g. Control-Alt-P) for the activation of specific functions and calling up of frequently used
displays. The changing of these assignments shall be allowed only from the MMI in the
Programmer Mode. The following keyboard selectable functions shall be included in the
delivered SA systems.
51

a) SILENCE: Silence the audible alarm.

b) CANCEL: Has the same effect as a "CANCEL" button shown in a currently displayed
menu.
c) DISPLAY: Call up a display by entering its mnemonic. See Sub-Clause Error! Reference
source not found.
d) ALARM SUMMARY: Display the Alarm Summary.
4.9 TOOL BARS:
Toolbars with pull-down menus shall provide fast navigation to functions and displays. It
shall be possible to navigate to functions and displays by clicking the toolbars and entries on
their pull down menus.
The layout of toolbars and the rest of the navigation schemes shall be developed in
consultation with MEA and shall be subject to MEAs approval. Provisions are required for
programmers to edit the toolbars and the navigation trees, and to construct new ones, through an
interactive procedure and without programming.
a) A main toolbar shall appear near the top of each display. The main toolbar and pull-down
menus initiated from it shall provide fast navigation to frequently used SA system
functions and displays, and to functions that have to be quickly accessible for handling
emergencies.
b) One or more application toolbars shall be provided for application displays to facilitate
navigation to functions and displays that belong to the application itself or are used in
conjunction with it. Each applications toolbar shall provide fast and convenient access to
HELP information associated with the specific application.
4.10 DIALOG BOXES:
Dialog Boxes shall be displayed when it is necessary to present the user with further
information, or to allow the user to choose among several alternatives, or to enter data.
52

Alternatives, which are not currently valid, shall be displayed in lower intensity and shall be
inactive. A dialog box shall be placed close to the object from which it was initiated, but shall not
to cover it, and it shall be possible for the user to drag a dialog box to any part of the window.
Dialog Boxes shall be able to include static textual information, pushbuttons, data entry fields,
pushbuttons and check boxes as appropriate. It shall be possible for the user to cancel a dialog at
any time by selecting a CANCEL push-button in the dialog box or using an assigned keyboard
function.
4.10.1 Information Boxes:
Information Boxes shall be used to annunciate occurrences that require user attention,
such as failures to successfully complete a supervisory control request, receipt of a message from
a substation, or errors reported by other applications.
Messages that are displayed in response to substation operator actions, such as
notification of failure of supervisory control, shall be displayed in an information box that pops
up on the screen from which the request was issued. Other messages, such as an error message
from an application, shall be posted on the MMI monitor in order to report the problem to the
substation operator. Information Boxes shall remain on the screen until they are closed by a user,
and shall not be overlaid by other windows. Multiple information boxes shall be able to be
present at the same time, and users shall be able to drag information boxes to other parts of the
screen.
4.10.2 HELP Function:
The SA system shall include a HELP function of sufficient scope to instruct users on
normal operation of the SA system and each of its applications without having to resort to a
printed users manual. The HELP function shall include both text and drawings. The SA system
shall include tools that enable MEA programmers to edit and add "HELP" text and screens.
4.10.3 Display Capabilities (General):
a) Fonts
b) Both fixed size fonts and vector fonts that change with zooming shall be available.
c) Data Display
53

d) Any attribute of any data contained in the SA system Repository, whether the point is
telemeter, calculated, or produced by an application, shall be available for presentation at
any screen location of the display.
e) Graphical Display Capabilities
f) The capability to include bar charts, x-y plots and pie charts shall be available.
4.10.4 Operator Functions:
In this sub-clause, the following required operator functions are specified:
a) Display call-up
b) Supervisory control
c) Device tagging
d) Placing data and command points out-of-service or in-service
e) Display hard copy
f) User log-on
Other operator functions are specified elsewhere in the context of the required
applications. Messages shall be displayed to advise the user of the disposition of his request after
each action. Appropriate dialog menus or pushbuttons shall automatically be displayed to guide
the substation operator through operating procedures. Error messages shall explicitly identify the
encountered problem or reason for which a user request was rejected. Operational requests shall
be validated and accepted (or rejected, if not authorized) according to the users log-on. The user
shall be notified of the rejection of requests through an information box with a message that
states the reason for rejection. Several operator functions, such as Supervisory Control and Outof-Service/In-Service Commands, require a point to be selected. Point selection shall
automatically be cancelled when the last step of an activity concerning a point is completed.
Point selection shall also be cancelled for multi-step procedures if the time between two
consecutive steps of the procedure exceeds a pre-defined, system-wide selection-timeout period.
The selection timeout period shall be adjustable by programmers in the range of 10 - 120
seconds.
4.10.5 Display Call-Up:
It shall be possible to call up a display using any of the following methods:
54

a) By clicking a pushbutton in a directory display. These displays shall be organized in a

hierarchical order.
b) By clicking on an entry in a pull-down menu selected from a toolbar.
c) By clicking on a pushbutton that may be included in any display for the purpose of
calling up a related display.
d) Using function keys or keyboard functions (defined earlier) that may be designated for
the selection of frequently-called displays.
e) By entering a short display mnemonic in a location reserved for this purpose on the
screen.
f) It shall be possible to call an Alarm Summary display by clicking a data point on any
substation display where it appears. If there is an entry for the selected point in an Alarm
Summary, that portion of the summary which includes the entry, shall be shown. The
points alarm entry shall be highlighted by scrolling the Alarm Summary down to where
the entry appears at the top of the display.
4.11 ETHERNET SWITCH:
A switch is something that is used to turn on or off various electronic devices. However,
in computer networking, a switch is used to connect multiple computers with each other. Since it
is an external device it becomes part of the hardware peripherals used in the operation of a
computer system. This connection is done within an existing Local Area network (LAN) only
and is identical to an Ethernet hub in terms of appearance except with more intelligence. These
switches not only receive data packets, but also have the ability to inspect them before passing
them on to the next computer. That is, they can figure out the source, the contents of the data, and
identify the destination as well. Because of this uniqueness; it sends the data to the relevant
connected system only, thereby using less bandwidth at high performance rates.
The wires in a crossover cable are "crossed" so that output signals from the transmitting
device are properly sent as input signals to the receiving end. An Ethernet switch can be thought
of as a device that makes temporary crossover cable connections between computers that want to
communicate. Just like crossover cables, switches do not suffer from the problem of collisions.
However, it should be noted that the actual cables used are "straight through". The crossover
function is done inside of the switch. Since separate wires are used for sending and receiving,
55

switches support operation in full duplex mode. This mode allows devices to send and receive
data at the same time.
4.11.1 Advantages over Hubs:
As mentioned above, switches are intelligent devices that can read the data packets that
pass through them. By storing the MAC address of each host and its corresponding port in a
table, switches ensure that bandwidth is not wasted by intelligently directing traffic. Hubs are
dumb devices that do not do any processing. Unlike hubs, switches are modern, fast, and support
full-duplex operation.
4.12 SUMMARY:
In this chapter The IEC 61850 communication standard provides a System Configuration
Language (SCL) that can be used to configure communications for both IEDs and the entire
system. It involves the use of several types of files, created for different purposes, and two levels
of tools for creating and managing those files, and an Ethernet switch, it can be thought of as a
device that makes temporary crossover cable connections between computers that want to
communicate. Just like crossover cables, switches do not suffer from the problem of collisions.
However, it should be noted that the actual cables.

56

5. A CASE STUDY
5.1 INTRODUCTION:
400/220KV Shankarpally is one of the most important grid substations in TSTRANSCO.
The substation is situated in (V&M) Shankarpally Ranga reddy (Dist)
The substation is initially commissioned as a switching station in the year 2000 with 12
Nos of 220 kV feeders. Due to all round developments in surroundings areas there is a
continuous demand growth. Consequently switching station is converted as a conventional
substation in the year 2008 with 1 No, 100MVA, 220/132kv power transformer and 2 No, 50
MVA, 132/33kv power transformers. These 132/33 kv features were commissioned on
17.04.2008.
Subsequently during the year 2009-10, 400 KV features were also developed with 2 Nos
400kv Line feeder from Ramagundam NTPC generating station, Ghanapur PGCIL Sub-station
and

2 Nos 315 MVA, 400/220/33kv Interconnecting Auto transformers (ICTs)were duly

synchronizing to the existing 220Kv double bus.

400KV Shankarpally substation is the first substation in TSTRANSCO with substation
Automation features (SAS). At the time same period the 220KV Existing feeders were also
converted into SAS Scheme in compatible to 400KV automation features.
Now the entire substation monitoring, controlling and SCADA operations are being
carried out from two Operating Work Stations (OWS) and one Engineering Work Station (EWS)
in the control room.
57

The 400/220KV Shankarpally Sub-Station single line diagram as following

58

Fig
5.1 single line diagram

59

Fig 5.2 Key Single Line Diagram

60

The 400/220KV Shankarpally Sub-Station having the following feeders and power
transformers as on date.
5.1.1. 400 KV FEEDERS:
400KV Shankarpally- Mamidipally
400KV Shankarpally- Srishailam

400KV Shankarpally- Gajwel-1

400KV Shankarpally- Gajwel-2

5.1.2. 220 KV FEEDERS:

220 KV Shankarpally- Thandur
220 KV Shankarpally- Gachibowli-1
220 KV Shankarpally- Gachibowli-2
220 KV Shankarpally- Shadnagar
220 KV Shankarpally- Yeddumailaram-1
220 KV Shankarpally- Yeddumailaram-2
220 KV Shankarpally- Sadasivapet-1
220 KV Shankarpally- Sadasivapet-2
5.1.3. POWER TRANSFORMERS:
315 MVA, 400/220/33kv Interconnecting Autotransformers-ICT - I & II 2 Nos.
100 MVA, 220/132kv Auto transformer- 1 No.
50 MVA, 132/33Kv Power Transformers- 2 Nos.

5.1.4. 132 KV FEEDERS:

As on now there are no 132 kV feeders are eminating from Shankarpally substation.
However there is a provision of 2 Nos bays for future requirement.
61

5.2 PROTECTION:
5.2.1 400 KV FEEDER SALIENT FEATURES AND PROTECTION:
400 KV Lines are protected with the fallowing protection schemes
1)

Main-I with P444 Scheme of AREVA make

2)

Main II with D6O Scheme of GE Make with fallowing inherent protection

MAIN-I and MAIN-II PROTECTIONS COVERS:

Distance protection.

Directional/Non directional stand by E/F.

Over voltage.

Under voltage.

SOTF.

Open jumper.

Power Swing Blocking/out of step tripping.

stub protection.

Disturbunance recorder

Fault locater.
The feeders also provided with LBB protection scheme (P743 of AREVA Make) to

initiate bus bar protection in the event of breaker failure for tripping under fault condition. The
400 kV lines are also protected with carrier tripping to trip at both ends under manual tripping
operations and also under fault trappings.
The above 400 KV lines are provided with Single phase Auto Re-closing scheme which
is inbuilt in the Main-I protection scheme. However the Tie breakers are provided with exclusive
Auto reclosing relay (P841 of AREVA Make).
5.2.2 315 MVA, ICT-I&II PROTECTION SCHEMES:
315 MVA, ICT I&II are having fallowing protection features
62

Transformer differential protection scheme-I (87T1):

Transformer differential protection scheme-I (87T1) connected to Bus and Tie CT s ON

400 kv side and 220 kv LV CTs
67HV /67LV

HV over fluxing protection.

HV Overload protection

stub protection

Transformer differential protection scheme-II (87T2)

REF Protection

LV Over fluxing protection

LV Overload protection

Directional O/C and E/F Protection (HV):

HV directional /non-directional phase over current

HV directional /non-directional E/F

Directional O/C and E/F Protection (LV):

LV directional /non-directional phase over current

LV directional /non-directional E/F

HV-Bus bar protection:

Bus bar protection

LBB Protection

LV-Bus bar protection:

Bus bar protection

LBB

Protection

400 KV BUS CONFIGRATION:

400 KV system is provided with 11/2 Breaker scheme with 3 Breakers and two feeders
per Dia (1 No line feeder and 1 No for transformer feeder ). This 11/2 breaker scheme ensure
operational flexibility under shutdown periods even while availing L/Cs on both Buses.
5.2.3. 220 KV FEEDER SALIENT FEATURES AND PROTECTION:
63

220 KV Lines are protected with the fallowing protection schemes

Main-I with P442 Scheme of AREVA make and Main II with REL 670 Scheme of ABB Make
with fallowing inherent features.
5.2.3.1. MAIN-I and MAIN-II PROTECTION COVERS:

Distance protection

Directional/Non directional stand by E/F

Under voltage for E/S interlock

SOTF

Open jumper

Power Swing Blocking/out of step tripping.

Stub protection.

Disturbunance recorder

Fault locater.

VT fuses failure protection.

5.2.3.2. 220 KV BUS BAR PROTECTION SCHEME FEATURES:

Bus bar protection

LBB protection

Dead zone

5.2.3.3. 220 KV BUS BAR PROTECTION SCHEME:

The Bus bar protection scheme having 1 No. CU (Control unit) i.e,P741 3 and it is
connected to Peripheral unit of the individual feeder i.e., P743 through the fiber optic cable in
star network. The bus bar protection scheme is distributed architecture concept and it is low
impedance differential bus bar protection.
5.2.4 PROTECTIVE RELAYING AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS:
5.2.4.1. TRANSFORMER PROTECTIVE RELAYS:
64

1) DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS:
A differential relay is a primary protective relay of a transformer and works on the
principle of current comparison and indicates fault between phase or between phase and ground
in the transformer winding. The relay is designed to be stable for external faults and magnetizing
inrush and takes care of the effect of tap changing. When a transformer trips on differential
replay the transformer shall be thoroughly tested before it is taken back into service.
2) Over current and earth fault protection:
The Power Transformer is provided with Easun Reyrolle make type TJM 11 & 12 over
current and directional earth fault relays on the HV side and type TJM 10 & 12 over current and
directional earth fault relays on the LV side.The relays have inverse time characteristic and the
settings are designed based on the short circuit currents and not on over loads.
3) Over flux relays:
The relays are designed on V/F principle and respond to variations in voltage and
frequency. It is necessary to bring back the voltage and frequency to normal levels if the
transformer trips on this indication before taking it back into service.

4) Bucholtz Relay:
This is a gas operated relay. The gas could be produced due to an internal fault in the
transformer or its tap changer etc., it has one alarm contact and one trip contact. The trip contact
is connected to trip the HV & LV Breakers of the transformer and Isolates the transformer from
supply. If the transformer trips on this indication the transformer Bucholtz Relay has to be
checked for Gas collection. The gas collected has to be tested as to the cause. (Oil sampling for
Acidity, Dielectric Test, Dissolved Gas Analysis has to be done) and healthiness of the
transformer has to be ensured before it is put back into service.
5) Winding Temperature Alarm and Trip:

65

The Transformer is provided with the Winding Temperature Relay. The Temperature
increase with the Load. Hence the Load and Ambient Temperature has to be noted when the
Transformer trips. Also a check has to be conducted on the cooling system. To prove the proper
working of the collar Fans and oil Pumps. Oil Temperature Alarm and Trip Relays are also
provided to take care of excessive oil temperatures. The cause for the relay action has to be
investigated before the transformer is put back into service.
6) Bus Bar Protection:
A Bus Bar fault, when there are a number of in feeds, may result in extensive damage to
switch gear and other important plant. Also delayed clearance may lead to tripping of feeders /
generators at the other ends and cause wide spread black out etc.
To prevent his Bus Bar Relay on the principle of comparing currents entering and leaving
the Bus is made use of to detect faults and clear the same in instantaneous time by tripping all the
feeders and equipments connected to the Bus. The relay is designed to be immune to external
faults. However due to various reasons the relay is likely to mal-operate. To prevent maloperation a check relay is connected in series.
7) Pole Discrepancy:
Some items one Pole of a Circuit Breaker may not obey the Close / Trip command
received from the relay etc., in such case the Pole Discrepancy Replay detects the case and sends
a trip signal to trip all the three poles. It is necessary to check the cause for the Relay Operation
and rectify the same before the Breaker is put back into service.
8) Local Breaker Back Up:
Sometimes it is possible for a Circuit Breaker to fail to trip upon action of a protective
relay. This will result in tripping of all source end Breakers at remote stations and result in wide
spread blackouts. To prevent this the LBB Relay after the preset time after the feeder relay
action and the Circuit Breaker failing to trip causes the tripping of all Breakers connected to the
Bus thus limiting the fault to local area. This relay acts in conjunction with the Bus Bar
66

protection Auxiliary Tripping Relays. When this Relay acts it is necessary to isolate the faulty
Breaker before normally is restores.
9) DC Earth Leakage Relays:
The Relays indicate the earth leakage in the OC supply Circuits. A positive to ground or
a negative to ground fault in the OC Circuits of the 200 Volts / 110 Volts Battery System is likely
to result in mal operations. It is therefore necessary to quickly locate the fault and rectify it.
5.3 SUB STATION AUTOMATION FEATURES:
The 400/220KV, Shankarpally sub-station Automation system (SAS) is divided into fallowing
three parts.
1) Graphical Topology
2) Electrical Topology
3) System Topology
In Electrical topology each feeder is divided into no of modules such as breaker module,
protection module , Energy Meter module and others for furnishing data like measurements ,
alarms, events and states of various yard equipments. In system topology, the modules are
divided similar to electrical topology for monitoring bay control units (BCU), Ethernet switches
and other IED Devices.
Two fiber optic cables are run all along the switch yard area and control room duly
connecting Operator Work station, Engineering Work Station, Bay kiosks of various feeders. The
double optic fiber cable ensures the reliability of the system communication. All the devices are
connected to the fiber optic rings through LIU (Line interface Unit) and Ethernet switches. These
cables are having a data transmission capacity for a distance of 1 to 2 kms.
Ethernet switch in the system provides flexibility in inter connection of devices having
RJ45 and optical ports. It enables data transmission from Electrical to optical and vice versa.
Ethernet switches controls the data traffic and transmits priority tagged data at faster rate (in the
order of 10 ms) bypassing the normal data flow. For example GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented
Substation Event).
67

The Communication protocol adopted is IEC 61850 which is client server

communication. Certain IED devices like over voltage relays (P923) are compatible to 60870103 protocol are connected to BCU for further data communications. Similarly Multi function
meters, Energy meters are connected to MODBUS. All the electrical equipments like isolators,
Breakers and Instrument transformers etc in the yard are electrically wired to BCU (C264 relay
of AREVA Make) which in turn connected to work stations through fiber optic cable.

68

Fig 5.3 System Architecture

69

The software adopted for operator work station is PACIS 4.5.4 Version which stands for
Protection Automation control Integrated Solution. The electrical and system module are tailored
in engineering work station by using SCE (System Configuration Editor) and other CMT
(Computer Maintenance Tools) and SMT (System Maintenance Tools) are available for software
maintenance.
The data communication to Load Dispatch centre at Vidhyuth soudha is carried out
through Aux.Networking panel in the control room wherein data with 61850 protocol is
converted to T101 (compatible to protocol adopted in Load LD/VS) through Gateway BCU.
Further data transmission is carried out through Modem and PLCC Panels installed in Ghanapur
Bay kiosk.
5.4 ADVENTAGES AND LIMITATIONS:
5.4.1. ADVANTAGES:
1. Local & remote graphical visualization of electrical diagrams of bay & system views.
2. Alarm pages & soe are displayed and printable
3. Trend windows: several curves can be fully customized by the operator.
4. Control with the select-before operate security commands.
5. Saving of historical files.
6. System configuration screen.
7. Time synchronization
8. Monitoring of circuit breaker.
9. Monitoring of transformer.
10. Monitoring of cts, pts, & cvts.
11. Monitoring of relays, energy meters & panel meters.
12. Configuration of relays
13. Disturbance record view.
14. Monitoring of switch yard surveillance system.
15. Monitoring of network

70

5.4.2. Substation Automation Business Factors and Benefits:

The transition from a legacy to future substation is taking place because of various
substation automation factors:
5.4.3. Reduce operations expense:
The future substation reduces operational expenses by converging multiple controls and
monitoring systems onto a single IP network while helping ensure higher priority for grid
operational and management traffic. This network convergence enables utility companies to
reduce power outages and service interruptions as well as decrease response times by quickly
identifying, isolating, diagnosing, and repairing faults.
These improvements are achieved through automation and flexible access to operational
control systems and, in the future, through better data correlation across multiple monitoring
systems. In addition, many utilities are facing an aging workforce, which will be retiring in the
next 5 to 10 years. Utilities need to fill their pipeline of talent with a younger workforce that is
capable of operating todays electric grid, but who can also help build the smart grid of the
future. Utilities can benefit from substation automation by more efficiently using their existing
workforce and reducing the amount of service calls through programs such as condition-based
maintenance. Further, substation automation allows utilities to extract further value from their
corporate networks by providing a remote workforce secure access to applications and data that
are located in the operations center.
5.4.4. Reduce capital expense:
As demand for energy continues to grow, utilities must find ways to generate power to
meet peak loads. As a regulated industry, utilities must provide power regardless of the amount
of power consumed. The cost of providing spinning reserves for peak load hours of the year is
extremely high for society. Utilities are challenged to find new ways to shave peak load to help
reduce costs and manage supply and demand of energy more efficiently.

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5.4.5. Enable distributed intelligence:

As network intelligence expands beyond the control center out into the substations, new
applications can be developed that enable distributed protection, control, and automation
functions. A distributed intelligent network also introduces opportunities for new service
creation, such as business and home energy management.
5.4.6. Meet regulatory compliance:
For many governments, utilities are considered critical infrastructure and have economic
and national security concerns. Because of this, various regulatory mandates exist or are
emerging that requires utilities to secure, monitor, and manage their critical data networks in
accordance with regulatory requirements, such as NERC-CIP.
5.4.7. Improve grid security:
Grid security is not just about securing the electronic security perimeter (ESP) in the
substation; it is also about creating a secure end-to-end architecture that maximizes visibility into
the entire network environment, devices, and events. Substation automation enables an important
part of the end-to-end security architecture and allows network operators to control network
users, device, and traffic. Physical security can be layered on top of this network security to
create security zones of access control, IP cameras for surveillance monitoring, and video
analytics to protect and alert network administrators of intruders.
5.5 LIMITATIONS:
1) The limitation of Sub-Station automation in the present version is inter change ability of
IEDs i.e. with different manufacturing different type of Relays are not interfaced.
2) In present version in this sub-station control and communication limited to with in SubStation not possible to Remote SCADA.

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5.6 SUMMERY:
In this chapter we discussed about 400/220KV Substation Shankarpally is one of the
most important grid substations in TSTRANSCO. Now the entire substation monitoring,
controlling and SCADA operations are being carried out from two Operating Work Stations
(OWS) and one Engineering Work Station (EWS) in the control room.

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6. CONCLUSIONS
6.1 CONCLUSION:
IEC 61850 standard has world-wide acceptance from various utilities and manufacturers.
Unique communication features of IEC 61850 have been discussed in brief. IEC 61850 standard
offers interoperability, free configuration, overall cost saving, and simple architecture. However,
in order to realize these benefits, thoughtful SAS design engineering is required which can
address the challenges for practical implementation. The major implementation issues from
many different aspects have been analyzed in this paper. For communication network
implementation, it has been discussed that Ethernet topology and network performance
requirements should be selected according to the size of the substation, time critical
requirements, and importance of the substation functions.
Moreover it has been examined that IEC 61850 proposed SNTP protocol has less
accuracy (1 ms), and hence need for accurate protocol such as IEEE 1588 has been proposed for
time critical applications. SAS functional issues, such as proper architecture, right degree of
redundancy, backup system for high availability, complete testing process, suitable protocols for
data integrity and security, etc. have been discussed in details. Finally, the factors need to be
addressed during the planning stage, such as cost, SAS expandability, substation function
allocation, and man power training, have also been brought out for the power system Utilities.
In this conceptualized model, there is better control and monitoring of substation
automation, as data context is retained while sending the data packet from one location to other.
This enables easy access of power system data through the Human Machine Interface or by any
other IEDs. Consequently, interoperability is ensured among various components (IEDs)
supplied by different vendors. This benefits both the vendors and utilities.

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6.2 FUTURE SCOPE OF THE WORK:

This is Distributed IEDs for each Switch Yard Equipment for Operation and
Maintenance. This is Called Process Bus Automation. Non Conventional Instrument
Transformers for Voltage and Current Measurement In this Distributed Control Rooms / Bay
Kiosks / Portable relay Rooms are not required. Total Fiber Optic Ethernet connection and
IEC61850 Communication. One complete Panel for one Bay. All control, Protection IEDs
TVM/EM is available. No Physical wiring from Switch Yard to Bay to Control. Total
GSM/CDMA connection and IEC61850 Communication. The reliability of system Depends on
availability of GSM / CDMA.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Technical documentation ABB, Areva, 2007.
Technical documentation Siemens, 2007.
Perspective Plan of Power Grid in 2006-2010 periods and 2016 orientated.
The Technical Cods of Power Grid.
The technical design documents for both Iernut and Sibiu Sub substations.
IEC 61850-3: Communications networks and systems in substations Part 3: General
Requirements (Section 5.7 EMI Immunity)
IEC 61000-6-5 Generic Standards Immunity for power station and substation
environments
IEEE

P1613

Draft

Standard

Environmental

and

Testing

Requirements

for

Communications Networking Devices in Electric Power Substations

IEEE PSRC H6 PAPER - Application Considerations of UCA 2 for Substation Ethernet
Local Area Network Communication for Protection and Control

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