Natural Sciences

GEN 106
Summer 1 2016

Atomic theories development

Submitted by
Name: Fatema Shahin Mohamed Al Harmi
ID# DAF1409114

Abstract
In this report I will give a history on the development of the
atomic theory. I will cover some of the most important dates in
the development of atomic theory.

Table of Contents
Abstract........................................................................................ 2
Atomic Theory Definition...............................................................4
Atomic theories development.......................................................4
Democritus (440 B.C.)...................................................................5
John Dalton (1803)........................................................................6
J.J. Thomson (1897).......................................................................7
Ernest Rutherford (1909)...............................................................8
Niels Bohr (1913)..........................................................................9
Modern Theory: Schrdinger and Heisenberg..............................10
References.................................................................................. 11

Atomic Theory Definition

Atomic theory Atomic theory is the idea that depends is made
from little units called atoms. While the ancient Greek logician
Democritus came up with the concept within the fifth century BC,
is at the beginning intended to consult indivisible units. As of
1897, the British scientist J.J. Thomson located that atoms are in
reality made of smaller particles. Nowadays atomic theory refers
to be counted being made of gadgets which can be indivisible
only a few of the time. Exceptions include plasmas such as
hearth, other ionic arrangements together with the ones located
within the body, radioactive substances, and many more.
The word "atom" (from the historical Greek adjective atoms,
'indivisible') turned into implemented to the simple particle that
constituted a chemical element; due to the fact the chemists of
the era believed that these have been the essential particles of
count number.

Atomic theories development

Democritus (440 B.C.)

Historical Greek philosopher born in Andra, Thrace, Greece He
becomes an influential pre-Socratic logician and student of
Leucippus, who formulated an atomic theory for the cosmos.
Democritus is diagnosed because the earliest proponent of the
concept of atomism. Leucippus, the founding father of the
atomism, turned into the greatest impact upon him.
The principle of Democritus and Leucippus held that the whole lot
consists of "atoms", which might be physically, but no longer
geometrically, indivisible; that between atoms lies empty area;
that atoms are indestructible; have constantly been, and usually
may be, in movement; that there are an limitless range of atoms,
and styles of atoms, which fluctuate in form, and size.
Of the mass of atoms, Democritus said "The extra any indivisible
exceeds, the heavier it is." but their exact function on weight of
atoms is disputed.
Democritus, along with Leucippus and Epicurus, proposed the
earliest views on the shapes and connectivity of atoms. They
reasoned that the solidness of the fabric corresponded to the form
of the atoms concerned.
Democritus proposed that in case you saved slicing a substance
in 1/2 all of the time, subsequently you'll turn out to be with an
uncuttable particle.
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He knew as those particles atoms, which means indivisible in

Greek.
Democritus notion that atoms have been small, hard debris of an
unmarried fabric and in unique patterns and sizes
His concept that atoms have been usually transferring and
shaped specific materials thru combining with each other
Aristotle disagreed with Democrituss concept which you would
emerge as with an indivisible particle. Because Aristotle had extra
public have an impact on, Democrituss ideas had been neglected
for hundreds of years.

John Dalton (1803)

Around 1803, Dalton evolved an atomic principle to give an
explanation for the ratios in which elements combine to shape
compounds. It became the cornerstone for contemporary atomic
principle.
Five points of Daltons atomic idea:
1. Elements are fabricated from extremely small debris called
atoms.
2. Atoms of a given detail are equal in size, mass, and other
residences: atoms of different factors vary size-wise, mass, and
other residences.
3. Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed.

4. Atoms of various elements integrate in simple entire-wide

variety ratios to shape chemical compounds.
5. In chemical reactions, atoms are mixed, separated, or
rearranged.
He also developed an assumption primarily based on the faith of
natures simplicity that once atoms integrate in only one ratio, it
must be presumed to be binary one, except some motive appears
to the contrary.
Barriers blanketed that these days, Daltons 2nd and 1/3 factors
to the atomic idea and confirmed wrong.
There were three fundamental legal guidelines mounted through
Dalton and other scientists of his time to guide the atomic theory.
These laws are the:
a) Law of Conservation of Mass
The law of conservation of mass states that during a chemical
reaction, remember is neither created nor destroyed, or, greater
as it should be, there may be no detectable alternate in mass at
some stage in a normal chemical response.
b) Regulation of precise Proportions
The regulation of definite proportions states that special samples
of any pure compound incorporate the identical elements within
the equal proportions by mass.
c) The law of more than one Proportion
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The regulation of a couple of proportions states that the mass of

one detail that can combine with a set mass of another element
are in a ratio of small entire numbers.

J.J. Thomson (1897)

Thomson used a cathode-ray tube to behavior a take a look at
which confirmed that there are small particles interior atoms.
This discovery diagnosed an error in Daltons atomic idea. Atoms
can be divided into smaller elements.
Because of the reality the beam moved a long way from the
negatively charged plate and towards the in reality charged plate,
Thomson knew that the debris must have a terrible fee.
He knew as the ones debris corpuscles. We now name these
particles electrons.
Electrons The negatively charged particles discovered in all
atoms.
Thomson modified the atomic principle to consist of the presence
of electrons. He knew there want to be fantastic prices present to
balance the horrible prices of the electrons, but he didnt
recognize wherein.
Thomson proposed a model of an atom known as the plumpudding model, in which bad electrons are scattered during soft
blobs of undoubtedly charged material.

Ernest Rutherford (1909)

Rutherford achieved an experiment in which he shot a beam of
definitely charged debris right into a sheet of gold foil.
Rutherford expected that if atoms were gentle, because the plumpudding version advised, the particles might pass through the
gold and preserve in and without delay line.
Maximum of the particles did maintain in an immediately line.
However some of the debris had been deflected to the edges a
piece and some bounced right away once more.
Rutherford located out that the plum-pudding version did no
longer provide an explanation for his observations. He modified
the atomic idea and superior a brand new model of the atom.
Rutherfords model says that maximum of the atoms mass is
located in a place within the center called the nucleus.
Nucleus The tiny, particularly dense, surely charged location
within the center of an atom.
Rutherford calculated that the nucleus end up 100,000 times
smaller than the diameter of the atom.
In Rutherfords model the atom is on the whole empty space and
the electrons journey in random paths around the nucleus.

Niels Bohr (1913)

Corrected the essential flaw in Rutherfords version

Focuses on the quantization of strength of electrons

Basic principles of Bohrs:
1. Electrons can orbit the nucleus most effective at certain
specific distances from the nucleus. These distances are
unique multiples of the radius of the smallest authorized
orbit which means the orbits in an atom are quantized.
2. The electron's distance from the nucleus determines each
the kinetic and electric powered capacity strength of an
electron in orbit. So forth the electricity in an electron is also
quantized and each orbit corresponds to a specific energy
degree for the electron.
3. handiest by emitting or absorbing photons of same energy to
the distinction between electricity ranges can an electron
flow from one energy stage to another. Whilst an electron
keeps to orbit at particular energy stage, no energy is
radiated. Also, since the length and form of the orbit remains
the equal and at a fixed strength degree, these orbits are
frequently called stationary states.
Obstacles protected him now not explaining as to why strength is
quantized, why orbiting electrons do now not radiate
electromagnetic electricity, why a magnetic field splits the
primary spectral traces into more than one intently spaced line,
and the fact that it is not correct for electrons to have or more
electrons.

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Electrons tour across the nucleus in definite paths and fixed

distances.
Electrons can jump from one stage to a route in any other degree.
1913 - Danish physicist; observed electricity levels

Modern Theory: Schrdinger and Heisenberg

Our current model of the atom says that electrons do not
excursion in genuine paths throughout the nucleus.
The exact path or function of moving electron cannot be predicted
or decided. As an alternative, there are regions in the atom were
electrons are probably to be decided.
Electron clouds areas inner an atom in which electrons are
probable to be discovered.

References
http://atomictimeline.net/index.php
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_ocr_g
ateway/periodic_table/atomstrucrev5.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_theory
http://www.abcte.org/files/previews/chemistry/s1_p2.html

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