e-mail: mcud@pg.gda.pl,
web: www.pg.gda.pl/~mcud/
phone.: 58 347 2492,
room: 302/Hydro,
tutorial: Friday 11.15-13.00
Literature
Literature
Duncan J.M., Wright S.G.: Soil Strength and Slope Stability. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA, 2005.
Derski W., Izbicki R., Kisiel I., Mrz Z.: Rock and soil mechanics ,
PWN, Elsevier, 1988.
Magazines:
Gotechnique
Geotechnik (german)
Planned
Planned scope
scope of
of lectures
lectures
part
partof
of M.
M.Cudny
Cudny
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Soil stiffness at small and intermediate strains: stress and strain dependency
of the stiffness.
6.
7.
8.
Some
Some basics,
basics, definitions
definitions etc.
etc.
Stress:
Strain:
Triaxial apparatus
Oedometer
Shear
Shear strength
strength of
of soils
soils
10
11
M=
*) here stress is
compression positive
12
ep
& ij = Dijkl
&kl
s
axi
atic 3
t
s
ro
=
hyd = 2
1
elastic
model
& ij =
Flow
rule:
F
= &
ij
&ijp
Yield surface
e
&kle
Dijkl
F ( ij ) = 0
2 3
G
lub
or = &
ij
&ijp
100
compression
1 [kPa]
80
t
sta
dro
hy
60
ic
ax
is
40
20
extension
0
20
40
60
80
100
23 [kPa]
Coulomb-Mohr
et
d ij = Dijkl
d kl ,
et
=
Dijkl
E0
1 2 0
+
( ik jl + jk il )
2
(1 + 0 )(1 2 0 ) 0 ij kl
Hooke
13
et
ijkl
=D
es
ijkl
1 2
E
(
ij kl +
ik jl + jk il )
=
(1 + )(1 2 )
2
*) here stress is
compression positive
14
at ID=0.3
at ID=0.5
15
n = 0.65 x UCS
Direction of shearing
Rough joint
vertical displacement vs.
shear displacement
maximum
dilatancy
angle
shear stress
(normalized to UCS)
normal displacement
(dilatancy / contractancy)
shear displacement
shear displacement
cuA
A , c, E, , undrained
A , c, E, , drained
B u=0, cuB, E, , undrained
C u=0, cuB, Eu, u=0.495,
total stress analysis
cuB
B C
u=0
16
q
1
3
t ot a
or d l stres
rain s pat
h
ed
pat
h
cq
undrained path
1
u
erosion
sedimentation
void ratio e
normal consolidation
[kPa]
overconsolidation
or preconsolidation
[kPa]
strength
increase
[kPa]
*) source: Skempton, 1967
17
'
'
c'2
c'1
cu2
cu1
stress
increase
s
c1'
'
c2'
clay
clay
18
u = K w v
or tensorially
or ij = ij ijw )
ij = ijtot ijw (lub
total stiffness :
e
& ijtot = ( Dijkl
+ K w ij kl ) &kl
19
& xtot A
tot
& y B
tot =
& z B
& 0
xy
B B
A B
B A
0
Kw
K
+ w
Kw
2G 0
0
0
0
Kw
Kw
Kw
Kw
Kw
Kw
0 &x
0 & y
0 &z
0 &xy
A= E
1
, B=E
, G=E
2 (1 + )
(1 + )(1 2 )
(1 + )(1 2 )
How to estimate Kw ?
a)
K w 2 GPa
u 0.5,
Kw =
G=
E
2 (1 + )
2G 1 + u
1 +
3 1 2 u 1 2
20
h 2 w
t << t98
k M0
< 0.01
Skempton parameter B
increment of the total tress:
ij = ij '+ u ij
isotropic compression:
0
P 0
= P 1 = 0 P 0
0
0 P
B=
u
= f ( Sr )
P
' = P u = P BP 0
21
Skempton parameter A
steel :
p& K
=
q& 0
soil :
0 &v
3G &q
dilatancy:
p& K
=
q& Q2
d=
Q1 &v
3G &q
&v
&q
Skemptona parameter A
u = A 1 3 = A q
Parameters A and B (undrained behaviour)
u = A q + B tr ( )
3
undrained
drained
regardless A value
undrained
22
0
F=
nst
G=co
c
F= - n tan - c (yield function),
G= - n tan
(plastic potentialfunction)
23
Alternative
Alternative shear
shear strength
strength criteria
criteria for
for soils
soils
Drucker-Prager shear strength criterion
standard version:
q
Mc
FD P = q Mp cq = 0
3
sij sij , for axisymmetric case : q = 1 3 ,
2
1
1
p = kk , p = ( 1 + 2 3 ),
3
3
6 sin
6c cos
M=
, cq =
3 sin
3 sin
q=
surface (deviatoric)
1=2=3
cq
1
Me
Mc=Me
24
3 3J
= arccos 3/ 23 ,
3
2J2
=0
=30
b=0.0
3 3J
27 J 1
1
= arcsin 33 = arcsin 3/ 23 ,
3
2q 3
2J2
*
-1
=
3
= 0
b= 0
0.5
60
0
=
-3
= 1.0
b=
1
3
sij sij
skl skl , q = 3J 2 =
2
2
oraz
and
sij = ij + p ij - dewiator
naprenia
stress deviator
1
p = kk
3
axisym.
compression:
Sciskanie
trjosiowe: = 0o lub * = 30o
-3
compression
extension
-2
b=
2 3 1
= 1 + 3 tan ( 30o )
1 3 2
Rozciganie
trjosiowe: = 60o lub * = 30o
axisym. extension:
25
Stress invariants p, q,
3p
2/3q
1
Rendulic plane
p
2
3
9
sij s jk ski , for 2 = 3 r = ( 1 3 )
2
3
q 1
1 r
1 + 1 ,
2 K K q
q comp
ext
K = 0.778 1 ; t = , t
=q
K
t=
K=1.0
K=0.9
K=0.8
26
SMP =
I1 I 2 I 3 9 I 32
SMP =
I2
SMP
3I 3
, SMP =
I2
I1 = kk = 1 + 2 + 3 , I 2 =
I 3 = det ij = 1 2 3
I1 I 2
= const or
I3
FM N =
f =
I1 I 2 9 I 3
9I3
1
( ii jj ij ij ) = 2 3 + 1 3 + 1 2 ,
2
I1 I 2
const = 0
I3
I1 I 2
I I 9 sin 2 cm
9 8 tan 2 cm = 1 2
= 0, (1974)
I3
I 3 1 sin 2 cm
FLD =
I13
= 0, Lade i Duncan (1975)
I3
( 3 sin cm )
I1 = kk , I 3 = det ij , =
( 1 sin cm )( 1 + sin cm )
3
= 30o
cm
FLD = 0
= 20o
cm
FMN = 0
FDP ( K = 1.0 ) = 0
FDP ( K = 0.9 ) = 0
27
I3
I
FL = 1 27 1 = 0, Lade (1977)
I3
pa
pa , m, - parameters
1
m = 0.5
m = 0.8
!) nonlinear contour
in meridian planes
2 = 3
Some differences between presented shear strength criteria for soils and rocks
1
1
= 30o
cm
= 20o
cm
= 30o
cm
= 20o
cm
Mohr-Coulomb contour
is shown for cm=30
3
2
= 40o
cm
= 40o
cm
p = 100 kPa
= 30o
cm
K = 0.778
= 40o
cm
Modfied Drucker-Prager
p = 50 kPa
p = 200 kPa
p = 150 kPa
1
m = 0.5
Lade (1977)
m = 0.8
2 = 3
28
250
CM
DP
-0.01
MN
150
LD
100
MN
CM
v [-]
t [kPa]
200
-0.03
50
0
LD
-0.02
0.02
0.04
0.06
yy [-]
0.08
0.10
-0.04
DP
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
yy [-]
c=30, c=0 kPa, =5, E=10000 kPa, =0.15; initial stress is isotropic p=100 kPa;
symbols: t=(1-3)/2, v=1+3
29
Homogeneous soil:
c=30, c=1 kPa, c=0, Eoed=80000 kPa, =0.2 (E0=72000 kPa), =18 kN/m3
force-displacement curves
shearing
extension
yielding zones
30
Homogeneous soil:
c=30, c=1 kPa, c=0, Eoed=80000 kPa, =0.2 (E0=72000 kPa), =18 kN/m3
31
*) Eoed=M0
32
Soil
Soil slope
slope stability
stability calculations
calculations
Slope failure mechanism is highly dependent on geological layering
wysoko n.p.m.
embankment
clays
limestone
powierzchnia
zniszczenia
pre-failure
post-failure
displacement rate
first
failure
occasional
reactivation
acttive landslides
time
33
Quick-clay landslides
*) source: geopanorama.rncan.gc.ca
*) source: geopanorama.rncan.gc.ca
34
*) http://www.montrealgazette.com
*) Trondheim, 1999
35
Horizontal displacement
of the wall, track level
[ins]
failure
begin of observation
probable
analysed
} slip line
36
ij , j + f i = 0
Boundary conditions:
ij n j = ti ,
vi = vi0
f ( ij ) 0,
Strain-displacement compatibility:
&kl =
1
vi , j + v j ,i
2
In practice, very often complicated boundary conditions are far from those
which are assumed in the analytical solutions of fundamental equations.
*) Stability of a road embankment, hight 14.0m, reinforced by geotextiles, soft soil ground piled by
jet-grouting columns. At the embankment toe a water reservoir is designed with sheet-pile walls
(without anchoring !!!), Poland, Motorway A4, Ruda lska, 2004.
37
38
*) deformation
*) horizontal displacement
39
*) Pylon foundation of a cable stayed bridge at the highway ring road of Wrocaw (A8), 2009.
40
b)
a)
c)
41
1.
2.
3.
Failure mechanism
In the initial phase of slope stability calculations by methods of slices it is very
important to choose an appropriate failure mechanism.
Rotational shape of failure line
circular slip line
(homogeneous soils)
source: http://www.dur.ac.uk/~des0www4/cal/slopes/
42
Translational mechanism
Compound mechanism
source: http://www.dur.ac.uk/~des0www4/cal/slopes/
F
minimum
source: http://www.dur.ac.uk/~des0www4/cal/slopes/
43
grid of centres
of rotaion
source: http://www.dur.ac.uk/~des0www4/cal/slopes/
source: http://www.dur.ac.uk/~des0www4/cal/slopes/
44
Influence of the soil type for the shape of critical failure mechanism
sand
clay
source: http://www.dur.ac.uk/~des0www4/cal/slopes/
source: http://www.dur.ac.uk/~des0www4/cal/slopes/
45
Short term and long term slope stability (parameters ,c and u, cu)
excavation
time
u
construction time
construction time
embankment
u
time
+ compression
r
s
r
s
r
s
Average value :
slip:
av
sr p
source: http://www.dur.ac.uk/~des0www4/cal/slopes/
46
Method of slices
General scheme
centre of rotation
forces acting
on a single slice:
source: http://www.dur.ac.uk/~des0www4/cal/slopes/
47
Fellenius method
- example
Fellenius
Bishop
F=
1
W sin
(W + X ub ) tan + cb
tan tan
cos 1 +
48
Janbu method
Relates to the Bishop method taking into account lateral forces E.
It allows for arbitrary non-rotational slip lines.
W X = N cos + S sin
E = N sin S cos
F=
1
(W X ) tan
(W X ub ) tan + cb
cos m
m = cos +
tan sin
F
= const
X
= tan
E
Spencer
Morgenstern-Price
const
X
= f ( x)
E
49
How to take into account the pore water pressure in slope stability calculations ?
ua=ust= h w
50
ua = w h H u ,
H u = 0 1
H u = cos 2
u a = ru v ,
ru = 0 1
51
-c reduction method
F-c
Strength parameters (tan, c) are reduced in the incremental process up to the loss of
static equilibium in the analysed boundary problem. This numerical method falls to the
methods based on the fundamental equations of continuum theory.
52