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JanosKarpAti
Liszt Ferenc University ofMusic
Liszt Ferenc
E-mail:
(Received:
Abstract:
After
three decades
ter 8, H-1061
Budapest, Hungary
janos.karpati@t-online.hu
25 March
2006; accepted:
25 May
2006)
of our personal,
conducted
with
discussions
publicly
to his theories at a
related
again my objections
of Bence
Szabolcsi.
Since my lecture was given in
to present
version was
in Hungarian,
I feel it necessary
in 1999 I raised
Lendvai,
inmemory
conference
organized
Erno
Bartokian
Keywords:
Bela
Bartok,
Erno Lendvai,
theory of music,
golden
section
Erno
a na
only
inter
1
kerdesei: Meg egyszer Lendvai Erno elmeleterol" [Questions of the Bartok
?A Bartok-analitika
In: Bartok-analitika.
Analysis: Erno Lendvai's Theory Reconsidered], Muzsika XLIII, 2000, 4:11-16.
Vdlogatott tanulmdnyok [Bartok Analysis, Selected Writings] Budapest: Rozsavolgyi, 2003,156-167.
StudiaMusicologica Academiae ScientiarumHungaricae 47/3-4, 2006, pp. 417-426
D0I:
l0.1556/SMus.47.2006.3-4.15
0039-3266/$ 20.00 ? 2006 Akademiai Kiado, Budapest
keeps
because
of the still
class
Some
thermore, we could listen to his fascinating lectures at theAcademy.
most
his
the
and
students
considered
teachers
theory
important
colleagues
and convincing discovery in Bartok analysis, but others disputed itmainly
and extreme aesthetic implications.
because of its arbitrarymethodology
International reception of his theory was similarly divided. Enthusiastic
for example the Hungarian-born Andras Szentkiralyi
followers emerged
but objections were not lacking either. Very early, even in 1971, the year of
from Hamburg, Peter
Lendvai's English language publication, a musicologist
Petersen, in his book on Bartok's tonality, wrote this very sharp and apposite
opinion:
...the
connecting
system is nothing
of axis
tonality
else but fiction.2
with
the harmonic-functional
relation
Since dealing with my academic studies inBartok analysis I could not avoid
theories; and itwas impossible not to accept a number
encountering Lendvai's
statements and appropriate terminology. But early
of his phenomenological
inHungary had some political overtones, mainly from
criticism of Lendvai
in
aestheticians, which iswhy I and some ofmy colleagues
as
to
such
to
not
want
be
considered
did
Bartok research
attackers,
belonging
and theoretical level.
because our objections remained on a purely musical
Thus those who disputed his theories restricted themselves to criticizing only
some peripheral elements, the followers became ever stronger, and occupied
that the problem of
important places in the education. Many musicians believe
axis theory can
Bartok analysis has been completely resolved, and Lendvai's
the side ofMarxist
be used
to be a closed
2 Peter
Petersen, Die
StudiaMusicologica
Academiae ScientiarumHungaricae
47, 2006
1971), 11-12.
419
Gillies's
review-article
on Lendvai's
Workshop
Bartok book, which
of Bartok and Ko
includes as an Ap
Workshop
is dangerous
reading,
especially
if undertaken
casually.
shows
is a real one.4
In this paper I do not strive for anything other than to focus on some elements
of Lendvai's
theories which I consider basic errors on which no system can be
built. Please do not think that I am doing this because I feel secure now that
sequence.
3 Paul
Wilson, TheMusic ofBela Bartok (New Haven/London,
1992).
4Malcolm
Gillies, Review Article: "Erno Lendvai: The Workshop of Bartok", Music Analysis 5/1986,
2-3.
5
?Funkci6: terminologia es logika" [Function, terminolgy, and logic]. InZeneelmelet es stiluselemzes. A
Bdrdos Lajos 75. szuletesnapja alkalmdbol tartottzenetudomdnyi konferencia anyaga [Music theory and
1977,7.
styile analysis: Conference held for the 75th birthday of Lajos Bardos] (Budapest: Zenemiikiado),
StudiaMusicologica Academiae ScientiarumHungaricae
47, 2006
There
quote
function theory is
degree seventh chord. The basic priniciple of Riemann's
or
can substitute
lower
triad
that the so called "secondary"
relative)
(parallel
common
share
the given primary triad, because
notes, accordingly
they
can be presented, having the same subdominant function. But if the third of the
II degree triad is altered toF sharp, says Federhofer, the note F representing the
subdominant function is no longer there, in other words D major is not the
1
Classical
of I-IV-V-I
affinition:
SUBDOMINANT
harmony
TONIC
I
already
DOMINANT
between
distinguishes
primary
and
secondary
SUBDOMINANT
F
TONIC
DOMINANT
G
6 E.
Kurth, Die Voraussetzungen der theoretischen Harmonik
(Bern, 1913), see the main works
S. Karg-Elert and H. Schenker.
7 Carl
Dahlhaus, Einjuhrung indie systematische Musikwissenschaft
(Koln, 1971).
8 Erno
Lendvai, The Workshop ojBartok and Kodaly (Budapest, 1983).
StudiaMusicologica Academiae ScientiarumHungaricae
47, 2006
of
421
SUBDOMINANT I
F
TONIC
C
D j
1Al,
DOMINANT
El,
| EBlj
The axis system isnone other than the recognitionof thefact thatthe tonicA
and E flatnot only have C as a common relative,but also theF sharporG flat
degree.
SUBDOMINANT
F
TONIC
_C_G_
DAl,
A_Et_E_
fj
DOMINANT
as
At firstglance, this deduction looks logical and attractive. Nevertheless,
we have seen inFederhofer 's argumentation, the substitution in the case of the
lower relative is already equivocal, and the simultaneity of lower and upper
For example the VII degree represents an
I
function.
quote one of professor Bardos' statements:
absolutely ambiguous
A special case is given by the third-fourth
inversionof theVII seventh chord.
When itresolves to I degree (T), if Iwant, from theone pair of voices I am
hearing aD-T relation,but ifI am focussing on theotherpair, it is clearly S-T
character [Example 7].As amatter of fact,both functionsare unified, and as if
relatives raises
there were
further questions.
a certain
three functions,
in which
there are not
of the newer music
phenomenon
but only the tonic and some other opposing
tones, as an anti
tonic.
vn3
s? t
Example 1
to extend the
That iswhy it is an arbitrary and speculative idea of Lendvai's
relative (parallel) relationships to the twelve-tone system, and to force all the
three functions into an axis, even though in the twelve-tone system (as we
three functions.
quoted above) there are not and cannot be
The theory of axis tonality is disputable not only because Riemann's
three
fold function system is not adaptable to the twelve-tone chromatic system, but
if the first relative - as we have seen from Federhofer's example - is
because
not always valid, then the second relative starts from a false premiss. IfA ma
jor is not the relative of C major, then similarly F sharpmajor is not the relative
ofA major, and even less of C major. By such a false extension of the relativity
of tonalities, Lendvai arrives at the absurdity of the identity of polar tonalities.
StudiaMusicologica Academiae ScientiarumHungaricae 47, 2006
the slow
through complicated
material
to Lendvai's
According
itnot be a better interpretation to say that the progression starts from a
Would
distant tonality and arrives at the central, actual tonality of thework?
For Bartok polar tonalities by no means represented the same function, but
were
have
The
order to demonstrate
Fibonacci
expressed
strate thatBartok's melodic
equivalent
to 2-3-5-8-13
as semitones.
(Budapest,
1989), 217-220.
423
gi_
ct_
Fl_
B_
E_
A
D_
G_
C_
F_
BL
_EL
Example 2
3. Let usfirst look at the question of thepentatonic
I quote from Lendvai's
scale!
Bartok's
dramaturgy:
That thegolden section is one of the innate laws ofmusic, and not an outer
stipulation, is effectively evidenced by themost ancient tone system of
mankind, thepentatonic scale. It can be considered thepurestmusical mani
festationof thegolden section.The five tone scale, and especially its"la" and
"re" modes are based upon a melodic outline consisting primarily ofmajor
second (2),minor third(3) and fourth(5) intervals.[Example 3]
His evidence
tone scale. But
Example 3
is limited to a certain, arbitrarily selected segment of the five
looking at the full octave, the mentioned pentatonic modes
Fibonacci
Example 4
StudiaMusicologica Academiae ScientiarumHungaricae
47, 2006
sequence
it iswell-known
that ancient tone sys
By theway, among ethnomusicologists
tems exhibit very complex relations. It is a fact demonstrated by John Ellis
more than a hundred years ago, that ancient tone systems in various regions in
theworld do not consist unconditionally of diatonic intervals, and their actual
scale structures can only be measured by Cents. How could calculating by
semitones be valid in these systems, and hence the Fibonacci
sequence?
But
examples
Bluebeard's
"Chinese
march"
accompaniedby consecutivediminishedfifths{Example5).
Larghissimo
*-mpocoaliarg.
Example 5
the pentatonic scale cannot be interpreted as the golden
Accordingly,
section system either in its origin or as itoccurs.
or contradiction has been revealed by Malcolm
A similar miscalculation
Gillies
vai's
teristic Fibonacci
sequence:
2-3-5-8.
sequence.
425
existence and frequency of such a chord type can be accepted without any
doubt and from the phenomenological
aspect it is true. Its denomination as an
chord
is
used
frequently in the Bartok literature. My
accepted and
alpha
objection focuses exclusively on its interpretation as a golden section struc
ture- but this is not a secondary question. I quote from page 13 of Workshop:
As a consequence of thisduality [i.e. of classical harmony], in theovertone
system
every
note
relates
to a fundamental
note
(root), whereas
in the pen
tatonic system (?) every note bears a relation to every note. In the typemost
characteristicofBartok andKodaly's music - theso-called alpha harmonies thisprinciple has virtuallybecome a rule: thepentatonic 8,5,3,2 intervals(or
theiroctaves) intertwine
with everynote of thechord. [Example 6\
I
V
(5)
\/*
L-1
minorthird (3)
major second
(2)
Example 6
This really would correspond to the Fibonacci
sequence, but the relations
- are
intervals
selected arbitrarily. In the frequently used seg
demonstrated
ments of this so called alpha chord consisting of five notes (called beta, gam
- we
indeed have thementioned 2,3,5,8
ma, delta)
intervals, but with as much
octave
ganuua.
delta
Example 7
stituted
by theminor third(3), theperfectfifth(7) by thediminishedor/and
augmentedfifth(6 or/and8), and theoctave (12) by thediminishedoctave or
ones, e.g. the denominations of chords as alpha, beta, gamma, delta. I am sorry
to say, however, that the above mentioned contradictions I have presented are
not peripheral elements in an otherwise solid system, but cardinal points that
question
10Studia
Musicologica
system.
36 (1995), 365-380.