Patient interview

1. Mother's pregnancy: prematurity, fetal distress,

difficult labor, umbilical cord around neck.
2. Medical history: diagnoses, surgery, intubation,
ventilation, medications.
3. Family history; caretakers, socioeconomic
status, family support

Preterm infant examination

1. Neurological items: reflexes, state of alertness,
neurobehavioral items from Neonatal Behavioral
Assessment Scale(NBAS), assessment of
gestational age my muscle tone, physical
characteristics.

Assessment of premature infant behavior(APIB)

Refinement and extension of NBAS
Assesses infants physiological, motor and mental
status
Length primary used for research

Newborn Individualized Developmental Care

and Assessment of Progress(NIDCAP)
systematic behavioral observation of infant in
nursery during caretaking, treatments,
environmental input

Test of infant motor performance(TIMP)

Developed for infants 32 week postconceptual
age to 3.5 months post term.
Evaluates spontaneous and elicited movements
to evaluate postural alignment, and selective
control for functional movements

APGAR
Test for newborn at1,5, 10 minutes after birth.
Five items scored 0-2:
1. Heart rate
2. Respiration
3. Reflex irritability

4. Muscle tone
5. Color
Score of 7 or more is good

Babinski reflex
Perform: stroke lateral aspect of the plantar
surface of the foot
Response: Extension and fanning of toes
Normal presentation: 0-12months.

Flexor withdrawal
Perform: Sharp, quick, pressure stimulus to sole
of foot or palm of hand.
Response: Withdrawal of stimulated extremity.
Normal presentation: 0-2 months, may present
throughout life.

Crossed extension
Perform: Sharp, quick, pressure stimulus to sole
of foot
Response:Withdrawal of stimulated leg and
extension of opposite extremity.
Normal presentation: 0-2 months.

Galant or Trunk incurvation reaction

Perform: Slide stroke along paravertebral line
from scapula to top of the iliac crest.
Response: Lateral trunk flexion towards
stimulated side.
Normal presentation: 0-2 months.

Moro reflex
Perform: Sudden extension of neck
Response: Flexion, abduction of shoulders,
extension of elbows, and then extension,
abduction of shoulders; results in crying.
Normal presentation: 0-4 months.

Primary standing reaction

Perform: support standing

Response: Extension of lower extremities and
some weight support.
Normal presentation: Should disappear otherwise
interfere walking.

Primary walking
Perform: In support standing, tilt trunk slightly
forward
Response: Reciprocal stepping motion in lower
extremities.
Normal presentation: 0-2 months unless practiced

Neonatal neck righting(NOB)

Perform: turn head when infant in supine
Response: Body logrolls toward the same side
Normal presentation: 0-6 months

Rooting
Perform: Stroking of perioral region
Response: Head turning to the same side with
mouth opening
Normal presentation: 0-3 months; important
feeding reflex

Sucking
Perform: touch to lips, tongue or palate
Response: automatic sucking
Normal presentation: 0-6 months, important
feeding reflex

Startle
Perform: Loud noise, light, or cold
Response: sudden jerking of hole body or
extension and abduction of upper extremities
followed by adduction of shoulders
Normal presentation: 0-6 months

Tonic labyrinthine reflex

Perform: prone or supine position

Response: in prone maximal flexor tone, in supine
maximal extensor tone
Normal presentation: 0-6 months; if persist may
block rolling

Asymmetric tonic neck reflex

Perform: Rotation of head
Response: Face side extremity extends, and
opposite make flexion
Normal presentation: 0-5 months; if persist may
result in scoliosis, or hip dislocation, and interfere
with grasping hand to mouth activities

Palmar grasp
Perform: pressure stimulus against palm
Response: Grasping of object with slow release
Normal presentation: 0-4 months

Plantar grasp
Perform: Pressure stimulus to sole, or lowering
foot to floor
Response: Curling of toes
Normal presentation: 0-9 months, must be
integrating before walking

Placing reaction
Perform: Drag dorsum of foot or back of hand
against edge of table
Response: Placing of foot or hand onto table top
Normal presentation: 0-6 months

Traction or pull to sit

Perform: Pull to sit from supine
Response: Upper extremity will flex and will be
head leg
Normal presentation: until 4-5 months

Optical and labyrinthine rightining

Perform: Eyes blindfolded, tilt body

Response: Head orients in vertical position
Normal presentation: 1 month -throughout life

Protective extension
Perform: Quick displacement of trunk while held,
sitting in forward, sideward, or backward direction
Response: extension of legs in downward, and
extension of arms in sitting to catch weight
Normal presentation: Downward begins at 4
months, sideward sitting 7 months, backward
sitting 9 months; persist throughout life

Body righting reaction acting on head(BOH)

Perform: Contact body with solid surface
Response: Head righting with respect to gravity
Normal presentation: begins 4-6 months
throughout life

Body righting reaction acting on body(BOB)

Perform: Rotation of head or thorax
Response: Rolling over with rotation between
trunk and pelvis
Normal presentation: Begins 6-8 months
throughout life

Symmetric tonic neck reflex

Perform: flexion or extension of cervical joints
Response: flexion/extension of upper extremities
with extension/flexion of lower extremities
Normal presentation: 6-8 months; if persist may
interfere with stable quadruped position and
creeping

Landau reaction
Perform: hold infant in ventral suspension
Response: extension of neck, trunk, hips
Normal presentation: 4-18 months

Tilting reactions

Perform: Slow shifting base of support or

displacement of body in space
Response: Lateral flexion toward elevated side,
abduction of extremities on elevated side,
sometimes trunk rotation toward elevated side
Normal presentation: Prone- 5 months; supine- 7
months; sitting- 8 months; quadruped- 12
months; throughout life

Denver developmental screening test 2

Screen for developmental delay
Test social, fine, dross motor, and language skills
from birth to 6 years

Alberta Infant Motor Scale

Observational scale for assessing gross motor
milestones from birth through independent
walking

Movement assessment of infants

1. To identify motor dysfunction and changes. And
establishing intervention program for infants from
birth to 1 year.
2. Criterion reference exam of muscle tone,
automatic reactions, and volitional movements

Peabody Developmental motor scale

1.Assesses gross and fine motor development
from birth to 42 months.
2. Includes spontaneous, elicited, reflexes, and
automatic reactions.

Gross motor function test

1. Measure changes in gross motor function over
time in children with CP.
2. All items could be accomplished by 5 year-old.
3. Focus on voluntary movement in 5 dimensions;
prone and supine, sitting, crawling and kneeling,
standing, walking and jumping.

Sensory integration and Praxis test

1. Sensorimotor assessment for children 4-9
years old with mild to moderate learning
impairment.
2. Tests: balance, tactile sensation,
proprioception, and control of specific
movements.

Bayley Scales of Infant Development Revision

Norm referenced motor and mental scales for
children from birth to 42 months old.

Pediatric evaluation of disability Inventory

Interview or questionnaire of ADL, with or without
modifications made by caregiver.

Functional Independence Measure for

Children(WEEFIM)
Assesses function in self care, mobility,
locomotion, communication, and social cognition.