1.

0 SUMMARY
The purpose of the experiment was to carry out bath saponification reaction between ethyl
acetate and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The next objective is to determine the effect of
temperature on the extent of conversion. Then, the saponification reaction of ethyl acetate with
sodium hydroxide can be represented by the following stoichiometric equation. The experiment
was began by preparing the solution of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate. Then the solution are
mixed with distilled water and poured into the batch reactor where the saponification process
occur. Every 5 minutes, sample are taken from the reactor and taken to measure the conductivity.
The conductivity is taken by using a conductivity meter. This is repeated for another 30 minutes
and for each temperature which is 40C, 50C and 60C. Throughout the experiment, it showed
that as concentration of sodium hydroxide increase, the conductivity increases. Then, when
conversion increase the conductivity increase. As the higher temperature applied in the
experiment, the conversion will decreases. This is because, when the conductivity increase the
temperature decreases. In theory, the conductivity is inversely proportional to the conversion.
Therefore, the higher the temperature, the higher the rate of reaction in this batch reactor. There
were a few possible errors that isthe reading of conductivity might have errors. It maybe effect
the result and graph plotted. This might due to unclean conductivity rod as it is supposed to be
wiped every time a sample being tested using the conductivity rod.

2.0 DATA AND RESULTS

TABLE FOR EXPERIMENT 1

Volume of NaOH

=3L

Volume of Et(Ac)

=3L

Initial concentration of NaOH

= 0.1 M

Initial concentration of Et(Ac)

= 0.1 M

Temperature

= 40C

Time

Temperature

Conductivity

Concentration of

Conversion,

(min)

(C)

(mS/cm)

NaOH, CNaOH (M)

X (%)

0
5
10
15
20
25
30

30.0
31.8
32.9
34.2
35.1
35.8
36.4

6.00
5.80
4.43
4.24
4.17
4/18
4.21

0.0140
0.0130
0.0035
0.0021
0.0016
0.0017
0.0019

71.21
74.04
93.41
96.10
97.08
96.95
96.52

TABLE FOR EXPERIMENT 2

Volume of NaOH

=3 L

Volume of Et(Ac)

=3 L

Initial concentration of NaOH

=0.1 M

Initial concentration of Et(Ac)

=0.1 M

Temperature

=50C

Time

Temperature

Conductivity

Concentration of

Conversion,

(min)

(C)

(mS/cm)

NaOH, CNaOH (M)

X (%)

0
5
10
15
20
25
30

37.6
33.7
36.1
38.7
40.6
42.2
43.3

5.97
5.33
4.96
4.63
4.45
4.39
4.32

0.0144
0.0098
0.0072
0.0049
0.0036
0.0032
0.0027

71.63
80.68
85.92
90.58
93.13
93.98
94.97

TABLE FOR EXPERIMENT 2

Volume of NaOH

=3 L

Volume of Et(Ac)

=3 L

Initial concentration of NaOH

=0.1 M

Initial concentration of Et(Ac)

=0.1 M

Temperature

=60C

Time

Temperature

Conductivity

Concentration of

Conversion,

(min)

(C)

(mS/cm)

NaOH, CNaOH (M)

X (%)

0
5
10
15
20
25
30

42.5
36.4
40.3
43.8
46.5
48.7
50.4

7.06
6.73
6.24
6.33
6.27
6.34
6.11

0.0221
0.0198
0.0163
0.0169
0.0165
0.0170
0.0154

56.22
60.89
67.82
66.54
67.39
66.40
66.40

3.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

Concentration of NaOH vs Conductivity

0.06
0.05
f(x) = 0.01x - 0.03
R = 0.99

0.04

Concentration of NaOH (M)

0.03
Linear ()
0.02
0.01
0
2

8 10 12

Conductivity

Figure 1
y

= mX + c
= 0.0071x - 0.028

Slope = 0.0071
y-axis intercept = -0.028

Conversion (%) vs Conductivity

120
100

f(x) = - 14.14x + 156.05

R = 0.99

80

Conversion (%)

60
Linear ()
40
20
0
3

10 11 12

Conductivity

Figure 2
y

= mX + c
= -14.14x +156.05

Slope = -14.14
y-axis intercept = 156.05

ln [-dCA/dt] vs ln Ca
10
9
f(x) = - 2.24x - 5.59
R = 0.37

8
7
6
5

ln [-dCA/dt]

4
3
2
1
-7

-6.5

-6

-5.5

-5

-4.5

0
-4

ln Ca
ln [-dCA/dt]

Linear (ln [-dCA/dt])

Figure 3
Slope = -2.2375
y-axis intercept = -5.5882
Order of reaction = , since ln [-dca/dt] = ln CA + ln k
Thus, = slope = -2.2375
Rate constant = k, since ln [-dca/dt] = ln CA + ln k, thus
Ln k = -5.5882
k = e^(-5.5882)
= 3.742x10-3
Intercept values = x-intercept = -4.27
= y-intercept = -5.5882
7

Conversion (%) vs Time

120

100

f(x) = 0.9x + 75.89

f(x)
0.74x + 76.15
R ==0.71
R = 0.88

80

Conversion ()%)

40C
Linear (40C)

f(x) = 0.29x + 60.12

R = 0.54

60

50C
Linear (50C)
60C
Linear (60C)

40

20

0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

Time (min)

Figure 4
For temperature 40C:
Time
(min)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30

Conversio
n (%)
71.63
80.68
85.92
90.58
93.13
93.98
94.97

For temperature 50C:

Time
(min)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30

Conversio
n (%)
71.21
74.04
93.41
96.1
97.08
96.95
96.52

For temperature 60C:

Time
(min)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30

Conversion
(%)
56.22
60.89
67.82
66.54
67.39
66.4
66.4

Based on figure 4, it is shows that when the temperature increase, the conversion will decrease.
This is because, when the conductivity increase the temperature decreases. In theory, the
conductivity is inversely proportional to the conversion. So it is determine that the result obey
the theory. However, the temperature effect the rate of reaction. The higher the temperature, the
higher the rate of reaction. This is because, when the temperature increase, the movement of
particles speed increase and collide into each other. This cause the reaction to increase because
the movement energy of particles increase.

For temperature 40C:

1/Ca vs Time (min)

700
f(x) = 19.67x + 79.66
R = 0.81

600
500
400

1/Ca 300

Linear ()

200
100
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

Time (min)

Figure 5
For temperature 50C:

1/Ca vs Time (min)

400
350

f(x) = 10.49x + 53.81

R = 0.99

300
250

1/Ca

200
Linear ()

150
100
50
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

Time (min)

Figure 6

10

For temperature 60C:

1/Ca vs Time (min)

70
f(x) = 0.54x + 49.21
R = 0.71

60
50
40

1/Ca

Linear ()

30
20
10
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

Time (min)

Figure 7
Table: 1/Ca vs Time (min)
Time (min)

1/Ca for 40C

1/Ca for 50C

1/Ca for 60C

71.43

69.44

45.25

76.92

102.04

50.51

10

258.71

138.89

61.35

15

476.19

204.08

59.17

20

625

277.78

60.61

25

588.23

315.5

58.82

30

526.32

370.37

64.94

Temperature (C)
40
50
60

The rate constant,k from slope: (slope = k)

19.6680
10.4900
0.5354

11

ln k vs 1/T (K)
3.5
f(x) = 18734.5x - 56.38
R = 0.86

3
2.5
2

ln k

1.5
Linear ()

1
0.5
0
-0.5

-1

1/T (K)

Figure 8

ln(k2/k1) = Ea/8.3014 J/mol.K (1/313.15K 1/323.15K)

ln(10.49/19.668)= Ea/8.3014 J/mol.K (1/313.15K 1/323.15K)
Ea = 52806.29 J/mol

c = y-intercept
ln A = c
A = e(- 56.384)
= 3.256x10-25 m3/mol.s

12

The purpose of the experiment was to carry out bath saponification reaction between ethyl
acetate and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). This saponification reaction is to produce soap. The next
objective is to determine the effect of temperature on the extent of conversion. The
saponification reaction of ethyl acetate with sodium hydroxide can be represented by the
following stoichiometric equation:

The theory of scheme is to produce soap in a batch reactor by using ethyl acetate and sodium
hydroxide through saponification process. The experiment was began by preparing the solution
of sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate. Then the solution are mixed with distilled water and
poured into the batch reactor where the saponification process occur. Every 5 minutes, sample
are taken from the reactor and taken to measure the conductivity. The conductivity is taken by
using a conductivity meter. This is repeated for another 30 minutes and for each temperature
which is 40C, 50C and 60C.
Based on figure 1 and 2, a calibration curve is plotted to determine the concentration of sodium
hydroxide vs conductivity, and the conversion vs conductivity respectively. In figure 1, when the
concentration of sodium hydroxide increase, the conductivity increases. For figure 2, when
conversion increase the conductivity increase. The purpose of choosing sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) in order to record data is because sodium hydroxide (NaOH) act as limiting reagent in
the reaction.
As for the graph conversion vs time at temperature 40C, 50C and 60C, it is discussed above
which is it shows that when the temperature increase, the conversion will decrease. This is
because, when the conductivity increase the temperature decreases. In theory, the conductivity is
inversely proportional to the conversion. So it is determine that the result obey the theory.
However, the temperature effect the rate of reaction. The higher the temperature, the higher the
rate of reaction. This is because, when the temperature increase, the movement of particles speed
increase and collide into each other. This cause the reaction to increase because the movement
energy of particles increase.
As for graph in figure 5,6 and 7, 1/CA vs time at temperature 40C, 50C and 60C, it can be
overall state that as the 1/CA increases, the time will also increase. This is because, when time
13

getting longer, the concentration of NaOH which directly the limiting reactant become lower as
the NaOH has reduced to form the product which is the soap. Furthermore, in figure 8 when In k
increase the 1/T also increases. It can be conclude that it a second order reaction.
There were a few possible errors that is the reading of conductivity might have errors. It maybe
effect the result and graph plotted. This might due to unclean conductivity rod as it is supposed
to be wiped every time a sample being tested using the conductivity rod.

14

4.0 CONCLUSIONS
The purpose of the experiment was to carry out bath saponification reaction between ethyl
acetate and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). This saponification reaction is to produce soap. The next
objective is to determine the effect of temperature on the extent of conversion.
By plotting a calibration curve in order to determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide vs
conductivity, it can be deduced that when the concentration of sodium hydroxide increase, the
conductivity increases. By plotting a calibration curve in order to determine the conversion vs
conductivity respectively, it can be deduced that when conversion increase the conductivity
increase respectively. As for the graph conversion vs time at temperature, it can be deduced when
the temperature increase, the conversion will decrease. However, the temperature effect the rate
of reaction. The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of reaction. This is because, when the
temperature increase, the movement of particles speed increase and collide into each other. This
cause the reaction to increase because the movement energy of particles increase. As for graph
1/CA vs time at temperature, it can be deduced that as the 1/CA increases, the time will also
increase. Furthermore, in figure 8 when In k increase the 1/T also increases. It can be conclude
that it a second order reaction. Thus, the objectives of this experiment as stated above is
successfully achieved.

4.1 RECOMMENDATIONS
A few steps that can be taken in order to prevent these types of errors from occurring. ,
Experimenters have to focus and be patient for the readings to stabilize before recording any data
in order to prevent physical errors (caused by experiments) from occurring. Moreover, work
together to record data, and not just be dependent on just a team member. Next, , team members
should reconfirm with each other on the results to acquire the readings which best fit in order to
prevent recording the wrong data. Besides that, those who conduct the experiment should read
the lab manual prior to conducting the experiment to prevent conducting a slow process. Not just
that , to avoid unwanted results even before conducting the experiment, each team should request
assistance from available technicians to check whether the experiment is faulty or not. Last but
not least, conductivity rod must be clean where it is supposed to be wiped every time a sample
being tested using the conductivity rod to get the accurate reading.
15

5.0 TUTORIAL

1 .Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using batch reactor in chemical reaction.

Advantages
1. High conversion per unit volume for one pass
2. Flexibility of operation-same reactor can produce one product one time and a different product
the next
3. Easy to clean

Disadvantages
1. High operating cost
2. Product quality more variable than with continuous operation
3.Difficult in large size-scale product.

2. Determine the effect of temperature on chemical reaction

Particles can only react when they collide. Therefore, as two chemicals react, their molecules
have to collide with each other with sufficient energy for the reaction to take place. This is
collision theory. These two particles will only react if they have enough energy. Increasing the
temperature increases reaction rates because of the disproportionately large increase in the
number of high energy collisions. It is only these collisions (possessing the activation energy for
the reaction) which result in a reaction.

16

3. Write the function of each following component in a batch reactor used in this
component.

Stirrer
To mix chemicals in the batch reactor.

Thermocouple
To monitor and act as sensor device in the batch contents temperature.

Temperature controller
Quick response to heating and cooling loads and proper wall temperature of the batch
reactor.

17

6.0 REFERENCES

18

7.0 APPENDICES

Temperature

: 40C

Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) :

y = mX + c,

X: conductivity

y = 0.0071x - 0.028

For 0th min:

y = 0.0071(6.0) - 0.028
= 0.0140 M
For 5th min:
y = 0.0071(5.8) - 0.028
= 0.0130 M
For 10th min:
y = 0.0071(4.43) - 0.028
= 0.0035 M
For 15th min:
y = 0.0071(4.24) - 0.028
= 0.0021 M
For 20th min:
y = 0.0071(4.17) - 0.028
= 0.0016 M
For 25th min:
y = 0.0071(4.18) - 0.028
= 0.0017 M
For 30th min:
y = 0.0071(4.21) - 0.028
= 0.0019 M

19

Temperature

: 50C

Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) :

y = mX + c,

X: conductivity

y = 0.0071x - 0.028

For 0th min:

y = 0.0071(5.97) - 0.028
= 0.0144 M
For 5th min:
y = 0.0071(5.33) - 0.028
= 0.0098 M
For 10th min:
y = 0.0071(4.96) - 0.028
= 0.0072 M
For 15th min:
y = 0.0071(4.63) - 0.028
= 0.0049 M
For 20th min:
y = 0.0071(4.45) - 0.028
= 0.0036 M
For 25th min:
y = 0.0071(4.39) - 0.028
= 0.0032 M
For 30th min:
y = 0.0071(4.32) - 0.028
= 0.0027 M

20

Temperature

: 60C

Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) :

y = mX + c,

X: conductivity

y = 0.0071x - 0.028

For 0th min:

y = 0.0071(7.06) - 0.028
= 0.0221 M
For 5th min:
y = 0.0071(6.73) - 0.028
= 0.0198 M
For 10th min:
y = 0.0071(6.24) - 0.028
= 0.0163 M
For 15th min:
y = 0.0071(6.33) - 0.028
= 0.0169 M
For 20th min:
y = 0.0071(6.27) - 0.028
= 0.0165 M
For 25th min:
y = 0.0071(6.34) - 0.028
= 0.0170 M
For 30th min:
y = 0.0071(6.11) - 0.028
= 0.0154 M

21

Temperature

: 40C

Conversion, X (%) :

y = mX + c,

X: conductivity

y = -14.14x + 156.05

For 0th min:

Y = -14.14(6.0) + 156.05
= 71.21 %
For 5th min:
y = -14.14(5.8) + 156.05
= 74.04 %
For 10th min:
y = -14.14(4.43) + 156.05
= 93.41 %
For 15th min:
y = -14.14(4.24) + 156.05
= 96.10 %
For 20th min:
y = -14.14(4.17) + 156.05
= 97.08 %
For 25th min:
y = -14.14(4.18) + 156.05
= 96.95 %
For 30th min:
y = -14.14(4.21) + 156.05
= 96.52 %

22

Temperature

: 50C

Conversion, X (%) :

y = mX + c,

X: conductivity

y = -14.14x + 156.05

For 0th min:

Y = -14.14(5.97) + 156.05
= 71.63 %
For 5th min:
y = -14.14(5.33) + 156.05
= 80.68 %
For 10th min:
y = -14.14(4.96) + 156.05
= 85.92 %
For 15th min:
y = -14.14(4.63) + 156.05
= 90.58 %
For 20th min:
y = -14.14(4.45) + 156.05
= 93.13 %
For 25th min:
y = -14.14(4.39) + 156.05
= 93.98 %
For 30th min:
y = -14.14(4.32) + 156.05
= 94.97 %

23

Temperature

: 60C

Conversion, X (%) :

y = mX + c,

X: conductivity

y = -14.14x + 156.05

For 0th min:

Y = -14.14(7.06) + 156.05
= 56.22 %
For 5th min:
y = -14.14(6.73) + 156.05
= 60.89 %
For 10th min:
y = -14.14(6.24) + 156.05
= 67.82 %
For 15th min:
y = -14.14(6.33) + 156.05
= 66.54 %
For 20th min:
y = -14.14(6.27) + 156.05
= 67.39 %
For 25th min:
y = -14.14(6.34) + 156.05
= 66.40 %
For 30th min:
y = -14.14(6.11) + 156.05
= 66.40 %

24

Calculations:
Temperature: 40C
For 0th ,
For 5th,
For 10th,
For 15th,
For 20th,
For 25th,
For 30th,

ln [-dCA/dt]
ln [-dCA/dt] | = 0.00
| ln -[-2.0x10-4] | = 8.52
| ln -[-1.9x10-3] | = 6.27
| ln -[-2.8x10-4] | = 8.18
| ln -[-1.0x10-4] | = 9.21
| ln -[ 2.0x10-5] | = | ln -[ 4.0x10-4] | = -

ln CA
ln (0.0140) = -4.27
ln (0.0130) = -4.34
ln (0.0035) = -5.65
ln (0.0021) = -6.17
ln (0.0016) = -6.44
ln (0.0017) = -6.38
ln (0.0019) = -6.27

25