Physics Report

Stewart & Gees

Experiment
By :
Manik Saini - 7280509759
Rahul Chaudhary 7280303304
Ranjit Singh 7280303308
Anil Kumar
Sumit Kumar
Brajesh Paswan
Group : B 3
Submitted To
To : Mr. Rohit Verma

Lab Group 1

INTRODUCTION
Magnetic field
Earth magnetic field
Magnetic element
Magnetic moment
Tangent law
Galvanometer
Tangent
Stewart and Gees Galvanometer.

History of Magnetism
A great philosopher, THATES of Miletus has observed in 600 B.C. that
naturally occurring area of iron attracting small piece of iron towards
it. This ore was found district Magnesia in Greece. Therefore the ore
was named Magnetite.
The Chinese that piece of iron ore (called magnetite) was suspended
freely always point in approximately in North-South direction. This
property of magnet is used by navigators to find their way in steering
the ships.
The natural magnet is also known as Black Stone or Lode Stone or
Leading Stone. India called the natural magnet as Chumbak which in
hindi means Larring stone.

Relationship Between Electricity & Magnetism

The first evidence or existence of relationship between electricity and
magnetism was established by Danish, Physicist, H.C. Orested (17771851) in 1820. Great discovery which show connection between
electricity and magnetism is purely accidently. One day he was
delivering a lecture on electricity. He accidently discovered that as he
laid a wire carrying an electric current parallel to magnetic compass
needle it go to deflected or it acted upon by magnet.
After Orested experiment, Francis Agro carried further by French
Physicist during the demonstrate that current carrying conductor
behave like a magnet and can attract iron filling and can induce
permanent magnetism in small magnetic needle.

Magnetic field
If a charge q is placed at rest at a point p near a metallic wire carrying a
current I, it experience almost no force it mean there is no appreciable
electric field.
It is because the wire electrically neutral and does not produce an
electric field.
However point charge q is projected in a direction of current I. It is
deflected toward wire.
There must field at point p which exert a force on the charge when it is
projected but not when it is kept at rest.
This new field is called magnetic field and is donated by symbol B.

Force on charge moving in a magnetic field

If a point charge +q moving in a magnetic field B making an angle
with them force exert it is

FB
Fq
F v sin
Combining therefore

F = KBqv sin
This is called Magnetic lorentz force

F = q(v B)

Case 1 :
When charge particle is at rest v=0
F = Bq (0) sin = 0

Case 2 :
When charge particle move parallel to magnetic field = 0
F = Bqv sin(0) = 0

Unit of strength of magnetic field

B=

F
qv sin

1N
= 1NA 1 m 1
1
1C 1m sec
1Tesla (T ) = 1webermetre 2

1Tesla (T ) =

1Gauss = 10 4 Tesla (T )

BIOT
BIOT SAVARTS LAW

Biot savart law is basic law of electricity and magenetism.

It states that magnentic field produced due to small conductor of length
dl carrying current I at point at distance r is:dB = K

K=

Idl sin
r2

o
= 10 7 TA 1 m
4

K = 10 7 wbA 1 m 1

o = absolute permeabitily of a vacuum on free space

RULES TO FIND DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC

FIELD
RIGHT HAND THUMB RULE :
If we grasp the conductor in the palm of right hand, so that thumb
points in the direction of flow of current, then the direction in which
finger curl gives the of magnetic lines.

MAXWELL CORK -SCREW LAW:If a right handed cork screw is rotated so that it moves in direction of
flow of currents through the conductor, then the direction of rotation of
the screw give the direction of magnetic field lines.

MAGNETIC FIELD AT A POINT ON THE AXIS OF

LOOP
Consider a circular loop of radius a, centre O and carrying current I as
shown. The plane of loop is in YZ-plane and axis of loop is along x-axis.
According to Biot-Savarts law, magnetic field due to current element
AB at a point P is :
db =

o
4

I dl r
r2

Where I dl = I ( AB) is a vector in direction of flow of current through AB

and r is unit vector along CP.
Angle between I dl and r is 90.

dB =

Idl
r2

Both dB and dB can be resolved into two mutually perpendicular

components along PX and ZZ. Component of magnetic field along ZZ
are cancelled to each other.
Effective component of magnetic field due to current element = dB sin
B = dB sin =
B=

B =

o
4

o
4

o
4

Idl
sin
r2

I
sin dl
r2

I
sin (2a )
r2

I 2 a 2
B=

4 r 2
r
But sin =

B=

o
4

B=

a
r

I 2 a 2
(a 2 + x 2 ) 3 / 2

o
4

2nIa 2
(a 2 + x 2 ) 3 / 2

EARTH MAGENETISM

Earth is a natural source of magnetic field. We have magnetic field

present everywhere near the earth surface. The magnitude and
direction of this field can be obtained approximately by assuming that
earth has magnetic dipole of magnetic dipole moment about 8 x 1022 J/T
located at its centre.
The axis of dipole making an angle 11.5o with earths axis of rotation,
which is called geographical poles.
A vertical plane passes through geographic axis is called Geographic
meridian.
A vertical plane passes through magnetic axis of earth is called
magnetic meridian.

CAUSE OF EARTHS
EARTHS MAGNETISM
Source of earth magnetism is not large solid mass of magnetic material
inside the earth.
The earth magnetism cannot be due to magnetisation of iron deposits
inside the earth. It is because iron(if magnetised) cannot retain
magnetism at such a high temperature inside the earth.
Proff. Blackett studied earth magnetism in detail and suggested that
since every substance is made up of charged particle(proton and
electron)hence substance rotating about an axis will become
magnetised.
Earth magnetism is also due to rotation of earth about it own axis.

Another theory states that gasses in atmosphere are in ionised state. The
high energy radiation coming from the sun ionises the atom in upper
part of atmosphere. the radioactivity of atmosphere and cosmic rays
also ionise the gases in atmosphere. Hence due to rotation of earth
strong electronic currents flow. Due to action of these current, the earth
is magnetised.

MAGNETIC ELEMENTS
The physical quantity which determine the intensity of earths total
magnetic field completely (both in magnitude and direction) are called
Magnetic Elements.

1. Magnetic Declination : Declination at a place is the angle

between geographic meridian and magnetic meridian. It is
represented by .

2. Magnetic Inclination or Dip : Dip at a place is defined as

angle made by direction of earth total magnetic field with
horizontal direction.

3.

Horizontal Component of Earth : It is component of

earths magnetic field along horizontal direction. It denoted
by BH.

MAGNETIC DIPOLE AND MAGNETIC

DIPOLEMOMENT
MAGNETIC DIPOLE : An arrangements of two magnetic pole of equal
and opposite strength separated by final distance is called magnetic
dipole.

MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT : The product of strength of either

pole and magnetic length of the magnetic is called magnetic dipole
moment.
M =m(2l )

S.I unit of magnetic dipole moment is called ampere meter2 (Am2).

TANGENT LAW : If a small bar magnet is suspended in two mutually
uniform magnetic field B and BH such that it come to rest making an
angle with direction of field BH when

B = BH tan

Torque due to magnetic field BH

1 = mBH KN

Torque due to magnetic field BV

2 = mB KS

In equilibrium

1 = 2
mB KS = mBH KN
B = BH

KN
KS
B = BH tan

AIM: To study the variation of magnetic field with distance along the
axis of a circular current by Stewart and Gees method putting a graph.
APPRATUS: Stewart and Gees types tangent galvanometer
A battery
A rheostat
An ammeter
A one way key and a revising key connecting wires
THEORY: The intensity of magnetic field at a point on the axis of a
circular coil of a radius a having n turns at a distance x from the centre
of the coil, in S.I unit is given by
B=

o
4

2nIa 2
(a 2 + x 2 ) 3 / 2

Where I is the current in a ampheres flowing through in the coil.

If the field B is perpendicular to horizontal component of field BH and
is deflection magnetometer then
B = BH tan

Hence graph between tan and x will be similar to the graph between B
and x.

DIAGRAM :

PROCEDURE:
1. Place the instrument on the table so that the arms of the
magnetometer lie roughly east and west and the magnetic needle
lies at the centre of the vertical place coil the eye a little above the
coil and rotate the instrument, in horizontal plane till the coil, the
needle end its image in the mirror provided at the base of the
compass box all lie in the same vertical plane . The coil is the set
roughly in magnetic meridian. Rotate the compass box so that the
pointer lies on the o-o line.
2. Connect the galvanometer to a battery, a rheostat, a one way key
and an ammeter through reversing key.
3. Adjust the value of the current so that magnetometer gives
deflection of order of 60o-70o. Reverse the current and again note
the deflection in two cases agrees closely, the coil lies exactly in the
magnetic meridian. if the mean deflection in the two cases does

not agree clearly, slightly turn the instrument till the direction
with the current and the reversed current agree closely.
4. Now slide the magnetometer along the axis and find the position
where the maximum deflection is obtained. In this position the
centre of the needle coincides with the centre of the vertical coil.
5. Note the position of the arm against the reference mark and also
the value of the net current and again read both ends. Shift the
magnetometer by 5 cm and note the reading of magnetometer.
keeping the current constant at the same value both for direct and
reverse current. Take observation by shifting the magnetometer
by 5 cm at a time.
6. 6. Similarly repeat the observation by shifting the magnetometer
in the opposite direction and keeping the current constant at the
same value.
7. To plot a graph to show how the field varies along the axis of the
coil, plot the graph between tan and x. it will be similar to the
graph B and x.

OBSERVATION TABLE :

S.
No.

Distance
from
centre x
(cm)

Left Side

Direct

Reversed

Mean

tan

Right Side

Direct

Reversed

Mean

tan

1.

0 cm

83

83

83.0

8.14

84

82

83.0

8.14

2.

5 cm

81

79

81.0

6.30

81

82

81.0

6.30

3.

10 cm

75

77

76

4.01

75

77

76

4.01

4.

15 cm

67

66

66.5

2.29

67

66

66.5

2.29

5.

20 cm

55

50

52.5

1.30

52

51

52.0

1.27

6.

25 cm

30

25

29.5

0.56

32

26

29.0

0.55

7.

30 cm

20

19

19.5

0.35

20

18

19.0

0.34

8.

35 cm

15

11

13.0

0.23

14

12

13.0

0.23

9.

40cm

10

08

09.0

0.15

10

08

09.0

0.15

10.

45 cm

04

03

03.5

0.06

04

03

03.5

0.06

Tan theta vs x
9
8

tan theta

4
3
2

1
0
-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

10

20

30

40

50

PRECAUTIONS:
1. No magnet or magnetic substance or current carrying conductor
should lie near the apparatus.
2. The plane of coil should be set vertical and in magnetic meridian.
3. The current should be kept constant and should be reversed for
each observation.

RESULT:
1. Intensity of the field is maximum at o. if we move away
from o towards right or left, the intensity of magnetic field
decrease. The curve is first concave towards o but the
curvature becomes less and less, quickly changes sign at P
and Q and afterwards becomes convex towards o the point
of inflextion P and Q where the curvature its sign lies at
distance are from the centre. Hence distance between P and
Q is radius of the coil.

2. The distance where the field due to coil become equal to

horizontal component due earths field can be determined
from the graph between and x for tan = 1
B = B H = 78.5 10 7 T

3. The radius of the coil is given by PQ = 20 cm