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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This paper gives the idea about the potential of using Wi-Fi signals. There are recent
advances in MIMO communications to build a device or a system that can capture the motion of
humans behind a wall or door and in closed room. Law enforcement personnel can use this device
to avoid walking into a scupper and minimize casualties in hostage situations. Emergency
responders can be using it to see through the collapsed structures or debris. The advantages of this
for ordinary users are the device for gaming, usurpation detection, privacy-enhanced monitoring of
children, elderly or personal security when stepping into dark lanes and unknown places. The
concept of this seeing through opaque obstacles is similar to sonar and radar imaging.

Wi-Fi signals are typically information carrier signals between a transmitter and receiver.
Now it is possible with the Wi-Fi signals can also extend our senses. They enable us to see moving
objects through walls as well as behind the closed doors. So it is possible with the help of such
signals to identify the number of people room and their relative locations in a closed room. We can
also identify gestures made behind a wall and combine the sequence of gestures to communicate
messages or commands to a wireless receiver without carrying any type of transmitting device. To
recognize moving object through wall the WIFI signal transmitted in the direction of wall, this
results in two problem (I) Flash effect, (II) magnitude of signal reduced by three to five times after
traversing the wall. To solve these problems systems are developed and experiments performed on
those systems to achieve the desired results. The radar community developed a system named
Ultra-Wideband. This system detects human behind the wall and shows moving blobs in output
screen. To overcome the drawbacks of this system two new system were developed named WI-VI
and WISEE. These both systems use WI-FI signal to recognize the moving object behind the wall.
WISEE system works on the Doppler Sift principle, for the human gesture it gives the different
Doppler pattern according to the movement of any human. But the problem with this system is,
very small change in Doppler shift for the human gesture

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which is very difficult to detect. Wi-Vi means Wi-Fi and Vision which is nothing but wireless
vision. Its a new promising technology that enables seeing through walls using Wi-Fi signals. It
also allows us to track moving objects or human through closed rooms and behind the wall. Wi-Vi
based on capturing the reflections of its own transmitted signals off moving objects behind a wall
or door in order to track them. Wi-Vi operation does not require any access to any device on the
other side of the wall. Specifically, when it is interact with a non-metallic wall, some form of the
RF signal would traverse the wall; reflect off objects and humans. It comes back with a signature of
what is inside a closed room. By capturing these reflections, it is possible to image objects behind a
wall or door. Building a Device or system that can capture such reflections is difficult because the
signal power after penetrating the wall twice (in and out of the wall) is reduced by three to five
times of magnitude. Even the difficult challenge is the reflections from the wall itself, which is
stronger than the reflections from objects inside the room. A reflection off the wall on the receivers
analog to digital converter i.e. ADC, preventing it from considering the minute variations due to
reflections from objects behind the wall. This behavior is called as the Flash Effect" since it is
similar to how a mirror in front of a camera reflects on the cameras flash and prevents it from
capturing objects in the scene.

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CHAPTER 2
HISTORY
Its research has been done prominently at MITs (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
Computer Science and Intelligence Laboratory. By Dina Kitabi, a professor in MITs Department of
Electrical engineering and computer science, and her graduate student Fadel Adib. In the 1930s,
U.S. Navy researchers stumbled upon the concept of radar when they noticed that a plane flying
past a radio tower reflected radio waves. Scientists have now applied that same principle to make
the first device that tracks existing Wi-Fi signals to spy on people through walls. Wi-Fi radio
signals are found in 61 percent of homes in the U.S. and 25 percent worldwide, so Karl Woodbridge
and Kevin Chetty, researchers at University College London, designed their detector to use these
ubiquitous signals. When a radio wave reflects off a moving object, its frequency changes a
phenomenon called the Doppler Effect. Their radar prototype identifies frequency changes to detect
moving objects. It's about the size of a suitcase and contains a radio receiver composed of two
antennas and a signal-processing unit. In tests, they have used it to determine a person's location,
speed and directioneven through a one-foot-thick brick wall. Because the device itself doesn't
emit any radio waves, it can't be detected.
Wi-Fi radar could have domestic applications ranging from spotting intruders to
unobtrusively monitoring children or the elderly. It could also have military uses: The U.K.
Ministry of defense has funded a study to determine whether it could be used to scan buildings
during urban warfare. With improvements, Woodbridge says, the device could become sensitive
enough to pick up on subtle motions the ribcage makes during breathing, which would allow the
radar to detect people who are standing or sitting still.
The comic-book hero Superman uses his X-ray vision to spot bad guys lurking behind walls
and other objects. Now we could all have X-ray vision, thanks to researchers at MITs Computer
Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Researchers have long attempted to build a device
capable of seeing people through walls. However, previous efforts to develop such a system have
involved the use of expensive and bulky radar technology that uses a part of the electromagnetic
spectrum only available to the military.

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Now a system being developed by Dina Katabi, a professor in MITs Department of
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and her graduate student Fadel Adib, could give all
of us the ability to spot people in different rooms using low-cost Wi-Fi technology.
We wanted to create a device that is low-power, portable and simple enough for anyone to
use, to give people the ability to see through walls and closed doors, Katabi says.
The system, called Wi-Vi, is based on a concept similar to radar and sonar imaging. But
in contrast to radar and sonar, it transmits a low-power Wi-Fi signal and uses its reflections to track
moving humans. It can do so even if the humans are in closed rooms or hiding behind a wall. Most
previous attempts to track moving targets through walls have done so using an array of spaced
antennas, which each capture the signal reflected off a person moving through the environment.
Wi-Vi, being presented at the Sigcomm conference in Hong Kong in August, could be used
to help search-and-rescue teams to find survivors trapped in rubble after an earthquake, say, or to
allow police officers to identify the number and movement of criminals within a building to avoid
walking into an ambush. It could also be used as a personal safety device, Katabi says: If you are
walking at night and you have the feeling that someone is following you, then you could use it to
check if there is someone behind the fence or behind a corner.
The device can also detect gestures or movements by a person standing behind a wall, such
as a wave of the arm, Katabi says. This would allow it to be used as a gesture-based interface for
controlling lighting or appliances within the home, such as turning off the lights in another room
with a wave of the arm. Venkat Padmanabhan, a principal researcher at Microsoft Research, says
the possibility of using Wi-Vi as a gesture-based interface that does not require a line of sight
between the user and the device itself is perhaps its most interesting application of all. Such an
interface could alter the face of gaming, he says. Unlike todays interactive gaming devices, where
users must stay in front of the console and its camera at all times, users could still interact with the
system while in another room, for example. This could open up the possibility of more complex
and interesting games, Katabi says.

CHAPTER 3
PREVIOUS TECHNOLOGY

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3.1 ULTRA WIDE-BAND SYSTEMS

This system is recently developed by the radar community to detect the moving object behind
the wall which give moving blobs as a result for the moving object behind the wall. This system
separates reflection from wall or other static object and the reflection from moving object behind
the wall based on their arrival time, so it must require to identify delays of even sub-nanoseconds.

Fig:3.1 Ultra Wide-Band System

The system shown above in Fig.1 requires 2GHz of bandwidth, a very large power source,
and around 8-foot long antenna array and most important parameter is that the large power in such
a wide spectrum is infeasible for entities other than the military application.

3.2 WISEE
WISEE is a gesture recognition system that utilizes wireless signals to recognition of human
gesture. This system can recognize the human gesture without requiring any sensing device on the
human body. The required prototype for WISEE system is developed using USRP-N210.

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Fig.3.2 WISEE

WISEE system use the property of Doppler shift, Doppler shift is the frequency change of
transmitted wave as its source moves relative to the observer. There will be multipath reflection
from the human body, and then human gestures results in pattern of Doppler shift at the system
receiver. So, the movement of user away from the receiver results in negative Doppler shift, and
movement of user towards the receiver results in positive Doppler shift.

Fig.3.3 Gestures

The challenge for this system was that result of the human gesture gives very small change
in Doppler shifts that can be very hard to detect from WI-FI transmission. Typically movement
around 0.5 m/sec results in 17 Hz Doppler shift for the 5 GHz WI-FI transmission. For the gesture
recognition it is required to detect the Doppler shifts of few Hertz from 20 MHz WI-FI signals. This
solution of this problem is achieved by transforming the signal which is received from moving
object, in to narrowband pulse with a bandwidth of few Hertz, then system tracks the frequency of
this narrowband pulses to detect the small Doppler shift. In home there may have more than one
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person who can affects the wireless signals. This problem is solved by MIMO capability which is
inherent to 802.11n, to focus the gesture from a particular human. The wireless reflection from all
the humans can be separated using MIMO receiver. Finally the experiments were performed for
line-of-site, non-line-of-site, and through wall where the person is in different room from the
wireless transmitter and receiver and achieved results are as follow:

WISEE system can track the 9 human body gesture shown in with 94% accuracy.

Using four receiving antenna and one transmitting antenna WISEE can achieve 60%
accuracy.

Using five receiving antenna and single transmitting antenna WISEE can perform the
human gesture classification in presence of other three people who are performing random
gesture.

3.3 APPLICATION OF WISEE

Forget to turn off the lights before leaving the apartment? No problem. Just raise your hand, fingerswipe the air, and your lights will power down. Want to change the song playing on your music
system in the other room? Move your hand to the right and flip through the songs. A hand gesture
changes the TV channel. A hand gesture changes the TV channel using WiSee technology.
University of Washington computer scientists have developed gesture-recognition technology that
brings this a step closer to reality. Researchers have shown its possible to leverage Wi-Fi signals
around us to detect specific movements without needing sensors on the human body or cameras. By
using an adapted Wi-Fi router

and a few wireless devices in the living room, users could control their electronics and household
appliances from any room in the home with a simple gesture.

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Fig.3.4 A hand gesture changes the TV channel using WISEE technology in Washington
This is repurposing wireless signals that already exist in new ways, said lead researcher
Shyam Gollakota, a UW assistant professor of computer science and engineering. You can actually
use wireless for gesture recognition without needing to deploy more sensors.
The UW research team that includes Shwetak Patel, an assistant professor of computer
science and engineering and of electrical engineering and his lab, published their findings online
this week. This technology, which they call WiSee,

CHAPTER 4
RELATED WORK

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THROUGH-WALL RADAR
Practicing on seeing through wall has been done for about a decade. In past time, inventers

mainly focused on modeling and simulations. Recently few implementations have been tested with
humans in moving position. Earlier system helped in stamp out the flash effect by isolating the
reflected signal of the wall from the reflected signals of the objects behind the wall. This isolation
can be achieved in time domain by using very short pulses (about 1 ns) due to which delay had
been developed between arrival time of reflected signal off the wall and reflected signal off the
moving objects behind wall. Isolation can also be achieved in frequency domain through linear
frequency chirp. In this, reflections from objects at different position arrive with different tone. By
doing analog filtering of tones corresponds to the wall may be leads to remove flash effects. All
these techniques needs ultra-wide bands (UWB) of the order of 2GHz.And other through wall
imaging product were based on radar principle which also need (UWB) and applicable for military
purpose. But Wi-Vi system has different characteristics as it requires law bandwidth, and operates
in the same range as Wi-Fi. Wi-vi overcomes the requirement for the UWB by using MIMO nulling
to remove flash effect. Researchers found the limitations of UWB systems and give the concept of
using narrowband radars for through wall technology. These systems ignored the flash effect and
tried to operate in high interference caused by the reflections off the wall They typically rely on
Doppler shift caused by moving objects behind the wall. However, the flash effect limits their
detection capabilities. Hence, most of these systems are demonstrated either in simulation [28], or
in free space with no obstruction. . The ones demonstrated with an obstruction use a lowattenuation standing wall, and do not work across higher attenuation materials such as solid wood
or concrete [29, 30]. Wi-Vi shares the objectives of these devices; however, it introduces a new
approach for eliminating the flash effect without wideband trans-mission. This enables it to work
with concrete walls and solid wood doors, as well as fully closed rooms. The only attempt which
we are aware of

that uses Wi-Fi signals in order to see through walls was made in 2012. This system required both
the transmitter and a reference receiver to be inside the imaged room. Furthermore, the reference
receiver in the room has to be connected to the same clock as the receiver outside the room. In

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contrast, Wi-Vi can perform through-wall imaging without access to any device on the other side of
the wall.

4.2GESTURE BASED INTERFACES

In todays time, commercial gesture recognition system such as the ninteudowii, Xbox
kinect etc. These systems used to identify a variety of gesture. There are also such system those are
capable of identifying human gestures by employing cameras or placing sensor on the human body.
Recent work has also using narrowband signals in the range of 2.4 GHz to identify human activities
in line of sight by using micro-Doppler signatures. Wi-vi, however, presents the first gesture based
interface which works in non-line of sight scenarios & even through the wall and hence human is
not require carrying a wireless device or wearing a sensor on their body.

4.3INFRARED AND THERMAL IMAGING

System based on infrared and thermal imaging extends the human vision beyond the visible
electromagnetic range and allowing us to detect objects in presence of smoke & darkness. This
system is operated by capturing infrared or thermal energy reflected from the first obstacle in line
of sight of their sensors. But these technology does not allow us to see through walls due to having
short wavelength (few m to sub mm), whereas Wi-Vi system having wavelength in the range of
12.5cm.

Fig.4.1 A Moving Object as an Antenna Array

CHAPTER 5
Wi-Vi OVERVIEW

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Wi-Vi is a wireless device that captures moving objects behind a wall. It leverages the
ubiquity of Wi-Fi chipsets to make through wall imaging relatively low-power, low-cost, lowbandwidth, and accessible to average users. To this end, Wi-Vi uses Wi-Fi OFDM signals in the
ISM band (at 2.4 GHz) and typical Wi-Fi hardware. Wi-Vi is essentially a 3-antenna MIMO device:
two of the antennas are used for transmitting and one is used for receiving. It also employs
directional antennas to focus the energy toward the wall or room of interest.4 Its design
incorporates two main components: 1) the first component eliminates the flash reflected off the
wall by performing MIMO nulling; 2) the second component tracks a moving object by treating the
object itself as an antenna array using a technique called inverse SAR.
Wi-Vi can be used in one of two modes, depending on the users choice. In mode 1, it can
be used to image moving objects behind a wall and track them. In mode 2, on the other hand, Wi-Vi
functions as a gesture-based interface from behind a wall that enables humans to compose
messages and send them to the Wi-Vi receiver.

5.1 ELIMINATING THE FLASH

In any through-wall system, the signal reflected off the wall, i.e. the flash, is much stronger than
any signal reflected from objects behind the wall. This is due to the significant attenuation which
electromagnetic signals suffer when penetrating dense obstacles. Table shows a few examples of
the one-way attenuation experienced by Wi-Fi signals in common construction materials. For
example, a one-way traversal of a standard hollow wall or a concrete wall can reduce Wi-Fi signal
power by 9dB and 18DB respectively. Since through-wall systems require traversing the obstacle
twice, the one-way attenuation doubles, leading to an 18-36 dB flash effect in typical indoor
scenarios. This problem is exacerbated by two other parameters: First, the actual reflected signal is
significantly weaker since it depends both on the reflection coefficient as well as the cross-section
of the object.

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Fig.5.1 One-Way RF Attenuation in Common Building Materials at 2.4GHz

The wall is typically much larger than the objects of interest, and has a higher reflection
coefficient. Second, in addition to the direct flash caused by reflections off the wall, through-wall
systems have to eliminate the direct signal from the transmit to the receive antenna, which is
significantly larger than the reflections of interest. Wi-Vi uses interference nulling to cancel both
the wall reflections and the direct signal from the transmitter to the receiver antenna, hence
increasing its sensitivity to the reflections of interest.

5.2 NULLING TO REMOVE FLASH

Recent advances show that MIMO systems can pre-code their transmissions such that the
signal received at a particular antenna is cancelled. Past work on MIMO has used this property to
enable concurrent transmissions and null interference. We observe that the same technique can be
tailored to eliminate the flash effect as well as the direct signal from the transmitter to the receiver
antenna, thereby enabling Wi-Vi to capture the reflections from objects of interest with minimal
interference. At a high level, Wi-Vis nulling procedure can be divided into three phases: initial
nulling, power boosting, and iterative nulling, as shown in figure.

5.2.1 Initial Nulling

In this phase, Wi-Vi performs standard MIMO nulling. Recall that Wi-Vi has two transmits
antennas and one receive antenna. First, the device transmits a known preamble x only on its first
transmit antenna. This preamble is received at the receive antenna as y = h/x, where h1 is the
channel between the first transmit antenna and the receive antenna. The receiver uses this signal in
order to compute an estimate of the channel
h1. Second, the device transmits the same preamble x, this time only on its second antenna, and
uses the received signal to estimate channel h2 between the second transmit antenna and the
receive antenna. Third, Wi-Vi uses these channel estimates to compute the ratio p = h1/ h2.

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Finally, the two transmit antennas transmit concurrently, where the first antenna transmits x and the
second transmits px. Therefore, the perceived channel at the receiver is

In the ideal case, where the estimates h1and h2 are perfect, the received signal hres would
be equal to zero. Hence, by the end of this phase Wi-Vi has eliminated the signals reflected off all
static objects as well as the direct signal from the transmit antennas to the receive antenna. If no
object moves, the channel will continue being nulled. However, since RF reflections combine
linearly over the medium, if some object moves, its reflections will start showing up in the channel
value.

5.2.2 Power Boosting

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Simply nulling static reflections, however, is not enough because the signals due to moving
objects behind the wall are too weak. Say, for example, the flash effect was 30 to 40 dB above the
power of reflections off moving objects. Even though we removed the flash effect, we can hardly
discern the signal due to moving objects since it will be immersed in the receivers hardware noise.
Thus, we next boost the transmitted signal power.5 Note that because the channel has already been
nulled, i.e., hres == 0. this increase in power does not saturate the receivers ADC. However, it
increases the overall power that traverses the wall, and, hence, improves the SNR of the signal due
to the objects behind the wall.

5.2.3 Iterative Nulling

After boosting the transmit power, residual reflections which were below the ADC
quantization level become measurable. Such reflections from static objects can create significant
clutter in the tracking process if not removed. To address this issue, Wi-Vi performs a procedure
called iterative nulling. At a high level, the objective is simple: we need to null the signal again
after boosting the power to eliminate the residual reflections from static objects. The challenge,
however, is that at this stage, we cannot separately estimate the channels from each of the two
transmit antennas since, after nulling, we only receive a combined channel. We also cannot remove
the nulling and re-estimate the channels, because after boosting the power, without nulling, the
ADC would saturate.
However, Wi-Vi can leverage the fact that errors in the channel estimates are much smaller than the
channel estimates themselves, and use this observation to refine its estimates. Specifically, by
assuming that the estimate for h2 is accurate (i.e., h2 = h2), Eq. 1 is left with only one unknown
variable h1. By solving for this unknown variable, we obtain a better estimate of h1.
A few points are worth noting about Wi-Vis procedure to eliminate the flash effect:

Besides removing the walls reflection, it also removes reflections received from other
stationary objects both in front of and behind the wall, such as the table on which the radio
is mounted, the floor, the radio case itself, etc. In addition, it
removes the direct signal from the transmitting antennas to our receive antenna. Note that
the direct channels between Wi-Vis transmit antennas and its receive antenna are
significantly attenuated because Wi-Vi uses directional transmit and receive antennas
focused towards the wall (and away from the direct path).

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Wi-Vis nulling algorithm provides a 42 dB mean reduction in signal power, as shown in
7.6. This reduction is sufficient to remove the flash effect from a wide range of wall
structures including solid wood doors, 6 hollow walls, and most indoor concrete walls.
Further, since Wi-Vi uses directional antennas focused on the imaged wall, the direct signal
from the transmit antennas to Wi-Vis receive antenna is weaker than in typical MIMO

systems, and becomes negligible after nulling.

Nulling can be performed in the presence of objects moving behind the wall; it can also be
performed in the presence of objects moving in front of the wall as long as they are outside
the field of view of Wi-Vis directional antennas. Because nulling is mathematically
equivalent to subtraction, the presence of such moving objects leads to a small additive
constant at the output of Wi-Vi after nulling. Such additive constants do not prevent later
tracking of moving objects.

CHAPTER 6
IDENTIFYING AND TRACKING HUMANS

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Now that we have eliminated the impact of static objects in the environment, we can focus
on tracking moving objects. We will refer to moving objects as humans since they are the primary
subjects of interest for our application; however, our system is general, and can capture other
moving bodies. Below, we first explain how Wi-Vi tracks the motion of a single human. We then
show how to extend our approach to track multiple moving humans.

6.1 TRACKING A SINGLE HUMAN

Wi-Vi, however, avoids using an antenna array for two reasons: First, in order to obtain a
narrow beam and hence achieve a good resolution, one needs a large antenna array with many
antenna elements. This would result in a bulky and expensive device. Second since Wi-Vi
eliminates the flash effect using MIMO nulling, adding multiple receive antennas would require
nulling the signal at each of them. This would require adding more transmit antennas, thus making
the device even bulkier and more expensive. To capture the benefits of an antenna array while
avoiding its drawbacks, Wi-Vi leverages a technique called inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR).
ISAR exploits the movement of the target to emulate an antenna array. Existing systems which use
antenna arrays capture the signal reflected off a target from spatially spaced antennas and processes
this information to identify the direction of the target with respect to the array. In contrast, in ISAR,
there is only one receiving antenna; hence, at any point in time, the receiver captures a single
measurement. However, as the target moves, he/she samples the received signal at successive
locations in space, as if we had a receive antenna at each of these points. Furthermore, because of
channel reciprocity, successive time samples received by Wi-Vi correspond to successive spatial
locations of the moving target. Hence, Wi-Vi effectively receives in time what an antenna array
would receive in space. By treating consecutive time samples as spatial samples, Wi-Vi can emulate
an antenna array and use it to track motion behind the wall.

Wi-Vi uses two transmitting antennas and a single receiver. This two transmitting antennas
are low power Wi-Fi signals. The two antennas transmit identical signals except that the second
antenna is the inverse of first antenna resulting in interference. Any static objects that the signals hit
including the wall create identical reflections these too are cancelled by this nulling effect. Only

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those reflections that change between two signals, such as those from the moving object, arrive
back at the receiver. As the person moves from the receiver his distance changes meaning the time
it takes for the reflected signals to make its way back to the receiver changes. The system then uses
this information to calculate where the person is at any one time. In most advanced, through all
systems antenna array is employed to trace the human motion. They steer the arrays beam to see the
direction of most energy and this direction corresponds to the signals abstraction angle of arrival.
By following that angle in time, we are able to infer however the thing moves in area. Most prior
through-wall systems track human motion using an antenna array. They steer the arrays beam to
determine the direction of maximum energy.

Fig.6.1 Experimental Setup

This direction corresponds to the signals spatial angle of arrival. By tracking that angle in
time, they infer how the object moves in space. Wi-Vi, however, avoids using an antenna array for
two reasons: First, in order to obtain a narrow beam and hence achieve a good resolution, one needs
a large antenna array with many antenna elements. This would

result in a bulky and expensive device. Second, since Wi-Vi eliminates the flash effect using MIMO
nulling, adding multiple receive antennas would require nulling the signal at each of them. This
would require adding more transmit antennas, thus making the device even bulkier and more
expensive.

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Fig.6.2 Wi-Vis output

The figure is as shown in experimental set up.

This device can track the human up to range of 8 meters between transmitter and object
with 75% accuracy and cant track the human at distance of 9 meters.

WI-VI can track the moving object up to the 8 thicker concrete wall, 6 thicker hollow
wall and 1.75 solid wooden doors.

As WI-VI replacing the antenna array by ISAR means that the angular resolution in this
system depends on amount of movement. It removes clutter from all static object rather than
just wall.

From the figure it can be concluded, at output we can achieve only magnitudes plot
according to the movement of object it doesnt provide the shape of that object.

6.2 TRACKING MULTIPLE HUMANS

In this section, we show how Wi-Vi extends its tracking procedure to multiple humans. Our
previous discussion about using human motion to emulate an antenna array still holds. However,
each human will emulate a separate antenna array. Since Wi-Vi has a single antenna, the received

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signal will be a superposition of the antenna arrays of the moving humans. In particular, instead of
having one curved line as in Figure 3, at any time, there will be as many curved lines as moving
humans at that point in time. However, with multiple humans, the noise increases significantly. On
one hand, each human is not just one object because of different body parts moving in a loosely
coupled way. On the other hand, the signal reflected off all of these humans is correlated in time,
since they all reflect the transmitted signal. The lack of independence between the reflected signals
is important. For example, the reflections of two humans may combine systematically to dim each
other over some period of time.

Fig.6.3 Time samples as Antenna Array

Fig.6.4 Wi-Vi tracks the motion of two humans. (Figure shows how the presence of two humans
translates into two curved lines whose angles vary in time and one straight line which corresponds
to the DC).

Wi-Vi however, avoids using an antenna array due to following reasons:- First, giant antenna array
is needed to get a slim beam and to realize smart resolution which might ends up in a large and
expensive device. Second, Wi-Vi eliminates the flash impact mistreatment MIMO nulling, that need
multiple receiving antennas that additionally makes the system even additional large and big ticket.
To capture the advantages of antenna array and avoiding the drawbacks, Wi-Vi introduces a brand
new technique called inverse artificial aperture measuring instrument (ISAR). ISAR exploits the

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movement of the target to emulate Associate in nursing antenna array. ISAR uses only 1 receiving
antenna which might capture one activity at any purpose in time. Owing to channel reciprocity,
sequent time samples received by Wi-Vi correspond to sequent abstraction locations of the moving
target that thereby receives in time effectively as abstraction samples. Let y[n] be the signal sample
received by Wi-Vi at a distinct time purpose n and is that the abstraction angle between the road
connecting the human to Wi-Vi and traditional to the motion Here is positive once the vector from
human to Wi-Vi and vector of motion square measure in same direction and negative in opposite
direction.
Now, we need to determine A[,n] a function that measure the signal along the spatial
direction at time n. For determining this value, Wi-Vi processes the received samples to remove
the effect of transmitted signal and obtain the channel as:h[n]=y[n]/x[n]
To emulate an antenna array of size w, it considers w consecutive channels i.e.,h[n].....h[n+w] . By
applying standard antenna array equations:A[,n]=_(k=1)^w h[n+i]e^(j2(1sin)/)
Where, is the wavelength and is the spatial separation between successive antennas in array.

CHAPTER 7
TRACKING USING REFLECTION

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Fig.7.1 Example of tracking system

What I showed you is a first version of the Wi-Vi device. Since then, we have made some
significant improvements. So, let me show you the current status of our research. As shown in
figure above with a person moving around in a room, and in the top left of the screen, you will see
the output of our tracking system. So we got the reflection of a person moving behind a wall. Now,
how can we track a person using his reflections?
The first thing to note is that when the human reflects the signal, its as if he is the source of
that signal. We know from wireless textbooks that if you want to track an RF source, you can do
that using an antenna array. By steering the beam of the array, we can find the direction of from
which the signal is coming. Now, when a person moves, that direction would change, and we are
able to track him.

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Fig.7.2 Tracking motion 1

The first thing to note is that when the human reflects the signal, its as if he is the source of
that signal. We know from wireless textbooks that if you want to track an RF source, you can do
that using an antenna array. By steering the beam of the array, we can find the direction of from
which the signal is coming. Now, when a person moves, that direction would change, and we are
able to track him. Clearly, we cannot build an antenna array on a small device. To address this
challenge, we borrow a technique which has been traditionally used to map different planets from
Earth. The technique uses the movement of the target to emulate an antenna array. So, what do I
mean by that. We have only one receive antenna, which means that at any point in time, we have a
single measurement. Nevertheless, the target is moving. Figure shows that at different points in
time, he is reflecting the signal from different points in space.
Wi-Vi, however, avoids using an antenna array for two reasons: First, in order to obtain a
narrow beam and hence achieve a good resolution, one needs a large antenna array with many
antenna elements. This would result in a bulky and expensive device. Second, since Wi-Vi
eliminates the ash effect using MIMO nulling, adding multiple receive antennas would require
nulling the signal at each of them. This would require adding more transmit antennas, thus making
the device even bulkier and more expensive.

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Fig.7.3 Tracking motion 2

To capture the benets of an antenna array while avoiding its drawbacks, Wi-Vi leverages a
technique called inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR). ISAR exploits the movement of the target to emulate an antenna array. Existing systems which use antenna arrays capture the signal
reected off a target from spatially spaced antennas and processes this information to identify the
direction of the target with respect to the array. In contrast, in ISAR, there is only one receiving
antenna; hence, at any point in time, the receiver captures a single measurement. However, as the
target moves, he/she samples the received signal at successive locations in space as if we had a
receive antenna at each of these points. Furthermore, because of channel reciprocity, successive
time samples received by Wi-Vi correspond to successive spatial locations of the moving target.
Hence, Wi-Vi effectively receives in time what an antenna array would receive in space. By treating
consecutive time samples as spatial samples, Wi-Vi can emulate an antenna array and use it to track
motion behind the wall.

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CHAPTER 8
GESTURE-BASED COMMUNICATION
For a human to transmit a message to a computer wirelessly, she typically has to carry a
wireless device. In contrast, Wi-Vi can enable a human who does not carry any wireless device to
communicate commands or short messages to a receiver using simple gestures. Wi-Vi designates a
pair of gestures as a 0 bit and a 1 bit. A human can compose these gestures to create messages
that have different interpretations. Additionally, Wi-Vi can evolve by borrowing other existing
principles and practices from todays communication systems, such as adding a simple code to
ensure reliability, or reserving a certain pattern of 0s and 1s for packet preambles. At this stage,
Wi-Vis interface is still very basic, yet we believe that future advances in through-wall technology
can render this interface more expressive. Below, we describe the gesture-based communication
channel that we implemented with Wi-Vi.

8.1 GESTURE ENCODING

At the transmitter side, the 0 and 1 bits must be encoded using some modulation scheme.
Wi-Vi implements this encoding using gesture. One can envision a wide variety of gestures to
represent these bits. However, in choosing our encoding we have imposed three conditions: 1) the
gestures must be compassable i.e. at the end of each bit, whether 0 or 1, the human should be
back in the same initial state as the start of the gesture. This enables the person to compose multiple
such gestures to send a longer message. 2) The gestures must be simple so that a human finds it
easy to perform them and compose them. 3) The gestures should be easy to detect and decode
without requiring sophisticated decoders, such as machine learning classifiers.
Given the above constraints, we have selected the following gestures to modulate the bits: a
0 bit is a step forward followed by a step backward; a 1 bit is a step backward followed by a step
forward. This modulation is similar to Manchester encoding, where a 0 bit is represented by a
falling edge of the clock, (i.e., an increase in the signal value

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followed by a decrease,) and a 1 bit is represented by a rising edge of the clock, (i.e., a reduction
in signal value followed by an increase).

Fig.8.1 Gesture encoding

Given the above constraints, we have selected the following gestures to modulate the bits: a
0 bit is a step forward followed by a step backward; a 1 bit is a step backward followed by a step
forward. This modulation is similar to Manchester encoding, where a 0 bit is represented by a
falling edge of the clock, (i.e., an increase in the signal value followed by a decrease,) and a 1 bit
is represented by a rising edge of the clock, (i.e., a reduction in signal value followed by an
increase).
Figure shows the signal captured by Wi-Vi, at the output of the smoothed MUSIC algorithm
for each of these two gestures. Taking a step forward towards the Wi-Vi device produces a positive
angle, whereas taking a step backward produces a negative angle. The exact values of the produced
angles depend on whether the human is exactly oriented towards the device. Recall that the angle is
between the vector orthogonal to the motion and the line connecting the human to the Wi-Vi device,
and its sign is positive when the human is moving toward Wi-Vi and negative when the human
moves away from Wi-Vi.
As shown in Fig below, if the human is directly oriented towards the device, the two angles are
+90# and -90#. If the human does not know the exact location of the Wi-Vi device and simply steps
in its general direction, the absolute value of the angle is smaller, but the shape of the bit is
maintained.

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Fig.8.2 Gestures as Angle.

Recall s magnitude and sign as dened in above equation. In (a), the subject takes one
step forward; the emulated antenna arrays normal forms an angle of 90 with the line from the
human to Wi-Vi. Because the vector of the motion and the vector from the human to Wi-Vi are in
same direction, is positive; hence, it is+90.In (b), the subject takes a step backward, and = 90
degrees. In (c), the subject does not exactly know where the Wi-Vi device is, so he performs the
steps towards the wall, without orienting himself directly toward Wi-Vi. Note that the vector of
motion and the vector from the human to Wi-Vi are in the same direction; hence, is positive.
However, due to the slanted orientation, it is now +60 (rather than +90).

8.2 GUSTURE DECODING

Decoding the above gestures is fairly simple and follows standard communication
techniques. Specifically, Wi-Vis decoder takes as input A![!, n]. Similar to a standard decoder [16],
Wi-Vi applies a matched filter on this signal. However, since each bit is a combination of two steps,
forward and backward, Wi-Vi applies two matched filters: one for the step forward and one for the
step backward. Because of the structure of the signal shown in Figure 4, the two matched filters are
simply a triangle above the zero line, and an inverted triangle below the zero line. Wi-Vi applies
these filters separately on the received signal, then adds up their output.

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Fig.8.3 Gesture decoding. (The gure shows how Wi-Vi de-codes the gestures of Fig. 5. (a) Shows
the output of the matched lter step. (b) Shows the output of the peak detector. The sequence (1,1)
represents bit 0, whereas the sequence (1,1) represents bit 1.)
Fig. 8.3 shows the results of applying the matched lters on the received signal in Fig. 8.1.
Note that the signal after applying the matched lters looks fairly similar to a BPSK signal, where a
peak above the zero line represents a 1 bit and a trough below the zero line represents a 0 bit.
(Though, in Wi-Vi, our encoding is such that a peak or a trough alone only represents half a bit.)
Next, Wi- Vi uses a standard peak detector to detect the peaks/troughs and match them to the
corresponding bits. Fig. 8 shows the identied peaks and the detected bits for the two-bit message
in Fig. 8.1. So, for example, a positive peak followed by a negative peak represents bit 0 and a
negative peak followed by a positive peak represents a bit 1. This is just like Manchester coding.
With this capability, Wi-Vi enables a new gesture-based interface that works through walls and in
NLOS. Hence, you are not limited you to stand in front of your game console. You can move freely
and be even in a different room and still interact with your game.

8.3 EVALUATION OF Wi-Vi

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We built a prototype of Wi-Vi using USRP N210 radios and evaluated it in two office
buildings. Our results are as follows:

Wi-Vi can detect objects and humans moving behind opaque structural obstructions. This
applies to 8 concrete walls, 6 hollow walls, and 1.75 solid wooden doors.

A Wi-Vi device pointed at a closed room with 6 hollow walls supported by steel frames
can distinguish between 0, 1, 2, and 3 moving humans in the room. The precisions with
which Wi-Vi identifies each case, computed over 80 trials with 8 human subjects, are 100%,
100%, 85% and 90% respectively.

In the same room, and given a single person sending gesture-based messages, Wi-Vi
correctly decodes all messages performed at distances equal to or smaller than 5 meters. The
decoding accuracy decreases to 75% at distances of 8 meters, and the device stops detecting
gestures beyond 9 meters. For 8 volunteers who participated in the experiment, on average,
it took a person 8.8 seconds to send a message of 4 gestures.

In comparison to the state-of-the-art ultra-wideband see-through-wall radar, Wi-Vi is limited

in two ways. First, replacing the antenna array by ISAR means that the angular resolution in
Wi-Vi depends on the amount of movement. To achieve a narrow beam, the human needs to
move by about 4 wavelengths (i.e., about 50 cm). Second, in contrast to, we cannot detect
humans behind concrete walls thicker than 8. This is due to both the much lower
transmitting power from our USRPs and the residual flash power from imperfect nulling.
On the other hand, nulling the flash removes the need for GHz bandwidth. It also removes
clutter from all static reflectors, rather than just one wall. This includes other walls in the
environments as well as furniture inside and outside the imaged room. To reduce clutter, the
empirical results in past work are typically collected using a person-height standing wall,
positioned either outdoors or in large empty indoor spaces. In contrast, our experiments are
in standard office buildings with the imaged humans inside closed fully-furnished rooms.

CHAPTER 9
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

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ADVANTAGES

Wi-Vi is relatively a low-power, low-cost, low-bandwidth, and accessible to average users.

Wi-Vi requires only few MHz of bandwidth and operates in the same range as Wi-Fi. It
operates in ISM band.

Wi-Vi can perform through-wall imaging without access to any device the other side of the
wall.

Wi-Vi employs signals whose wavelengths are 12.5 cm.

Extend human vision beyond the visible electromagnetic range, allowing us to detect
objects in the dark or in smoke.

9.2

LIMITATIONS

Display has very low resolution.

We cannot detect humans behind concrete walls thicker than 8.

To achieve a narrow beam the human needs to move by about 4 wavelengths (i.e., about 50
cm).

CHAPTER 10
APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

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APPLICATION

There are some of the applications of Wi-Vi technology described here.

Law enforcement: Law enforcement personal can use the device to avoid walking into an
ambush, and minimize causalities in hostage and standoffs situations.
Emergency situations: Emergency responders can use Wi-Vi to see through rubble and
collapsed structures.
Smart Sensing: This Wi-Vi technology can be extended to sense motion in different parts of
a building and allow automated control of heating or cooling and lighting systems.
Personal Security: Common users can use it for intrusion detection and when stepping into
dark alleys and unknown places.
Entertainment: It enables a new dimension for input-output devices in gaming which does
not effect on occlusion and works in non-line-of-sight.
User Interface Design: This technology may also be leveraged in the future to enable the
controlling household appliances via gestures, and non-invasive monitoring of children and
elderly.

10.2

FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

Wi-Vi could be built into a smartphone or a special handheld device.

High quality images

Evolution of seeing humans through denser building material and with a longer range.

CHAPTER 11
CONCLUSION
We gift Wi-Vi, a wireless technology that uses Wi-Fi signals to find moving humans behind
walls and in closed rooms. In distinction to previous systems, that square measure targeted for the

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military, Wi-Vi allows tiny low cost see- through-wall devices that operate within the philosophy
band, rendering them possible to the final public.
Wi-Vi additionally establishes a channel between itself and a person's behind a wall,
permitting him/her to speak directly with Wi-Vi while not carrying any sending device. we tend to
believe that Wi-Vi is associate degree instance of a broader set of practicality that future wireless
networks can offer. Future Wi-Fi networks can probably expand on the far side communications
and deliver services like indoor localization, sensing, and management. Wi-Vi demonstrates a
sophisticated variety of Wi-Fi-based sensing and localization by victimization Wi-Fi to trace
humans behind wall, even after they don't carry a wireless device. It additionally raises problems
with importance to the networking community pertinent to user privacy and laws regarding the
utilization of Wi-Fi signals. Finally, Wi-Vi bridges progressive networking techniques with humancomputer interaction. It motivates a replacement variety of user interfaces that swear entirely on
victimization the reflections of a transmitted RF signal to spot human gestures. We tend to envision
that by investing finer nulling techniques and using higher hardware, the system will evolve to
seeing humans through denser artifact and with a extended vary. These enhancements can
additional permit Wi-Vi to capture higher quality pictures enabling the gesture-based interface to
become additional communicative hence promising new directions for computer game.

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