Duct System 1

Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol.
1)
AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

. Duct
(Types)
.. Duct
5-3
(Shapes of Air Duct)
.. Flexible Connection
5-3
Flexible Duct
5-3
.. Vertical Duct and Horization Duct
5-4
.. Supply Air Duct Return Air Duct and Outdoor Air Duct
5-4
.. Duct Layout
5-5
. Duct System
(Classification)
. Duct
5-6
(Duct Construction)
5-8
..
(Ductwork Materials)
.. Duct Seal
5-12
5-13
.. Duct
(External Insulation)
.. Duct
(Internal Insulation)
5-16
5-16
.. Access Doors
5-17
.. Duct Test Holes
5-18
.. Duct fittings
5-18
. Duct Support
Hanger
5-19
. Duct Properties
5-20
.. Duct Heat Gain
Duct Heat Loss
5-20
.. Aspect Ratio
21
..
(Sound Control)
..
5-22
(Duct leakage)
5-24
.. SMACNA Ductwork Testing

. Duct
5-25
(Sizing)
.. Duct
5-25
(Sizing)
5-26
..
(Friction Losses in Duct)
.. Head and Pressure
5-28
.. Friction Chart
(Pressure Drop)
5-31
.. Calculation for Duct Static Pressure Loss by Formula

. Duct
5-28
(Duct Design)
.. Design
5-33
5-37
(information)
5-37
.. Duct Design Criteria
5-39
.. Design Procedure
5-39
. Fire Damper
5-41
.. Fire Compartment
5-41
.. Fire Damper
5-42
.. Fire damper
5-43
. Control Dampers
.. (
5-44
) Two Position Duty
5-48
.. ( ) Capacity Control Duty
5-51
.. () Mixing duty
5-54
. Flexible Connection
Flexible Duct
5-10
.. Air pattern
.. Diffuser
5-56
(Air Diffusers)
.. Diffuser
..
(Air Outlet)
.. Plenum Slot Diffuser

. Duct cleaning
www.acmv.org
5-60
Characteristic Length
5-62
(Noise Level)
5-62
5-63
5-63
5-0
Chapter-5 Air Distribution Systems
- Air Distribution System

Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System
Mechanical Ventilation
(fresh air)
(exhaust air)
duct System
Duct velocity
velocity
duct
Duct
(velocity)
(pressure drop)
(noise)
(vibration)
(velocity)
duct
duct
Duct
Area(A)
(round) duct
(rectangular)duct
[square feet(ft2)
IP
SI
[Square meters(m )]
Duct
(volume flow
rate)
(flow)
per Second(CMS)
(Metric)
www.acmv.org
IP
Cubic Feet per Minute(CFM)

Duct velocity
IP
SI
Cubic Meters
Feet per Minute(FPM)
SI
Meters per Sec (m/s)

5-1
Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol. 1)
Velocity
Velocity Pressure
Where:
VP = Velocity Pressure, inches of water (inch wg)

V = Velocity, feet per minute (FPM)
Frictional Losses
duct
(fluid viscosity)
duct
(pressure losses)
turbulence flow
(fr
Frictional Losses
Dynamic Losses
Elbow reducer transformation
duct fitting
(area)
(direction)
flow disturbances
Loss
Dynamic
(pressure losses)
Duct Terms
(duct terms)
Main Duct (Trunk)

F
F
m
Branch ducts
B
Duct fittings
Main duct(trunk
duct fitting (t
Air Distribution Devices
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air distribution devices
5-2
. Duct
(Types)
.. Duct (Shapes of Air Duct)

Duct
Duct
(Round)
() Airflow Characteristics
() Air Con duct
Duct
insulation
() Flexible duct
Oval duct
(space saver)
() insulation
(Rectangular)
Duct
(flexible duct)
Insulated
flexible
()
duct
()
() Metal duct
(installation)
(labor cost)
() Airflow
(pressure
drop)
()
(sharp
bend)
Round Duct
Oval Duct
Round duct
(automatic
spiral)
(oval duct)
(round)duct
(galvanized steel sheet)
(duct length)
width, A)
Oval duct
Minor Axis (duct depth, B)
Conditioning (ASHRAE)
Major Axis(duct
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National
Association(SMACNA)
- Oval duct
.. Flexible Connection
- Round duct
Flexible Duct
Fan
fan
(vibration) duct
duct
(vibration)
www.acmv.org
- Round duct
(transmission)
fexible connection
diffuser
ceiling
Duct
(isolation)
5-3
metal duct
diffuser
flexible connector
flexible duct
material
(flame retardant fabric)
(flame spread rating)

(smoke developed rating)
N .255 ST
E84
()
()
NEPA
Flexible connection
(air tight)
flexible duct
.. Vertical Duct and Horization Duct

duct
duct
(vertical)
(horization)duct
.. Supply Air Duct Return Air Duct and Outdoor Air Duct
duct
S
y Air Duct
(s
supply air duct
Positive pressure duct

R
Air Duct
(r
return air duct
Negative pressure duct

O
Air Duct
(outdoor)
E h
outdoor air duct
Air Duct
exhaust air
Duct
(Size)
Duct
(Sheet Thickness)
(size)
(sheet thickness)
Ventilation Duct
Maximum Size of Duct
460 mm
461 mm
Sheet Metal Thickness (
0.56 mm (gauge)
1070 mm
0.71 mm
1070 mm
1530 mm
0.91 mm
1531 mm
2150 mm
1.22 mm
2151 mm
www.acmv.org
1.22 mm
5-4
Air Conditioning Duct

Maximum Size of Duct
Sheet Metal Thickness(
300 mm
0.46 mm
301 mm
760 mm
0.56 mm
761 mm
1400 mm
0.71 mm
1401 mm
2150 mm
0.91 mm
2151mm
1.22 mm
(round) duct
Round Duct
(material thickness)
Nominal Diameter
(G.I Sheet Thickness)
205 mm
0.6 mm (gauge)
205 mm
760 mm
0.8 mm
760 mm
1020 mm
1.0 mm
1020 mm
1525 mm
Round duct
1.2 mm
elbow
center radius
2m
.5
Vertical duct
duct support
- Flexible duct
- Flexible duct
.. Duct Layout
Duct layout
Duct layout
ymm
Main duct
Duct
VAV system
(design pat)
(duct looping
Duct fitting
layout
(exposed) duct
(appearance)
- Spide
www.acmv.org
structure
- Trunk and Branch
5-5
- Perimeter Loop
. Duct System
- Radial
(Classification)
Duct system
(velocity)
(Pressure)
duct
system
(velocity)
L w V
System
System
Comfort air conditioning

()
(2500 feet per minute)

1200 FPM(feet per minute)
Supply air velocity
h Velocity Duct
supply air velocity

L w V
Sy
2200 FPM
2500 FPM
- Round duct
h V
Sy
- Rectangular duct
(pressure)
(total pressure)
Duct System Class
(Pressure)
Low pressure (Class I)
(Velocity)
3 in-wg
y 0 m/
y 0 m/
5 mw
Medium Pressure (Class II)
6 in wg
5 mw
High Pressure (Class III)
12 in wg
5< 25 m w
Duct
()
static
Velocity > 10 m/s
(air velocitiy)
duct
duct
www.acmv.org
5-6
()
(air velocity)
(pressure drop)
fan
(power consumption)
()
(operation cost)
(air velocitiy)
(noise attenuator or silencer)
(recommended air velocity)
Recommended Maximum Duct Velocities for Low Velocity Systems (FPM)

m m
Duct Velocity) feet per minute(FPM)

Controlling Factor
Noise Generation
(Application)
Controlling Factor Duct Friction

Main Ducts
Branch Ducts
Main Ducts
Supply
Return
Supply
Return
600
1000
800
600
600
1000
1500
1300
1200
1000
1200
2000
1500
1600
1200
800
1300
1100
1000
800
1500
2000
1500
1600
1200
Average Stores Cafeterias
1800
2000
1500
1600
1200
Industrial
2500
3000
1800
2200
1500
Residences
Apartments, Hotel Bedrooms
Hospital Bedrooms
Private Offices, Directors
Rooms, Libraries
Theatres Auditoriums
General Offices, High Class
Restaurants, High Class Stores,
Banks
From Carrier Air System Design Manual
(air velocity)
(residences)
3 m/s
5 m/s
(theatres)
4 m/s
6.5 m/s
7.5 m/s
10 m/s
(restaurants) canteen
duct
(air velocity)
Main duct
(allowable air velocity)
Branche duct

www.acmv.org
5 m/s
8 m/s
4 m/s
6 m/s
30 m/s
5-7
Duct system
SMACNA
industry
HVAC Duct System Design Manual
supply air fan

v
duct
exhuast air fan
duct
duct
Negative Pressure
Duct system
(air velocity)
Coil
Duct
(reference)
duct
duct
velocitiy)
ASHRAE Handbook
1000 fpm(5.08m/s)
(filter)
000
m 5.24m/
(duct strength)
duct
(air
(deflection)
(leakage)
(pressure)
(velocity)
(noise)
(vibration)
(friction loss)
(velocity)
Duct System
Sheets reinforcements seals
duct
joints
duct
element
- Duct system
www.acmv.org
(Duct Construction)
5-8
()
(standards)
SMACNA duct
construction standards 2005

()
ASHRAE standard
local codes
()
(support)
()
Welding
grinding
()
Double-wall and lining
()
()
(material types)
()
Sh
Duct Construction Manuals:

()
SMACNAHVAC Duct Construction Standards Metal and Flexible (Third Edition)
()
SMACNAFibrous Glass Duct Construction Standards (Fifth Edition)
()
SMACNARectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standard (First Edition)
()
SMACNARound Industrial Duct Construction Standard (First Edition)
()
SMACNAThermoplastic Duct (PVC) Construction Manual (First Edition)

Duct
(toilets)
Return air duct
supply air stream

Supply air duct
return air duct
(ceiling space)
plenum
return air
air
(ceiling and the side-walls)

(plastering)
(painting)
rigid duct
steel aluminium glass-fibre batt mineral wool

v
Duct
duct lining
m
glass fibre batt
stream
Masonry duct
mineral wool
air
erosion of fibres
Duct
bracket
connection material
www.acmv.org
(supported
(metal)
hanger
Duct covering duct lining
flexible
- m
5-9
(combustible material)
(
(methods)
surface flame spread rating
(class 1)
(flame spread rating)

lining material
class zero
duct
class zero
( )
duct
Ventilation ductwork
terminal unit
ventilation grilles air diffuser
flexible connection
(2 m)
(thermal movements)
flexible joint
250 mm
Flexible joint
('not
easily ignitable')
British Standard BS 476: Part 5
Duct
opening
Air duct
stiffening
air duct support
fitting
plenum
reinforcing and access opening
Institution of Heating and Ventilating Engineers(IHVE) guide books

duct
( joints
seam
ASHRAE Handbook,
SMACNA Manuals
(construction standards)
..
(Ductwork Materials)
S
V
(applications) Galvanized steel sheets

ASTM A90, A525, and A52
24"
Breechings flues
stacks
(carbon steel)
stacks
(carbon steel)
ASTM A569
24"
Breechings flues
ASTM A569
m
m
y h
ASTM B209
S
h
fume hood exhaust
304 304L 316 or 316L
Stacks
stainless steel sheets
ASTM A167
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5-10

SHEET METAL GAUGES
Sheet
Sheet
Thickness
Metal
Remarks
Inches
Gauge
Metal
Thickness Inches
Remarks
Gauge
0.3125
19
0.0437
0.2810
20
0.0375
0.2650
21
0.0343
0.2500
22
0.0312
0.2340
23
0.0280
0.2187
24
0.0250
0.2030
25
0.0218
0.1875
26
0.0187
0.1720
27
0.0170
0.1560
28
0.0156
10
0.1400
29
0.0140
11
0.1250
30
0.0125
12
0.1090
31
0.0109
13
0.0937
32
0.0100
14
0.0780
33
0.0093
15
0.0700
34
0.0085
16
0.0625
SMACNA
35
0.0078
17
0.0560
Ductwork
36
0.0070
18
0.0500
Construction
Welded
Ductwork
Only
Duct
SMACNA
Ductwork
Construction
Gauges Not
Permitted
for
Ductwork
Construction
(Duct Material)
UL (Underwriters Laboratory) standard

Class 0
()
()
( zero flame spread)
(zero smoke developed)
Iron galvanized steel aluminum concrete masonry clay tile

Class 1
()
( m
25
()
50
()
50)
Fiberglass many flexible ducts

Class 2
()
( m
00)
.. Duct Seal
Duct Seal
Ductwork and plenum
www.acmv.org
(leakage)
seale
5-11
ASHRAE Minimum Duct Seal Level

Duct Type
Duct Location
Supply
2
. w. .
> 2 in. w.c.
Exhaust
Return
Outdoors
Unconditioned Spaces
Conditioned Spaces
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2001 and ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 Ductwork Seal Classes
Seal Level
Seal Class A
Seal Class B
Seal Class C
Sealing Requirements *
All transverse joints and longitudinal seams, and duct wall penetrations.
Pressure-sensitive tape shall not be used as the primary sealant.
All transverse joints and longitudinal seams. Pressure-sensitive tape shall not
be used as the primary sealant.
All transverse joints only
Sealing Ductwork (ASHRAE Standard 90.1) American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers,
Inc. (www.ASHRAE.org)
SMACNA Ductwork Seal Classes
Seal Class
Applicable Static Pressure Construction Class
4" WC and higher
3" WC
2" WC
1/2" WC and higher for all ductwork upstream of VAV terminal units
Sealants and Adhesives

W
s v
(outside
(Underground
solvent based
(resistant to weather
(ultraviolet rays
SMACNA Recommended Ductwork Seal Classes
SMACNA Pressure Class (in. WC)

1/2
10
Supply Ductwork
Outdoors
Unconditioned Space
Conditioned Space
www.acmv.org
5-12
Return Ductwork
Outdoors
Unconditioned Space
Conditioned Space
Exhaust Ductwork
Outdoors
Unconditioned Space
Conditioned Space
SMACNA-HVAC Ductwork Seal Classes
()
Seal Class A: 25 percent total system leakage (all transverse joints, longitudinal seams,
and duct penetrations).
()
Seal Class B: 310 percent total system leakage (all transverse joints and longitudinal
seams).
()
Seal Class C: 520 percent total system leakage (all transverse joints).
()
Unsealed: 1040 percent total system leakage.
()
SMACNA recommended seal classes.
- Benefits of insulation and sealing ducts

Air Conditioning
duct
Ventilation
duct
duct
AC duct
MV duct
insulation
Mechanical
Air Conditioning duct
Mechanical ventilation duct
Duct
external insulation
duct
internal insulation
Air conditioning duct
Air conditioning duct
www.acmv.org
mechanical ventilation duct

(heat transfer)
5-13
(internal insulation)
- Duct
- Fire rated duct

.. Duct
(External Insulation)
Insulation(vapor barrier)
mineral
wool
insulation
www.acmv.org
external insulation
fiber glass
material
(thermal conductivity)
0.0332 W/m2 K
5-14
(thermal conductivity
(insulation)
(mean temperature) 24C
25mm
(density)
supply duct return duct
32 kg/m
con
(thickness)
air c
exhaust duct
(non air conditioning area)

50mm
insulation
3
Air con
duct
return
insulation
exhaust air
supply air
25mm
Air
(non air conditioning area)
(air
conditioning area)
insulation
.. Duct
(Internal Insulation)
Internal insulation
(noise level)
insulation (vapor
main
(density) 140 kg/m3

()
rockwool material
Main duct
internal Insulation
rockwool
Duct
(0.46mm)
(aluminum shee
(perforated)
m
holes)
(total surface)
duct
m h
(perforation
- External Insulation duct

Duct
(construction)
(type)
(dimension)
SMACNA guide line

Sh
SMACNA
Duct and plenum insulation (Ref Singapore Standard SS 553:2009)

Minimum duct insulation R-values for cooling only supply ducts and return ducts
Duct Location
Duct location R-value (m2K/W)*
Exterior
1.06
Ventilated attic
1.41
Unvented attic above insulated ceiling
1.77
Unvented attic with roof insulation
1.06
Unconditioned space
1.06
Buried
1.06
www.acmv.org
5-15
.. Access Doors
Equipment
duct
damper
fire damper
access door
Access door
Access door
duct
insulation material
1.00mm
Access door
Duct
12mm
fire rating
door
(welding method)
neoprene rubber gasket
access door
(fire rating)
lock
(latch)
(galvanized)
vy
Access
(chromium)
- Oval Duct Access Door

Access door
- Access door
duct
Duct
Access door frame
(size)
(size)
access door
1200mm
duct
1200mm
300mm x 400mm
duct
450mm x 450mm
Automatic Damper or Fire Damper
450mm x 600mm
.. Duct Test Holes

Duct
(velocity)
(hole diameter)
40mm
5mm
(pressure)
(location)
25mm
braged
- Duct test holes
(dawing)
top screw braged
Bar
- Duct test hole
sheet metal
air flow
.. Duct fittings
duct
duct
duct fitting
duct fitting
www.acmv.org
5-16
() Elbows
()
Enlargements and contractions
() Converging or diverging tees and wyes
()
Means to reduce dynamic losses
() Entrances and exits
()
Turning angle, splitter vanes
(Source: ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 2001)
ASHRAE duct fitting database
fitting loss coefficients duct fitting
()
Fitting Types Elbows Mitered vanes
() Fitting Types Divided Flow Y-Branch
()
Mitered no vanes
() Reducing Y-Branch
()
Fitting Types Elbows Gored long radius
() Divided Flow Laterals
()
Fitting Types Elbows Gored Standard
() Divided Flow Laterals
()
Fitting Types Divided Flow Straight Tee
() Duct fitting -Branch
()
Fitting Types Divided Flow Conical Tee
() Duct fitting -Branch
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
- Duct fitting
. Duct Support
Hanger
Maximum ductwork hanger spacing

(a.) SMACNA minimum requirements
(1)
Horizontal: 8 to 10 feet maximum.
(2)
Vertical: One- or two-story intervals-12 to 24 feet.
www.acmv.org
5-17
(horizontal) duct
hanger rod
Hanger rod
lock nut
Cross-Sectional Perimeter of Duct
Maximum Spacing Between Hanger

(Hanger
1.5 m
duct
1.6 m
2.4 m
2.5m
1.8 m
2.5 m
duct
1.2 m
(b.) Recommended
(1)
Horizontal ducts less than 4 square feet: 8 feet maximum.
(2)
Horizontal ducts 4 to 10 square feet: 6 feet maximum.
(3)
Horizontal ducts greater than 10 square feet: 4 feet maximum.
(4)
Vertical round ducts: 12 feet maximum.
(5)
Vertical rectangular ducts: 10 feet maximum.
Ductwork Support
Ductwork
(Type)
Maximum Hanger Spacing Feet
Horizontal Ducts Less than 4 Square Feet
Horizontal Ducts 4 to 10 Square Feet
Horizontal Ducts Greater than 10 Square Feet
Vertical Round Ducts
12
Vertical Rectangular Ducts
10
(vertical) duct
- Dcut hanger
continuous length
support
- Dcut support
First cost
(installation cost)
Operating
cost
system
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Duct
(first cost)
(operating cost)
5-18
) Duct
(cool air)
(hot air)
( )
(heat)
duct
(heat loss )
Aspect ratio of the duct (duct
()
duct
aspect ratio)
duct
(friction rate)
() Fitting
(type)
. Duct Properties
.. Duct Heat Gain
Duct Heat Loss
Air con duct
air con
heat loss)
(duct heat gain)

Supply air
duct
duct
(duct
(temperature)
(heat)
(cooled air
)duct
(allowance)
supply air
(air
quantity)
Duct
duct
duct aspect ratio
duct aspect ratio
flow rate)
duct
(heat gain)
(velocity)
(air
(heat gain)
(heat loss)
(velocity)
duct
(duct heat gain)
(duct heat loss)
U value 0.12
insulation
(duct heat gain) %
.. Aspect Ratio
- Aspect Ratio 1.0
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Aspect Ratio 4.0
duct
5-19
Aspect ratio
duct
(long side)
h
aspect ratio
Aspect Ratio
(installation cost)
(operation cost)
Duct work
(first cost)
cost)
(installation
(material)
Duct c
Duct
capacity
duct system
Duct
(total pressure)
(size)
duct c
duct c
Duct Class
Max; Size of Duct(inch)
Semi Perimeter
6 - 17 1/2"
10 - 23
12 - 24
24 46
26 - 40
32 - 46
24 - 88
48 - 94
48 - 90
96 - 176
90 - 144
96 - 238
(gate
(capacity)
of
metal
duct
sheet)
duct
duct
Material
insulation
insulation
consultant
(area)
dust class
Aspect Ratio
Aspect Ratio
(friction loss)
- Small Aspect Ratio

..
- Large Aspect Ration
(Sound Control)
()
(acceptable noise
criteria (NC))
()
()
()
www.acmv.org
(resultant sound level criteria)

(
v
5-20
()
(appropriate)
- Duct System Acoustics

Design guidelines for HVAC system noise in unoccupied spaces
(Room Types)
Private Residences
RC / NC
25-35
Hotels/Motels
Individual rooms or suites
25-35
Meeting/banquet rooms
25-35
Corridors, lobbies
35-45
Service/support areas
35-45
Office Buildings
Executive and private offices
25-35
Conference rooms
25-35
Teleconference rooms
< 25
Open-plan offices
< 40
- With sound masking

Corridors and lobbies
Hospitals and Clinics Private rooms
< 35
40-45
25-35
Wards
30-40
Operating rooms
25-35
Corridors and public areas
30-45
Performing Arts Spaces
Drama theaters
25
Music teaching studios
25
Music practice rooms

Schools
Classrooms
www.acmv.org
30-35
d
25-30
5-21
Large lecture rooms
25-30
Large lecture rooms, without speech amplification
25
Laboratories (with Fume Hoods)

Testing/research, minimal speech communication
45-55
Research, extensive telephone use, speech communication
40-50
Group teaching
35-45
Church, Mosque, Synagogue

General assembly
25-35
With critical music programs c

Libraries
30-40
Courtrooms
Un-amplified speech
25-35
Amplified speech 30-40
30-40
Indoor Stadiums, Gymnasiums

Gymnasiums and natatoriumse
40-50
Large seating-capacity spaces with speech amplificatione 45-55
45-55
..
(Duct leakage)
(leakage)
ANSI SMACNA ASHRAE
standard
(Impact of Leakage )
(leakage
Energy Cost Example
Cost/year = [CFM x TP]/[8,520 x Eft] x Hours/Year x $/kwh
CFM
RPM
SP
VP
TP
BHP
Leakage
(Cu
(rev/min)
(in
(in
(in
(hp)
(%)
ft/min)
wg)
wg)
wg)
Extra
Increas
Oper/yr
Oper/yr
ed
(5/year)
(5/year)
Oper/yr
WO
20,000
530
1.50
0.39
1.89
6.68
5,600
21,000
557
1.65
0.43
2.08
7.73
6,481
881
15.7
10
22,000
583
1.82
0.47
2.29
8.89
7,452
1,852
33.3
15
23,000
610
1.98
0.52
2.50
10.16
8,515
2,915
52.1
20
24,000
636
2.16
0.56
2.72
11.54
9,675
4,075
73.0
30
26,000
689
2.54
0.66
3.20
14.68
12,301
6,701
120.0
www.acmv.org
5-22
(assumed
Electric rate $0.15/kWh
0.15
52 wk x 6 d/wk x 24 hr
7,488 hr
Fan/motor Efficiency
89
initial velocity
2,501
(Suggested Leakage Levels)

Leakage Levels
SMACNA Class 3
Test Pressure (in wg)
(CFM/100 sq ft)
0-1
3.0
1 -2
4.6
2-3
6.0
3-4
7.4
4-6
9.6
0.5
6-10
13.5
0.5
Leakage (%)
Annual Operational Costs
Cost/Year
system first year operating cost ($)
Qfan
system volume flow rate (cfm)
FTP
system total operating pressure (in wg)
Hours/Year
number of hours the system operates in one year $/kwh = cost of energy
Efficiency
fan/motor drive combined efficiency
8,520
conversion factor to kWh (kilowatt hours)
.. SMACNA Ductwork Testing

()
-4 W
()
()
pressure r
(test)
(1.5 X Pressure Rating)

W
4 W
w
pressure rating
(test)
(1.5 X Pressure Rating)
()
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-200
()
200
2004
static pressures +3" Water Gauge
y-
2006
static pressures +3" Water Gauge
w
y
y-
. Duct
(Sizing)
y
www.acmv.org
5-23
()
(space availability)
()
(space air diffusion)
()
(noise levels)
()
Duct
(duct leakage)
()
duct
(duct heat gain)

(duct heat loss)
()
(air balancing)
()
(fire and smoke

control)
()
(initial investment cost)
()
(system operating cost)
(discomfort)
S
(construction)
(terminal)
h
(leakage)
air
diffuser
h
y
system
loss
Ductwork Sizes
()
()
(smallest recomm
()
24
2 0
6 2
6 48
)
()
4:1
()
m m
mm
.. Duct
(
(Sizing)
) Pressurized Method
( ) Equal Friction Sizing Method(Constant Pressure Loss Method)

() Static Regain Method
() Total Pressure Method
( ) Velocity Reduction Method
( ) Constant Velocity Method
www.acmv.org
5-24
m h
() Velocity Reduction Method

() Equal Friction Method
() Static Regain Method
Pressurized Method
duct
duct
duct
(size)
Equal Friction Sizing Method (Constant Pressure Loss Method)

Equal friction
(method)
(flexibility)
Duct
(pressure loss)
duct
System
duct
1 Pascal (1Pa/m)
duct
Supply
Eq
extract duct system
Eq
ASHRAE
h
h
duct
(high and low limits for pressure loss per unit length)
(velocity)
duct
Eq
(pressure loss per unit length)
friction loss per unit of length
duct
1 Pascal( 1Pa/m)
( )
friction loss(1 pa/m)
(air flow rate)
Friction loss chart

()
(pressure loss)
duct
()
(size)
(section)
(duct section) elbow
duct
friction loss coefficient
duct
friction loss
fitting
friction loss
(size)
duct
(size)
System
Eq
www.acmv.org
(air balancing)
5-25
Regain Sizing Method

S
duct
(equal friction method

S
(material)
terminal
(pressure loss)
branch duct section
duct
branch duct section

section
(pressure loss)
branch duct
(pressure loss)
duct
(section)
duct
(section)
(pressure losses)
duct section
(size)
duct
(section)
duct
duct
(size)
(p
iteration process
T
T
V
m h
m h
y Reduction Sizing Method

Velocity
reduction
duct
(air
velocity)
(velocity)
(noise)
Duct
(acceptable
(velocity)
velocity)
duct
duct
(round) duct
(size)
(rectangular) duct
(size)
(pressure losses)
(high noise level)
(velocity)
ASHRAE
SMACNA
yS
(noise level)
V
Constant velocity method

(tender)
S
duct
(specified)
(velocity)
duct
..
duct
(pressure losses)
(Friction Losses in Duct)

Friction loss
fluid viscosity
v
m m
F
www.acmv.org
5-26
Eq
m h
F
() Duct
(size)
() Duct
(velocity)
friction loss
(interior surface roughness)
()
(Air flow rate)
() Duct
(length)
friction loss
friction loss
friction loss
.. Head and Pressure

m
("Head" is the height of a fluid co m
w.
w
q
He
m
(cloum liquid)
Hea
5 meter of water cloum(WC)

q
Air pressure 1 Pound per Square Inch (PSI) = 51.71 millimeter of mercury( mmHg )
51.71 mm of mercury (mmHg)
y-W
h Eq
(pressure drop
y-W
h Eq
pipe
d
(f
fully developed flow
Darcy and Colebrook Equations

Duct
(pipe)
fluid
(pressure drop)
www.acmv.org
5-27
f
(
Fluid
laminar flow
Reynolds
()
(Reynolds numbers less than 2000) Friction factor

( )
Fluid
turbulent flow
Reynolds number
friction factor
(Reynolds number)
Reynolds
(duct surface roughness)
joint
Friction factor
(duct
surface
roughness)
noncircular duct
(Reynolds number)
hydraulic
diameter
laminar flow
hydraulic diameter
Duct (Noncircular Duct)
hy
m
hy
square
rectangular duct
roun
Rectangular Duct
R
www.acmv.org
Flow
resistance
round duct
5-28
Flat Oval Duct

A = major axis of flat oval duct (mm)
a = minor axis of flat oval duct (mm)
P = perimeter of flat oval duct (mm)
Friction
R y
h
hy
Hydraulic diameter(D)
m
m
(Graph)
Reynolds Number(dimensionless)
Duct
(turbulent or laminar)
Reynolds Number
()
Reynolds Number
Laminar flow
(Laminar
if Re < 2300)
Reynolds Number
()
()
Transient flow
(Transient for 2300 < Re < 4000)

Reynolds Number
()
Turbulent flow
(Turbulent if Re > 4000)

.. F
S R E
(Pressure Drop)
friction ch
()
Friction losses ( Pa/ m)
()
Air Quantity (Liter per Second)
()
Velocity (m/s)
()
()
Friction losses ( Pa/m)
0.1 Pa/m
5
()
mm
00
/m
0.
/m
/m
Air Quantity (Liter per Second)

L/
(vertical li
20
200 000 L/
()
Velocity (m/s)
()
Round Duct Diamaeter (mm)
www.acmv.org
5-29
25 000
(
(maximum f
/m
()
round duct
total f
(air quantity
25 000
(air quantity
25 000
- ASHRAE friction chart

25,000 CHM x 1000 Liter per meter cube = 25,000,000 Liter per hour/ 3600
m m F
/m
6 44 L/
6 44 L/
/m
m
50mm
v
S R E
www.acmv.org
y
mm
0.2 m/
v
y
5-30
v
vel
0.2 m/
recommend duct
50mm
v
y m
Comfort Systems
Type of Duct
Industrial Systems
m/s
ftm
m/s
Main ducts
4-7
780 - 1380
8 - 12
Main branch ducts
3-5
590 - 985
Branch ducts
1-3
200 - 590
High Speed Systems

m/s
ftm
1575 - 2360
10 - 18
1670 - 3540
5-8
985 - 1575
6 - 12
1180 - 2360
3-5
590 - 985
5-8
985 - 1575
(outlets
(inlets
(velocit
(unacceptable noise)
(air flow rate) 8 000
00mm
450mm
(frictioin losses - Pa/m)
Air Flow Rate 18,000 CMH
Liter per Second
Air Flow Rate 18,000 CMH = 5,000 L/s
Rectangular d
450mm
808mm
00mm
Eq v
Rectangular
Eq
800
(air quantitie) 5,000 L/s
800mm R
(frictioin losses - Pa/m)
/m
Friction Loss Estimate

1.5 X System Length (ft./100) X Friction Rate (in.W.G./100 ft.).
..
Where
yF m
L
(Formula)
Ref: 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI), Chapter 34, Equation No:11
De =
Circular Equivalent of Rectangular duct for equal length
Q =
Air flow rate (L/sec)

2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI), Chapter 34,
Eq
(air flow rate)

S R E
S
(air flow rate)
V
/
0.001
www.acmv.org
5-31
A = (3.14 x De2 /4
roun
round duct d m
Rectangular duct
(formula)
circular eq v
()
(velocity) velocity Pressure
(formula)
Rv
= Velocity Pressure ()
= Fluid mean Velocity (m/s)

m
mm)
Ref: 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI), Chapter 34, Equation No: 24
Ref: 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI), Chapter 34, Table No: 01
absolute roughness factor
2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals
Handbook (SI), Chapter 34, Table No: 01

() Reynolds number
Re = Reynolds number
Dh = Hydraulic Diameter (mm)
V = Velocity (m/s)
www.acmv.org
5-32
() Pressure Drop
()
or
Dh
1.204 kg/m2
(for air)
= Hydraulic Diameter, mm
= Velocity (m/s)
If
()
For Ducting,
For Fittings,
internet a
d w
http://www.acmv.org/lecture/file/Duct_Static_Loss_calculation.xls
A. Ductwork Sizing Criteria Table (Ductwork Size Criteria)
Maximum
Minimum
Maximum
System
Friction Rate
Velocity
Velocity
Type
in.W.G./100
ft./min.
ft./min.
Comments/Reasons
ft.
General Air Handling Systems
Low
Pressure
0.10 (0.15)
----
Ducts
Medium
Pressure
0.20 (0.25)
----
Ducts
High
Pressure
Ducts
www.acmv.org
0.40 (0.45)
----
1,500
1,800
2,000
2,500
2,500
3,500
When CFM > 6,000 velocity governs;when CFM

< 6,000 friction rate governs; applicable for
supply, return, exhaust, and outside air systems
When CFM > 6,000 velocity governs; when CFM
supply systems only
supply systems only
5-33

Transfer Air
Ducts
Outside Air
Shafts
0.030.05
----
1,000
0.050.10
----
1,000
Gravity
Relief Air

< 3,200 friction rate governs
0.030.05
----
1,000
Shafts
General Exhaust and Special Exhaust Systems
General
Exhaust
0.10 (0.15)
----
Ducts
Toilet
Exhaust
0.10 (0.15)
----
Ducts
1,500
1,800
1,500
1,800
Kitchen
Hood
Exhaust
When CFM > 6,000 velocity governs; When

CFM < 6,000 friction rate governs
When CFM > 6,000 velocity governs; When
CFM < 6,000 friction rate governs
2003 IMC: 1,500 FPM min.; 2006 IMC: 500 FPM
----
1,500
2,200
0.10 (0.15)
1,500
2,200
min.; NFPA 96-2004: 500 FPM min.
Ducts
Dishwasher
Exhaust
Ducts
Acid,
Ammonia,
and Solvent
Mains and risers 1,5003,000 FPM; Branches

0.50 (0.60)
1,000
3,000
----
3,000
4,000
----
250
----
and lateral 1,0002,000 FPM
Mains
Acid,
Ammonia,
and Solvent
Stacks
Silane
Ducts
Velocity across the neck of the cylinder or

cabinet window or access port
Louvers
Maximum velocity through free area; assuming
Intake
----
----
500
50% free areamax. velocity 250 FPM through

gross louver area
Exhaust or
Relief
Maximum velocity through free area; assuming

----
----
700
50% free areamax. velocity 350 FPM through

gross louver area
Notes:
(1) Maximum aspect ratio 4:1; unless space constraints dictate greater aspect ratios.
(2) Duct velocities should not exceed 1,500 FPM or noise will result.
www.acmv.org
5-34
. Duct
(Duct Design)
.. Design
(information)
(client requirements)
(supply air condition)
(space availability)
(installation cost)
(air friction loss)
Duct system configuration
(type)
duct layout
(noise level)
(duct heat transfer and airflow leakage)
(ambient conditions)
(material)
Duct insulation
Duct system layout
(codes and standards requirements)
Key design inputs
Design outputs
3
m /s)
Lm
/m
S h m
S h
&
h
L miting flow velocity (m/s)

Duct
()
()
(duct material)
duct
changes
in
(sudden
directions)
(pressure loss)
() Duct
turning vane
Angle of divergence
20
() Aspect ratio
()
()
Aspect ratio (
duct
Aspect ratio ()
() Duct
(vibration)
velocity)
()
duct
duct
duct
(noise)
(air
duct
(frictional
loss)
(duct
material)
www.acmv.org
5-35
- Transfer duct
Duct
(
Duct
y
(shape)
(strength)
(deformation)
dimensional stability
( )
(Leakage Control)
Positive pressure duct
(air loss)
Negative presure duct
leakage control
()
(Noise)
Duct
(noise generation)
transmission)
(noise
(noise)
()
(Exposure)
(weather)
(corrosive a m
contamination)
duct
(underground
(biological
basement)
(outdoor)
( )
exposure
Duct Support
Duct support
(position)
( )
alignment
duct support
Thermal Conductivity
Duct
t
duct
(heat
(heat gain)
(condensation)
h
(thermal
duct
conductivity)
Duct
(expericence)
www.acmv.org
5-36
(technical knowledge)
(good practices)
Duct
(workshop)
(fabricate)
Drawing
(site)
duct
(dimension)
internal dimension
(size)
duct
(dimemsion)
..
() Life-cycle cost(LCC)
duct
duct
()
Damper
duct
duct
(size)
(sound
(duct)
configuration
level)
VAV
box
(pressure)
(excess pressure)
Sound attenuation
()
(critical
path)
duct
(critical path)
(local
loss
duct fitting
equipment
coefficients)
(surplus
pressure)
()
Supply air
(volume flow rate)
duct heat gain
VAV system
(volume flow rate)

Fan
(discharge pressure)
diversity
critical path
.. Design Procedure
Air duct system
(supply volume flow rate)
(space air diffusion)
(supply outlets)
(return inlets)
cold air
(volume flow rate)
warm air
(volume flow rate)

air duct system
software
duct design
Computer-aided
duct
design
(precise calculation)
m m
air duct system
duct design
Design Procedure
()
Verify local codes & material availability
()
Preliminary duct layout
www.acmv.org
5-37
()
Divide into consecutive duct sections
()
Minimise local loss coefficients of duct fittings
()
Select duct sizing methods
()
Critical total pressure loss of tentative critical path
()
Size branch ducts & balance total pressure at junctions
()
Adjust supply flow rates according to duct heat gain
()
Resize duct sections, recalculate & balance parallel paths
() Check sound level & add necessary attenuation

design procedure
()
()
(client requirement)
(tender specification)
(local codes)
(material
availability)
()
duct layout
(preliminary)
(return inlets)
main ducts branch takeoffs
(duct)
air duct
()
fan
(supply outlets)
Duct layout
(space available)
(duct sections)
Duct
segment
()
critical path
critical
path
()
Critical path
duct fitting
()
Air duct system
characteristics
methods)
(sizing
space available noise energy use
maximum design air velocity
duct section
()
duct
duct system
cost
local loss coefficient
initial
critical path
duct
Critical path
(total pressure loss)
Air duct system
(total pressure loss)

()
Branch duct
Junction
duct fitting
component
total pressure loss

()
The supply volume flow rates
supply outlet
duct heat gain
(adjusted)
()
()
duct section
Duct section(paths)
(resizes)
(airborne sound level)
total pressure loss

(noise)
sound attenuator
www.acmv.org
5-38
. Fire Damper
.. Fire Compartment
Fire compartment
(zone)
Fire compartment
Fire compartment
- Fire compartment (
- Fire rated partitions contain fire damage to the compartment of fire origin.
duct
fire damper
Duct
Duct
fire damper
fire damper
blade
www.acmv.org
fusible link
fire damper
5-39
(horizontal) duct
duct
(vertical)
horizontal fire damper (floor mounted)
vertical fire damper (duct
or wall mounted)
(horizontal) duct
vertically fire
damper
Fire
damper
(fire
resisting
rating)
v
(wall)
(compartment
floor)
(fire resisting rating)
- Fire damper
Code of Practice for Fire Precautions in Buildings
Wall Mounted Fire Damper and Floor Mounted Fire Damper
Floor mounted fire damper
blade
bland
(spring)
- Horizontal fire damper Multiple Blade Wall mount or In line Duct Curtain Type
www.acmv.org
V and H
Floor mounted fire damper
Fusible Links
5-40
.. Fire Damper
F
(galvanized steel frame

fusible link
Fusible link
( 65 F
damper
dynamic damper
Fire Rating
Fire
r
Fire r
Access Door: F
Fire Damper Installation

Fire d m
-
fire-rated walls
Standard Fire Damper

Standard
Static Fire Damper
fire
damper
static
fire
damper
Fire
Mode
duct
.. Fire damper
- Fire damper
Dynamic Fire Damper
Dynamic fire damper
Fire Mode
Dynamic fire damper
duct
(moving air)
static fire damper

www.acmv.org
5-41
()
Type-A fire damper

Type-A fire damper
y
()
(low-pressure part of
2 w. .
Type-B fire damper

Type-B fire damper
Type-A fire damper
(free area)
( pressure drop)
()
Type-C fire damper (100% free area)

100% free area
Type-C fire damper
Medium-to-high air velocities (3,000 fpm)
W.
Type-C fire damper
. Control Dampers
(air volume)
(air flow)
Control Damper (VCD)
Volume
Volume damper
Damper (VCD)
Volume Control
Manual or balancing dampers
motor operated
dampers
Damper Characteristics
Opposed blade
Bala
mixing
modulating
2-
position control applications
Parallel blade: Two-position applications (open/closed).
2000 F
0.15" W.G
200
500 F / q.
Damper
(air flow)
(control)
Damper
(rectangular)
(oval)
(round)
(round)
duct
damper
(oval)
damper
(rectangular) damper
Blade
HVAC
()
()
damper
galvanized steel
aluminium
(outdoor
damper
extruded
air
intake)
(aluminium)
(industrial facilities)
www.acmv.org
(stainless steel)
5-42
Airfoil dampers
- Figure 3-28 Triple V and Airfoil dampers
(frame)
blade
Damper
(shaft)
(bearing)
(friction)
(control)
(valve)
(control)
damper
Valve
damper
(selection principle)
Damper
control
valve
(stable)
accurate
Damper blade
() Flat, one-piece(single metal sheet) blade
() Single skin blade with a triple-v-groove shape
() Double- skin air foil-shaped blade
(-)
Triple
airfoil
blade
Damper
F1 (
(frame depth)
depth
)
Blade width
(flat) blade
frame
(round) duct
(oval) duct
blade) damper
F2 (
blade
(single
damper blade
(rectangular) damper
Air foil
damper
blade
Air foil
(pressure drop)
Triple V groove blade

1500 FPM
(velocity) 2000 FPM

Blade
(overlap)
(tight closure)
www.acmv.org
5-43
Blade
(edge)
compressible
(leakage)
sealing
strip
sealing strip
silicon rubber
v y
Silicon rubber
Seal
damper
(fully
(fully open)
closed)
(performance)
(frame)
blade
seal
Damper
(standard leakage)
(249 Pa
50
damper
Air foil blade

6
50 CFM
low leakage damper

damper
10CFM
HVAC System
shut off damper
leakage) damper
(low
24
2 CFM
damper
(2 CFM per square foot at 1 inch wg)

(reading)
controlled variable
control
(le
Damper
(minimum leakage)
Standard 90.1-2004
Ultra-low leak damper
Low leak damper
Cooling load
system
Blade
ANSI/ ASHRAE/ IESNA
ultra-low leak damper
(linkage)
(-)
blade
(linkage)
damper
(linkage)
(
(pressure drop)
)
(corrosion)
damper
damper
(seal)
Blade
Damper
Damper
m
www.acmv.org
actuator
(maintenance)
damper
(oversized)
5-44
Actuator
damper
actuator
Damper
damper
actuator
damper
(linkage)
damper
Blade
damper
blade
()
multiple blade damper
parallel blade
Parallel
blade
Multiple blade damper
opposed blade
operation
(-)
blade
(same
direction)
()
Opposed blade operation
blade
blade
damper
(operating characteristic)
Blade
(single blade) damper

parallel
(operating characteristic)
opposed blade damper
Actuator
damper operator
damper motor
(fully open)
damper actuator
(power)
- Figure 3-31 Fans in Parallel

Modulating
(
damper
- Centrifugal Fan with Inlet Vane damper
damper
small
Lower leakage damper
increment
modulate
seal
(friction)
(friction)
damper
motor
(damper
parallel blade damper

(opposed blade damper
Actuator
torque
foot)
www.acmv.org
torque
actuator)
actuator
)
h-
Damper
h-
Damper
(1 square
h-
5-45
(friction)
actuator
minimum 20inch-lb
8 inch-lbs per square foot of damper area
damper
damper
operation(NO)
(set up)
(fail)
minimum torque
actuator
Normally open
power
damper
Coil
(flow)
freezing
hazardous waste
system
N m
damper
isolation
Normally Open(NO)
Damper
damper
damper
application
(
Two position only

(fully open/fully closed) position
two position
Fan
(out door air intake)

( )
isolation
(shut-off)
Capacity control duty

capacity
damper
()
damper
control
VAV discharge
air balancing damper
Mixing duty
Economizer damper
.. (
) Two Position Duty

Fan system
duct
Outdoor air intake fan intake
F
damper
damper
fan
(position)
(wind pressure)
stack effect
fan
intake)
discharge
damper
(out door air
supply air fan
interlock
coil
(freezing)
h
(heating energy cost)
damper
motorized damper
gravity damper
Back Draft Damper(BDD)
barometric damper
Gravity damper
motorized damper
Gravity damper
Non Return Damper(NRD)
actuator(motor)
(fight seal)
damper
Supply
(return)
www.acmv.org
Gravity
5-46
Exhaust fan
back draft damper
fan
fan
exhaust air
fan discharge point
- Figure 3-33 Installed Characteristic Curves of Parallel blade dampers

(air pressure)
damper
exhaust system
make up air
gravity damper
motorized damper
gravity damper
(-)
motorized damper
fan
damper
(isolate)
fan
Variable Air Volume (VAV) application

high
load
low load
fan
fan
shut-off
fan
damper
fan
Parallel pumping system
check valve
motorized damper
damper
www.acmv.org
5-47
Fan
damper
fan
fan
w
fan
wheel
fan
fan
direction
m
- Figure 3-35 Two Parallel blade Triple V dampers From Different Manufacturers
- Figure 3-36 Two Opposed blade Triple V dampers From Different Manufacturers
Fan
damper
fan
(pressure)
application
gravity back draft damper

(pressure)
F
gravity damper
Back draft damper

www.acmv.org
plenum
fan discharge
Fan
5-48
(velocity)
back draft damper
heavy duty
damper
Two position
Two position
damper
(fully open)
(fully close position)
damper
performance
Parallel blade damper
Damper
damper
actuator
parallel damper

HVAC
designer
two
position
actuator
application
(vendor)
(contractor)
Two
position
damper
two position damper

Two
position
modulate
damper
(size)
(leakage)
(pressure drop)
(energy)
Shut off damper
duct
. ( ) Capacity Control Duty

Air system
terminal
duct
(air flow)
Volumer control damper
branch duct
flow)
selection
diffuser
(pressure)
static damper
(adjust
Static damper
(air flow)
balancing damper
grille
)
(design air
Volume control damper
actuator
(fully
(h
blade
single skin damper
open
position)
single
duct
damper
O
www.acmv.org
5-49
VAV System
style
fan
capacity
inlet guide vane

inlet guide vane
control
damper
discharge damper
fan
(-)
inlet
(inlet)
Fan
damper blade
Damper
(
Damper
- h
(entering air)
Damper
fan
direction
wheel
wheel direction
air volume
unload
fan
inlet guide vane

(air flow)
fan
wheel
(maximum capcity)
(pressure)
Discharge damper
paraller pump
Discharge damper
check valve
fan
(fan pressure)
VAV box
(air flow)
stabl
control
Discharge damper
fan
performance
Discharge damper
VAV system
discharge damper
Damper performance
()
()
Manufacturer
()
Damper relative size
()
Damper situation
Manufacturer
Damper
blade
()
(design)
seal
(material)
damper
(linkage)
(performance)
Damper Relative Size

Damper
(size)
duct
(size)
damper
damper
wall opening
(performance)
duct
duct
damper
damper
damper
flow characteristic
damper
(performance)
()
Damper Situation
Duct
device
direction
www.acmv.org
damper
d
direction
damper
damper
5-50
performance
- Figure 3-37 Effect of Inlet Louver on an Opposed blade damper Characteristic

(-)
performance
Capacity control (throttling) application
damper
position
pressure drop across the damper

Damper throttling
(air flow rate)
duct system
(frictional
losses)
(frictional losses)
rate)
Fan
curve
Two way valve
Throttling application
linear
( pressure
(total pressure drop)
Opposed blade damper
throttling application
pressure drop across the damper
fan
hydronic system
damper
system
characteristic
volume flow rate
characteristic
drop)
(pressure)
(air flow
linear
total system pressure drop
down steam
throttling application
(-)
(air steam direction)
(deflect the air steam)

(down stream)
ymm
elbow
down steam
duct fitting
(pressure drop)
(down
stream)
diffuser
outlet throw patterm

www.acmv.org
5-51
- Air flow through parallel
- Air flow opposed dampers
- (3-38) Flow Pattern through opppsed dampers and parallel Damper

(air outlet)
diffuser
neck
diffuser

Throttling application
hydronic system
damper
control valve
(pressure drop)
Damper
(pressure
(size)
drop)
controllability
Damper
(size
(pressure drop)
.. () Mixing duty
(air steam)
(out door air)
damper
return air
throttling
(mixing)
mixing application
mixing
throttling

air
stream
www.acmv.org
5-52
Parallel blade damper

throttling
(air steam)
(deflect)
mixing
(-)
m
O
air stream
(air steam)
(deflect
m
m
(-
- Various Mixing Box Arrangements

(air steam)
S
(air steam)
Duct
www.acmv.org
(outdoor air
5-53
temperature)
return air temperature

S
Ventilation system effectiveness
Damper
damper schedule
Damper Identification Tag
Blade type
Location
Velocity Pressure Drop
Damper Type
Fail Position
Damper Size & Quantity
Actuator identification Tag
Duct Size
Actuator type & quantity
Arrangement
Mounting
. Air Distribution Devices

Diffuser
register
grille
(air
distribution devices)
Primary Air
Primary air
(supply outlet)
Total Air
Total Air
primary air
Cooling
entrained room air

(supply outlet)
..
www.acmv.org
5-54
-
Throw
Th w
(outlet face
y
(air outlet
-)
v
50
Th w
m 0.25 m/
m
- S
w
w
v
v
v . Th w
50 0. 5 m/
00 0.50 m/
h w
v w
(Plan view)
- Space air diffusion with overhead cooling

www.acmv.org
5-55
- O
h w
Drop
-
m y
y
Spread
v
h
Surface Effect
(supply air velocity)
(moving air mass)
v
www.acmv.org
w
5-56
Occupied Zone
.8 m
m v
- Spread and Throw
- Active and inactive sections
(Pressure Drop)
m
. w. .
(air flow
(air outlet)
(pressure loss)
y
- Space air diffusion with overhead heating
- Upward deflection
www.acmv.org
- Sidewall application
5-57
- Ceiling diffuser free space mounting
- Sidewall outlet free space mounting
- Ceiling diffuser
.. Diffuser
(Air Diffusers)
air
- Slot diffuser
con
system
(air
outlet)
) Grilles and Registers

Louver
(air
outlet)
(intake)
(square)
face size
neck size
(adjustable louvers)
deflection
(stationary louvers)
single
grille
grille
horizontal
Grille
double deflection
vertical
v
register
( )Linear Bar Grille
grille
www.acmv.org
linear
bar
grille
5-58
()Linear Slot Diffuser

Linear Slot Diffuser
Slot
( in. [13 mm])

(1 inch [25 mm])
diffuser
Slot
()
( in. [19 mm])
()
Linear slot
(ceiling)
Round ceiling diffuser
Square ceiling diffuser
Louvered face diffuser
Round plaque diffuser
Square plaque diffuser
Perforated ceiling diffuser
Plenum slot diffuser
Light troffer diffuser
Round Twist Diffuser
- Diffuser
Linear
bar grille[6mm]
- Return grille
spacing
- Linear slot
diffuser
- Double deflection supply grille
- Return grille
Industrial Ventilation
Industrial supply grille

www.acmv.org
Drum louver
Nozzle
5-59
Industrial return grille
Security grille
Slot diffusers
light troffer diffusers
throws
(low air volumes)

VAV
.. Diffuser
applications
Characteristic Length
Characteristic length for various diffuser types
Diffuser Type
Characteristic Length, L
High Sidewall Grille
Distance to wall perpendicular to jet
Circular Ceiling
Diffuser Distance to closest wall or intersecting air jet
Sill Grille
Length of room in the direction of the jet flow
Ceiling Slot Diffuser
Distance to wall or midplane between outlets
Light Troffer Diffusers
Distance to midplane between outlets, plus

distance from ceiling to top of occupied zone
Perforated, Louvered Ceiling Diffusers

..
Distance to wall or midplane between outlets
(Air Outlet)
(Noise Level)
(air outlet)
(noise level)
Noise Criteria (NC)
sound pressure value based on an industry standard 10 dB default for room absorption.
(air outlet)
(noise level)
(air outlet)
(air
outlet)
ASHRAE recommended NC level values

Diffuser
24 in. x 24 in. module [610 mm x 610 mm], 380 cfm [180 L/s], 700 fpm [3.6 m/s] neck velocity
DiffuserType
NC Level
DiffuserType
NC Level
()
Square Cone
17
()
Perforated Curved Vane
28
()
Square Plaque
18
()
Louvered Face
31
()
Round Cone
22
()
Perforated Face Deflector
33
()
Modular Core
26
()
Perforated Neck Deflector
37
.. Plenum Slot Diffuser

1 in. slot, 4 ft [1.2 m], 270 cfm [127 L/s], 8 in. [203 mm] neck, 800 fpm [4.1 m/s] neck velocity
DiffuserType
NC Level
DiffuserType
NC Level
()
Linear Slot
31
()
Linear IceTong
39
()
Linear Fixed Curved
36
()
Linear Wiper Blade
46
www.acmv.org
5-60
. Duct cleaning
Duct
duct
(duct cleaning)
- Duct
-End-
www.acmv.org
5-61

Duct System 1

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Duct System 1

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Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol.

AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

(Shapes of Air Duct)

.. Vertical Duct and Horization Duct

.. Duct Test Holes

.. Duct Heat Gain

Duct Heat Loss

.. SMACNA Ductwork Testing

(Friction Losses in Duct)

.. Head and Pressure

.. Calculation for Duct Static Pressure Loss by Formula

.. Duct Design Criteria

) Two Position Duty

.. ( ) Capacity Control Duty

.. Plenum Slot Diffuser

Chapter-5 Air Distribution Systems

Chapter-5 Air Distribution Systems

- Air Distribution System

Cubic Feet per Minute(CFM)

Feet per Minute(FPM)

Meters per Sec (m/s)

Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol. 1)

VP = Velocity Pressure, inches of water (inch wg)

Main Duct (Trunk)

Air Distribution Devices

air distribution devices

Chapter-5 Air Distribution Systems

.. Duct (Shapes of Air Duct)

() Air Con duct

Minor Axis (duct depth, B)

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-

Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National

Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol. 1)

(flame retardant fabric)

(flame spread rating)

.. Vertical Duct and Horization Duct

supply air duct

Positive pressure duct

return air duct

Negative pressure duct

outdoor air duct

Sheet Metal Thickness (

Chapter-5 Air Distribution Systems

Air Conditioning Duct

Sheet Metal Thickness(

(G.I Sheet Thickness)

- Trunk and Branch

Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System (Vol. 1)

Comfort air conditioning

(2500 feet per minute)

Supply air velocity

supply air velocity

Low pressure (Class I)

High Pressure (Class III)

Velocity > 10 m/s

Chapter-5 Air Distribution Systems

(recommended air velocity)

Recommended Maximum Duct Velocities for Low Velocity Systems (FPM)

Duct Velocity) feet per minute(FPM)

Controlling Factor Duct Friction

Average Stores Cafeterias

From Carrier Air System Design Manual

(allowable air velocity)

(allowable air velocity)