CHAPTER 2

METABOLISM

Metabolism

Metabolism is the overall process

(chemical reaction) through which living
system acquire and utilize the free energy
they need to carry out their various
function.

process involved with coupling of the

exergonic reactions of nutrient oxidation to
the endergonic processes to maintain the
living state.

Diff. class of organisms produce diff. products

from diff. metabolism activity.
Diff. metabolism activity partly attributed from diff.
evolution stage and partly from diff. natural
environment.
e.g: same species produce diff. product when
grown under diff nutrient and environment
condition.
saccharomyces cerevisiae
ethanol (anaerobic )
bakers yeast (aerobic)

Free energy sources:

Phototrophs
Free energy acquire from photosynthesis
process.
e.g. Plant and certain bacteria
Chemotrophs
By oxidizing organic compounds
(carbohydrates, lipids, protein)

intermediate synthesis of high-energy phosphate

compounds such as adenosine triphosphate
(ATP)

to being completely oxidized, nutrients are

broken down in a series of metabolic reactions
to common intermediates that are used as
precursor in the synthesis of other biological
molecules

Metabolic Pathways

Anabolism,
reactions that require energy to synthesize complex
molecules from simpler ones.
Anabolism is needed for growth, reproduction, and
repair of cellular structures.

Catabolism,
reactions that release energy by breaking complex
molecules into simpler ones that can then be
reused as building blocks.
Catabolism provides an organism with energy for its
life processes, including movement, transport, and
the synthesis of complex molecules.

Catabolism
-Reaction are called
dehydradative reaction

Anabolism
catabolic

or - Anabolic or biosynthesis reaction

-Generally hydrolytic reaction where - Involve dehydration synthesis where

use the water and in which chemical it release water
bond is broken
-Exergonic where produce energy - Endergonic where it consume energy
more than energy they consume
more than energy they produce
-E.g: breakdowm sugar into CO2, H2O

- Formation of protein from amino acid,

mnucleid acid from nucleotides and
polysaccharide from simple sugar

Relation anabolism and

catabolism

free energy released from catabolism process is

conserved through the synthesis of ATP from
ADP and phosphate or through the reduction of
the coenzyme NADP+ to NADPH

ATP and NADPH are the major free energy

source for anabolic pathway

Catabolite provide buiding block for

anabolism process

Furnish the energy needed to drive

anabolis reaction

Energy require and energy releasing

is made possible through molecule
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Human claim: makan untuk tenaga or tenaga utk makan..?

Carbohydrate

Protein

Lipid

Energy

Metabolic pathways for energy

production
Cellular
respiration

Energy from
glucose

Glycolysis

Fermentation

3 major biochemical processes in eukaryote that occur

in cells to progressively breakdown glucose with the
release of small packets of energy:
glycolysis
the Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle
Respiration
the electron transport chain

Carbohydrate, protein and lipids are all converted to the

common intermediate acetyl-CoA.
Prokaryote:
initial stages also glycolysis but no kreb cycle and
electron transport
Pentose phosphate pathway or Entner Doudoroff
pathway

Fermentation

Release
energy
from sugar
or other
organic
molecules

Aerobic or
anerobic

No kreb
cycle

Used
organic as
electron
acceptor

Produce
small ATP
because
original
energy
remain in
chemical
bond of end
product
(lactic
acid/ethanol)

Metabolite product
Primary
essential to microorganisms for
proper growth.
involved in growth, development,
and reproduction of the organism.
typically formed during the growth
phase as a result of energy
metabolism, and are deemed
essential for proper growth
Example: alcohols such as ethanol,
lactic acid, citric acid and certain
amino acids
Microbial: Aspergillus niger

Secondary
do not play a role in growth,
development, and reproduction, and
are formed during the end or near
the stationary phase of growth.
typically organic compounds
produced through the modification of
primary metabolite synthases.
Examples:atropine and antibiotics
such as erythromycin and bacitracin
Bacteria: Bacillus subtilis,

These metabolites can be used in industrial microbiology to

obtain amino acids, develop vaccines and antibiotics, and isolate
chemicals necessary for organicsynthesis.

~The End~