Problem:
Design forms for 13-8 high wall to be concreted at the rate of 5 ft per hour, internally
vibrated. Assume the mix is made with Type I cement, with no pozzolans or admixtures, and
that the temperature of concrete at placing is 75F. The unit weight of concrete is 150 pcf
with a slump of 3.75 inches. The forms will be used only once, so short-term loading stresses
will apply.
Use form grade plywood sheathing 7/8 in. thick in 510-ft sheets, and 5,250-lb coil ties are on
hand. Framing lumber of No. 2 Douglas Fir-Larch is to be purchased as required.
Max. Lateral
Pressure, psf
70
793
75
80
712
80 70 712 793
=
80 75
712 P
81
10
81
=
= 2 => P 712 =
= 40.5
712 P 5
2
P = 150 +
Then the depth of the hydrostatic load zone, for
a concrete with a unit weight of 150 pcf is:
P
750 psf
=
= 5 ft.
150 150 pcf
9000 R
T
9000 5
75
Hydrostatic
Load Zone
Page 2 of 9
13-8
8-8
750 psf
STEP 2: SHEATHING
510 sheets of plywood will be used. Use plywood the strong way (face grain parallel to
plywood span). Design for uniformly spaced supports at 1-ft center-to-center.
From Table 4-2, the bending stress for plywood is 1545 psi.
The problem states that the forms will be used only once (single-use form), the bending stress
must be multiplied by an adjustment factor of 1.25 for short term loading.
Hence, the allowable stress:
From Table 4-3, the section modulus, S, for 7/8-in. plywood is: 0.515 in.3
ATCE_ha2.doc
P
750 psf
=
= 750 lb/lf
12 in.
12 in.
(1930)(0.515) = 10.95
750
Page 3 of 9
l = 1.693
EI
1500000 0.278
= 1.693
= 1.69 8.223 = 13.90 in.
w
750
l = 3.234
EI
1500000 0.278
= 3.234
= 3.23 4.86 = 15.68 in.
w
750
Ib
, can be found as 8.050 in2.
Q
Use the equation for maximum shear for a continuous plyform and solve for L:
L=
FS
Ib
71
=
8.050 = 1.27 ft. = 15.24 in.
0.6 w Q 0.6 750
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Page 4 of 9
We are using 10-ft.-wide plywood sheets. The sheets should have stud support at the joints.
Therefore an equal-spacing of studs at 12-inches satisfies all conditions.
USE STUDS WITH THE SPACING OF 1-FT.
STEP 3:
STUD SIZE and SPACING OF WALES
(Wales support the studs)
Design for 24 S4S studs. Find the maximum
span that can support a lateral pressure of 750
psf.
Equivalent uniform load, w, is the max. lateral pressure times the stud spacing. Hence:
w (stud ) =
Studs can be considered as continuous beams subjected to uniform loading. Like the previous
set of calculations, check for allowable span for bending, deflection, and shear.
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Page 5 of 9
The values of section modulus, S, for 24 S4S No. 2 Douglas Fir-Larch can be obtained from
Table 4-1B as 3.06 in.3.
FbS
1640 3.06
= 10.95
= 28.32 in.
w
750
l = 1.693
1600000 5.36
EI
= 1.693
= 1.69 22.53 = 38.07 in.
750
w
l = 3.844
EI
1600000 5.36
= 3.844
= 3.84 10.34 = 39.71 in.
w
750
A 24 S4S has an actual b = 1 in. and d = 3 in., which is obtained from Table 4-1B. Use
the equation for maximum shear for a continuous beam and solve for l:
F bd
l = 13.33 V + 2d = 13.33
w
1 1
238 1 3
2 2 + 2 3 1 = 22.2 + 7 = 29.2 in.
750
2
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Page 6 of 9
28.32 inches apart (this span can be increased near the top, since in the top 5 ft., the pressure
decreases linearly from 750 psf to 0). The top and bottom wales are often set about 1 ft from
top and bottom of wall forms.
12
2-2
2-4
5-0
2-4
2-4
P = 750 psf
2-4
2-4
2-4
2-4
[5 points]
2-4
2-4
2-2
12
P = 750 psf
Tie capacity
5250 lb
=
= 3 ft.
Wale load 1750 lb/ft
CHECK BENDING [5 points]
Maximum bending moment for a uniformly loaded continuous beam (more than 3 supports)
wl 2
M Max =
is:
in. - lb.
120
The maximum moment of the member being designed is:
Therefore:
FbS =
wl 2
120
or
S=
M Max = FbS .
wl 2
120 Fb
Fb is the allowable stress in the extreme fiber and was calculated to be 1640 psi (refer to page
4 of this handout). The span, l, is 3 ft. or 36 inches, and w = 1750 lb/lf.
Therefore the required section modulus, S, can be calculated using the above equation:
S=
1750 36 2
wl 2
= 11.52 in.3
=
In order to avoid drilling of timbers, they commonly use double-member wale. So the
required section modulus of 11.52 in.3 is for two members.
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Page 7 of 9
Referring to Table 4-1B, double 24s will yield a section modulus of 23.06 or 6.12 in.3,
which is less than 11.52 in.3, and therefore not acceptable. 34, will result in: S = 2 5.10 =
10.20 in.3 < 11.52 in.3, which is also not acceptable. Checking the next larger size, 44, will
result in: S = 2 7.15 = 14.30 in.3 > 11.52 in.3, which satisfies the section modulus
requirements. Use double 44 wales.
fV =
2 3. 5
0. 9 w
2d 0.9 1750
3
= 64.29 2.42 155.4 psi 238 psi O.K.
L
=
12
12 2 12.25
bd
Therefore the stress in the double 44 members meets the requirements. (The value of the
adjusted allowable shear stress of 238 psi was calculated before refer to page 6 of this
handout).
[5 points]
Check: 1) bearing of the studs on wales and 2) bearing between the tie washer or tie holders
and wales.
From Table 4-2, the value of compression
to grain, Fc, for No. 2 24 Douglas FirLarch is 625 psi.
4x4
4x4
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Page 8 of 9
28 2 + 28 2
750 psf 1 ft = 1750 lb
12
bearing stress =
1750 lb
= 167 psi < 625 psi O.K.
10.5 in.2
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Page 9 of 9
STRUT BRACING
If wooden strut bracing is provided, strong enough to take either a tension or compression
load, then single side bracing may be used. Nailed connections at either end must be strong
enough to transmit the tension load, and wales or other form members must be strong enough
to transmit accumulated horizontal forces to the strut bracing.
If wooden bracing is attached 1 or 2 feet below the top of the wall, the bracing must carry
more than the 136.7 lb per ft load applied at the top.
H the horizontal bracing force 2 feet from
the top of the wall would have to be
13.67'
13-8
H=160.13 lb/ft
11-8
If end of the brace is put 8 feet from the wall, use the relationship between sides of the right
triangle to find the length of brace and load it must carry.
t = h2 + x2
H=160.13 lb/ft
14.15'
8'
h= 11-8
14.15'
8'
= 283.2 lb per foot of wall
X= 8
If struts are spaced every 8 feet along the wall, then 8283.2 or 2266 lb must be carried by
each brace. Many wood members strong enough to carry this load in compression will also
be adequate in tension.
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