1.

Whatarethetwotypesofcommunicationssatellite
Passiveandactive
2.Atypicalsatellitecommunicationsoperationallinkconsistsofasatellite
andwhatothertwocomponents?
Earthterminals
3.Whatareasoftheeartharenotnormallycoveredbysatellites?
Extremepolarregions
4.Satelliteorientationinspaceisimportantforwhattworeasons?
Toallowmaximumsolarexposuretothesunandsatellite
antennaexposuretoearthterminals
5.Whattypesofantennasaregenerallyusedatearthterminals?
Large,highgainparabolicantennas
6.Whydoearthterminalsrequirehighlysensitivereceivers?
Toovercomesatellitetransmitterlowpowerandpermit
extractionofthedesiredinformationfromthereceivedsignal
7.Whyissatelliteacquisitionandtrackingimportant?

Toensureearthterminalantennasarealwayspointedtowards
thesatellite
8.Whatarethetwolimitationstoanactivesatellitecommunications
system?
Satellitedownlinktransmitteranduplinkreceiversensitivity
9.Ifthelineofsightdistanceforanopticalbeamis12km,whatwouldis
be,approximately,foramicrowavebeam?
16km
10.Thepowerinthedownlinksignalfromatypicalcommunications
satelliteisintherangeof_____pertransponder.
10to250watts
11.Thepowerlevelforanearthstationtotransmittoasatelliteisinthe
orderof:
10^3watts
12.Kubandantennascanbe_____thanCbandantennas.
Smaller
13.Ageosynchronousorbitisabout_____kmabovetheearth.
35,780
14.AGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)orNAVSTARis
MEO
15.GPSorNAVSTARheightis
9500miles
16.Anantennasangulardirectionbetweeneastandwest?
Azimuth
17.Anantennasverticalanglewithrespecttotheearthssurface.

Elevation
18.Anantennasanglebywhichitisoffsetfromtheearthsaxis
Declination
19.Ingeostationarysatellites,stationkeepingmeans:
Adjustingtheorbits
20.AreductionofTWTpowerforlinearityiscalled:
Backoff
21.ThefrequencybandsusedbyKubandsatellitesare:
12GHzand14GHz
22.Satelliteoperatingat2730GHz
Kaband
23.Thelawthatstatesthatasatellitewillorbitaprimarybodyfollowing
anellipticalpath.
1stLawofKepler
24.Keplers2ndlawisknownas
Lawofareas
25.Keplers3rdlawisalsoknownas
Harmoniclaw
26.LowEarthOrbit(LEO)satelliteorbitsaroundtheearthataheightof
370miles
27.MediumEarthOrbit(MEO)satelliteorbitsaroundtheearthata
heightapproximately_____.
6000milesto12,000miles

28.Geosynchronoussatellitesarehighaltitudeearthorbitsatelliteswith
heightsabout_____.
22,300milesor36,000km
29.IridiumisaLEOSATthathasaheightofapproximately
480miles
30.MEOfrequencybandis
1.21.66GHz
31.Allsatellitesrotatearoundtheearthinanorbitthatformsaplane
thatpassesthroughthecenterofgravityofearthcalled
Geocenter
32.Thepointonthesurfaceoftheearthdirectlybelowthesatellite
Subsatellitepoint(SSP)
33.Theminimumacceptanceangleofelevation
5degrees
34.Thespatialseparationofasatelliteisbetween_____.
3degreesto6degrees
35.Antennausedwitharotatingsatellitewhosemainbeamis
continuouslyadjustedsothatitwillilluminateagivenareaontheearths
surface
Despun
36.Satellitesradiationpatternthattypicallytargetupto20%ofthe
Earthssurface
Hemisphericalbeams
37.Theradiationpatternthathasasatellitesantennabeamwidthof17
degreesandarecapableofcoveringapproximately42%oftheearths
surface

Earthorglobalbeams
38.Geostatshasanearthcoverageofapproximately
42.5%
39.LNAstandsfor:
Lownoiseamplifier
40.LNAinsatellitetranspondersystemcommonlyused
Tunnel
41.Findthevelocityofasatelliteinacircularorbit(a)500kmabovethe
earthssurface(b)36,000kmabovetheearthssurface(approximately
theheightofgeosynchronoussatellite).
(a)7.6km/s(b)3.07km/s

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42.Calculatetheangleofdeclinationforanantennausingapolarmount

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atlatitudeof45degrees.
6.81degrees

39x10^3km

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43.Calculatethelengthofthepathtoageosynchronoussatellitefrom
anearthstationwheretheangleofelevationis30degrees.

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44.Asatellitetransmitteroperatesata4GHzwithatransmitterpowerof
7Wandanantennagainof40dBi.Thereceiverhasantennagainof30
dBiandthepathlengthis40,000km.Calculatethesignalstrengthatthe
receiver.
88dBm

45.Areceivingantennawithagainof40dBilooksatataskywitha
noisetemperatureof15K.ThelossbetweentheantennaandtheLNA
input,duetothefeedhorn,is0.4dB,andtheLNAhasanoise
temperatureof40K.CalculateG/T(Antennagaintonoisetemperature).
20.6dB

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46.Areceiverhasanoisefigureof1.5dB.Finditsequivalentnoise

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temperature.
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119K

47.ThereceivinginstallationwhoseG/Twasfoundtobe20.6dBisused
asagroundterminaltoreceiveasignalfromasatelliteatadistanceof
38,000km.thesatellitehastransmitterpowerof50wattsandan
antennagainof30dBi.Assumelossesbetweenthesatellitetransmitter
anditsantennaisnegligible.Thefrequencyis12GHz.Calculatethe
carriertonoiseratioatthereceiver,forabandwidthof1MHz.
30.6dB

48.Ifasatellitehasatotaltransmitterpower(Pt)of1000W,determine
theenergyperbit(Eb)foratransmissionrateof50Mbps.
47dBW/bpsor47dbJ

49.Foranequivalentnoisebandwidthof10MHzandatotalnoisepower
of0.00276pW,determinethenoisedensityandequivalentnoise
temperature.
276x10^23W/Hzor205.6dBW/Hz
50.AtypicalTVROinstallationforusewithCbandsatellite(downlinkat
approximately4GHz)hasadiameterofabout3mandanefficiencyof BecomePinoyBIXFAN
about55%.Calculateitsgainandbeamwidth.

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G=39dB,beamwidth=1.75degrees

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51.Foranearthstationtransmitterwithanantennaoutputpowerof
40dB(10000W),abackofflossof3dB,atotalbranchingandfeederloss
of3dB,andatransmitterantennagainof40dB,determinetheEIRP
74dBW

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