SHELMA HAJAR ANUGRAH PUTRI

29 / 12 IPA 1

1. PHYSICS
How The Rainbow Happen

The light that we see coming from the sun or an electric light
bulb appears to be clear and white. But it is really made up of
bands or waves of colors. If we "bend" light through a round or
angled surface we can break up the white beam into its colors.
You can see this happen in soap bubbles, a diamond or other clear
stones cut into triangular shapes or in a cut glass ornament or
crystal. The rainbow is made when the light from the sun enters
the drops of falling water and is reflected back to us from the
other side of the water drop.

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There are seven colors which combine to make white light.
These seven colors are called the Spectrum. The colors are red,
orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.
You get rainbows when the sun's rays are reflected through
raindrops. At one time or another we have all seen a rainbow.
Rainbows happen when the sun is shining while it is raining or just
after a storm. It appears in the part of the sky directly opposite to
the sun. So you must stand with your back to the sun to see it.
The lower the sun is to the horizon, the higher the arch of the
rainbow will be.
A. Main idea:
Paragraph 1 : The light appears to be clear and white.
Paragraph 2 : Seven colors which combine to make
white light.
Paragraph 3 : Rainbows can be seen when the suns
rays are reflected through raindrops
B. Vocabulary
No
1.

Difficult words
Bands

2.

Angled

3.

Beam

Synonym
Limit
Range
Tilt
Slant
Light
Brightness

Antonym
Unlimited
Infinite
Straight
Dark

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2. Chemistry

The Cause of Occurrence of Acid Rain

Acid rain is rain that is highly acidic because of sulphur oxides,

nitrogen oxides, and other air pollutants dissolved in it. Normal rain is
slightly acidic, with a pH of 6. Acid rain may have a pH value as low as
2.8.
Acid rain can severely damage both plant and animal life.
Certain lakes, for example, have lost all fish and plant life because of
acid rain.
Acid rain comes from sulphur in coal and oil. When they burn,
they make sulphur dioxide (SO2). Most sulphur leaves factory chimneys

SHELMA HAJAR ANUGRAH PUTRI

29 / 12 IPA 1
as the gaseous sulphur dioxide (SO2) and most nitrogen is also emitted as
one of the nitrogen oxides (NO or NO2), both of which are gases. The
gases may be dry depositedabsorbed directly by the land, by lakes or by
the surface vegetation. If they are in the atmosphere for any time, the
gases will oxidize (gain an oxygen atom) and go into solution as acids.
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and the nitrogen oxides will become nitric acid
(HNO3). The acids usually dissolve in cloud droplets and may travel great
distances before being precipitated as acid rain. Catalysts such as
hydrogen peroxide, ozone and ammonium help promote the formation of
acids in clouds. More ammonium (NH4) can be formed when some of the
acids are partially neutralized by airborne ammonia (NH3). Acidification
increases with the number of active hydrogen (H+) ions dissolved in acid.
Hydrocarbons emitted by for example, car exhausts will react in sunlight
with nitrogen oxides to produce ozone. Although it is invaluable in the
atmosphere, low level ozone causes respiratory problems and also
hastens the formation of acid rain. When acid rain falls on the ground it
dissolves and liberates heavy metals and aluminium (Al). When it is
washed into lakes, aluminium irritates the outer surfaces of many fish. As
acid rain falls or drains into the lake the pH of the lake falls. Forests suffer
the effect of acid rain through damage to leaves, through the loss of vital
nutrients, and through the increased amounts of toxic metals liberated by
acid, which damage roots and soil microorganisms.

A.

Main idea
Paragraph 1 : Acid rain is highly acidic rain.
Paragraph 2: Acid rain damage plant and animal life.
Paragraph 3: Acid rain comes from sulphur in coal and

oil.

B.
No
1.
2.

Vocabulary
Difficult words
Severely
Coal

Synonym
Seriously
Briquette

Antonym
Funny
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3.
chimneys
4.
Emitted
5.
Deposited
6.
Droplets
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Precipitated
Promote
Hastens
Liberates
Irritates

Extractor
Released
Saved
Drop
Bit
Increase
accelerates
Releases
contaminates

Absorbed
Expelled
Downpour
vaporized
Decrease
Decelerates
Receives
Helps

3. Biology
How The Digestive System Works

SHELMA HAJAR ANUGRAH PUTRI

29 / 12 IPA 1
Digestion is a metabolic process in which a living process of a
substance. But how does the digestive process that happens?
The digestion process first occurs in the mouth. In the mouth, food
chewed and crushed by the tooth, aided by the tongue. In the mouth there is
also a digestive enzyme that helps the enzyme amylase. Having digested in
the mouth, the food will go into the esophagus. Food is pushed by the
esophagus into the stomach muscles. This muscle movement called
peristalsis. Peristalsis that causes food pushed up into the stomach. Of the
esophagus, the food into the stomach. In the stomach, food is chemically
digested with the help of an enzyme called pepsin. Pepsin plays convert
proteins into peptone. Inside the stomach there is hydrochloric acid which
causes the stomach becomes acidic. Hydrochloric acid is produced by the
stomach wall. Hydrochloric acid serves to kill germ and activates pepsin.
When the digestive process occurs in the stomach, the stomach wall muscles
to contract. This causes the food to be mixed and stirred with enzymes and
hydrochloric acid. Gradually, the food would be a form of porridge. Then, the
food has undergone digestion will move little by little into the small intestine.
The small intestine is where digestion and absorption of nutrients. In the
duodenum, the digestion of food occurs with the help of the sap of the
pancreas. Pancreatic lymph produced by the pancreas gland. Lymph
containing pancreatic enzymes, such as the enzyme amylase, the enzyme
trypsin, and lipase enzymes. After passing through the small intestine, the
remaining food into the colon. In the large intestine, food wastes decay.
Decomposition is aided by the bacterium Escherichia coli. Water and mineral
salts from the rest of the food, will be absorbed by the gut again. Finally, the
rest of the food expelled through the anus in the form of feces.
In the digestive process of a substance converted into nutrients
chemically and mechanically. Digestive system is designed to process food
and fluids consumed each day. How useful the digestive system for human
life.

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A. Main idea
Paragraph 1 : Digestion is a metabolic process.
Paragraph 2: The digestion process first occurs in the
mouth.
Paragraph 3: A substance is converted into nutrients
chemically and mechanically.
B. Vocabulary
No

Difficult words

Synonym

1.

Aided

Helped

2.

Germ

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Gradually
Undergone
Sap
Decay
Gut

Bacteria
Viruses
Slowly
Through
Enzyme
Damage
Intestine

Antonym
damaged
destroyed
Antibiotic
Vitamin
Quickly
Obstruct
Ripe
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