Summary of Directivity Effects in

NGA West 2 GMPEs

Jennie Watson-Lamprey
2012 COSMOS Annual Meeting
Technical Session
November 16, 2012

Incorporation of Directivity in the NGA

West 2 GMPEs
The NGA West 2 GMPE developers are making
individual determinations of how to incorporate
the effects of directivity.
For some this may mean including a directivity
parameter in the functional form of their GMPE.
For others it may mean determining that the
directivity parameters have not been vetted
sufficiently to be included in the functional form.

Incorporation of Directivity in the NGA

West 2 GMPEs
To aid in this determination the Final Report of
the NGA West 2 Directivity Working Group will
include:
Descriptions of the directivity parameters being
proposed by the members of the Directivity
Working Group, and
An analysis of the change in standard deviation
expected through inclusion of the directivity
parameters for each NGA West 2 GMPE.

Directivity Parameters Under

Consideration

Fgeom Bayless and Somerville

IDP Spudich and Chiou
Z Watson-Lamprey
XiCi Rowshandel
Tp Shahi and Baker

Directivity Geometry
Somerville et al. 1997 noted that two things
must occur for a directivity pulse to exist:
1. The rupture front propagates towards a
site, and
2. The direction of slip on the fault is aligned
with the site.

Directivity Geometry

Somerville et al. 1997

A length parameter is used which is the normalized length of the rupture
from the hypocenter to the closest point, and the angle between that vector
and the vector from the hypocenter to the site in either the horizontal plane
(X and Theta) or the vertical plane normal to the fault (Y and Phi).
The cosine function was chosen to give a smooth decay with increasing
angle.

Xcos

Ycos

Example Rupture
Strike-slip, Magnitude 7
Width 15km, Length 67 km

Somerville et al. 1997

Improved Directivity Parameters

Trying to get closer to seismological principals

Bayless and Somerville - fgeom

Similar to Somerville et al. 1997
The same length parameter is used but now unnormalized.
Cos2 is used in place of cos.

fgeom = ln(s)(0.5cos2+0.5)
fgeom = ln(d)cosRx/W

Example Rupture
Strike-slip, Magnitude 7
Width 15km, Length 67 km

Bayless and Somerville - fgeom

Spudich and Chiou IDP

A length parameter is used which is the vector on the plane of
the fault from the hypocenter to the closest point on the fault.

Example Rupture
Strike-slip, Magnitude 7
Width 15km, Length 67 km

Spudich and Chiou - IDP

Spudich and Chiou IEP

A length parameter is used which is the vector on the plane of
the fault from the hypocenter to the direct point.

The radiation pattern term is changed from a point source to a

line source along D. This results in an easier computation.

Watson-Lamprey - Z
A length parameter is used which is the vector on the plane of
the fault from the hypocenter towards the closest point on the
fault, stopping when the angle between them reaches 45
degrees.

Example Rupture
Strike-slip, Magnitude 7
Width 15km, Length 67 km

Watson-Lamprey - Z

Rowshandel - XiCi
The entire area of the fault is used.

Example Rupture
Strike-slip, Magnitude 7
Width 15km, Length 67 km

Rowshandel - XiCi

Shahi and Baker - Tp

The same length parameter as SEA97 is used but now
unnormalized.
is used in place of cos.

Example Rupture
Strike-slip, Magnitude 7
Width 15km, Length 67 km

Shahi and Baker - Tp

Capturing Directivity Effects in

the Standard Deviation of
the NGA West 2 GMPEs
Jennie Watson-Lamprey
2012 COSMOS Annual Meeting
Technical Session
November 16, 2012

Introduction
The NGA West 2 GMPE developers have been tasked with
considering the inclusion of a directivity parameter in their
GMPE.
Their options are:

Determine that the directivity parameters are not ready for

inclusion
Add a directivity parameter to the functional form of their
relationship
Account for directivity through a standard deviation model that
is a function of magnitude, distance and/or other parameters.

The expected change in standard deviation due to the

effects of directivity will be modeled to aid the developers
in their selection of a directivity parameter and provide
them with a standard deviation model.

Intra-event standard deviation

To estimate the standard deviation at a site i,
where the effect of directivity is incorporated
in the sigma:
Where
is potentially a
function of magnitude and distance and
is a function of Ry .

Work Plan
Perform random effects regression for each of
the five directivity parameters and no
directivity parameter.
The regressions with the directivity parameters
give us

Work Plan
Generate a set of fault geometries with
randomized hypocenters
SS, 90 degree dip, M6, M6.5, M7, M7.5, M8
RV, 45 degree dip, M6, M6.5, M7.0 M7.5
Single rupture area for each scenario based on
Log(A) = M - 4, Width <= 15km

And a set of locations at a spacing of 5km or

less.

Work Plan
Use the regression results to predict lnSa with
and without implementing the directivity
parameters at each station location.
Calculate
for each station for each
rupture geometry for the suite of hypocenters.
Model the change in sigma.
The results will be written up for including in the
Final Report of the NGA-West2 Directivity
Working Group.

Preliminary Results
Regression performed using:
NGA West 2 dataset
Abrahamson and Silva 2012 record selection
Abrahamson and Silva 2008 functional form
No directivity parameter, SEA97, fgeom, IDP, IEP, Z,
XiCi, and Tp
1, 1.5, 2, 3, 5, 7.5 and 10 seconds

Preliminary Results

Change in Intra-Event Sigma

Total Dataset
Period SEA97 fgeom IDP
IEP
Z
1 0.046 0.039 0.023 0.011
1.5 0.030 0.028 0.034 0.036
2 0.035 0.023 0.040 0.050
3 0.038 0.000 0.043 0.068
5 0.038 0.034 0.058 0.075
7.5 0.032 0.032 0.096 0.100
10 0.037 0.030 0.105 0.110

XiCi
Tp
0.016 0.011 0.059
0.026 0.000 0.058
0.040 0.038 0.069
0.030 0.040 0.061
0.023 0.046 0.068
0.058 0.060 0.091
0.065 0.070 0.095

Change in Intra-Event Sigma

SEA97

Change in Intra-Event Sigma

fgeom

Change in Intra-Event Sigma

IDP

Change in Intra-Event Sigma

IEP

Change in Intra-Event Sigma

Z

Change in Intra-Event Sigma

XiCi

Change in Intra-Event Sigma

Tp

Largest Change in Intra-Event Sigma

IDP

Preliminary Results

Largest Change in Intra-Event Sigma

IDP