37 Report PDF

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines
Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
EECE 502
Final Year Project
Electromagnetic Field from Power Lines

Supervisor: Dr. Farid Chaaban
May 23, 2006
Presented by:
Abu Izzeddin Salma

Berbari Kamal
Obeid Hiba
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Abstract
Electromagnetic fields are produced by power transmission lines. Several developments
have taken place in the design of the power lines in order to reduce the electromagnetic
field, such as increasing the distance between the lines and the residences decreasing the
current, shielding, changing the geometry of the conductors through the compaction
method, the phase splitting method as well as the current-phase rearrangement method. It
is important to implement these techniques because many researchers still suspect the
existence of an association between the EMF induced from power lines and health
damages despite all the studies which failed to prove the presence of a causal
relationship.
The main objective of this study is to give a detailed analysis of the magnetic fields
emitted by 220 kV power transmission lines in Lebanon. The paper starts by an overview
on the latest developments in the power line designs, including recent configurations and
the different ways of conductor placements that help in reducing the emitted magnetic
fields and by a review of the basic magnetic field equations that will be used later in the
comparison of theoretical and actual values. A research on major worldwide conducted
studies that discuss the health impact of the high-voltage transmission lines as well as
international guidelines and standards for minimum clearance is carried out.
In the process of performing this study, field measurements are taken on each of the
Zahrani-Saida and Sour-Zahrani power lines, which are 220 kV lines. This field work is
followed by the development of an analytical model of the field estimation through the
implementation of a software program that calculates the magnetic field of these power
transmission lines. Moreover, a finite-element model is implemented using the MagNet
software, which also estimates the magnetic field of the specific power lines. All the
results obtained, either by measurement or using the software program or the finiteelement model are then compared and discussed. This paper is concluded by a set of
guidelines related to power line clearances taking into consideration the current level.
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Table of Contents
Introduction:........................................................................................................................ 5
Electromagnetic Fields: ...................................................................................................... 6
Electric Field:.................................................................................................................. 6
Magnetic Field: ............................................................................................................... 7
Clearance: ......................................................................................................................... 12
Basics of Electromagnetic Field Theory Related to the Power Lines: ............................. 17
Health Effects of Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines ........................................... 21
Work Done in this Field.................................................................................................... 24
Measurements and Results:............................................................................................... 28
Procedure ...................................................................................................................... 28
Results........................................................................................................................... 28
Finite-Element Analysis.................................................................................................... 30
Calculation of the Magnetic Field using Matlab Software ............................................... 32
Comparison between Field Obtained and Simulated Results ........................................... 32
Guidelines for Minimum Clearance.................................................................................. 33
Mitigation Options ............................................................................................................ 34
Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 35
References......................................................................................................................... 36
Appendix........................................................................................................................... 38
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Table of Illustrations:
Figures
Figure 1: Midspan compaction of an existing line using interphase-insulators without line
structure changes [25]
Figure 2: Space arrangement of the conductors of a power line [17]
Figure 3: Flat, Vertical and Delta Configurations [17]
Figure 4: The Hexagon Line [17]
Figure 5: Typical Flux Lines for Three Conductors and Single Conductor Configuration
Tables:
Table 1: Magnetic Field Reduction Coefficients (MFRC) and Relative Costs [24]
Table 2: Magnetic Fields for different construction types
Table 3: Magnetic fields in different configurations [22]
Table 4: Clearance from the National Electrical Safety Code Handbook [19]
Table 5: Minimum Vertical Ground Clearance for Electrical Safety Consideration [19]
Table 6: The clearance in function of voltage, structure and resulting magnetic fields [19]
Table 7: Relationship between Exposure to Magnetic Fields and Various Types of Cancer
[8]
Table 8: Zahrani-Saida Power Lines Magnetic Fields under 220kV, 311.3A
Table 9: Sour-Zahrani Power Lines Magnetic Fields under 220kV
Table 10: Magnetic Field away from the Sour-Zahrani Line (I=210 A)
Table 11: Actual Load for Sour-Zahrani
Table 14: Comparison between Field Obtained and Simulated Results for the three
conductors vertical configuration
Table 13: Guidelines for minimum clearance corresponding to different current levels
using a single conductor and a three-phase vertical configuration power lines
- 4-
Introduction:
Being an important driving force of the socio-economic developments, the electric power
supply is constantly increasing in modern societies.
st
At the beginning of the 21 century, communities and individuals are still facing
problems whenever a new overhead transmission power line has to be installed. The
presumed effects of the electromagnetic fields on the individual health tend to scare
people. Due to this fear protests usually tend to be issued in order to prevent the
installation of these high voltage transmission lines.
One recent event is the case of the connection of the Jamhour distribution station to the
area of Mkalles by installing 220 KV overhead transmission lines near residences and
homes. Residents in Mansourieh, Ain Najm and Ain Saade are calling on the government
to address their safety concerning that particular issue.
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Electromagnetic Fields:
Transmission lines produce electromagnetic fields. These fields are created by electricity
passing through a conductor. These electromagnetic fields are on the one hand dependent
to the distance from the source and on the other hand dependent on the flow of power at
the source. They are composed of two fields: electric field and magnetic field [26, 20].
1-Electric Field:
The intensity of the electric field produced depends on the following factors [21]:
The distance between the conductors and ground.
The phase spacing if we have two circuits next to each other as well as the
geometric configuration of conductors.
By the surrounding environment (if we have tall object near by such as trees,
fences etc).
The transmission centre line tangential distance.
The point of measurement elevation with respect to ground.
The line voltage (the actual not the nominal).
The following figure illustrates the electric fields of several transmission lines [24].
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2-Magnetic Field:
The magnetic field produced is affected by several factors:
The ratings of the currents passing in the conductors ( typically lines have average
currents of 700 A, largest line existing supports a current of 4000 A)
The clearance of the line. We can notice that the maximum fields occur
underneath the conductors and falls rapidly with distance either side.
The phasing of the conductors such as the conductor spacing, the phase
positioning and the phase balancing affects the magnetic field. For example, for
untransposed phasing (where the phases on both sides of the line are in the
same order from top to bottom) we have a magnetic field that decrease with the
inverse square of distance from the line. While for "transposed" phasing (where
the phases on one side are of opposite order to the others on the second side) the
reduction in the magnetic field is inversely proportional to the cube of the
distance [21, 20].
In our report we will be studying the electric and magnetic fields created by high voltage
transmission lines at 50 to 60 Hz (considered as extremely low frequencies ELF).
Extremely high voltage transmission lines operate at or above 345 KV and high voltage
transmission lines operate between 115 KV and 3454 KV. These figures vary according
to each study. These electromagnetic fields can harm the living species in the area. We
are going to introduce some techniques that were developed to limit the effects of these
fields. We are also going to state the health impact of these EMFs on people living in the
vicinity of high voltage transmission lines. Finally, we are going to state some of the
work and studies done in this field.
Magnetic fields can be reduced by taking the following measures or procedures:
1- By setting and increasing the distance between the power lines and the
population. The allowable distance is set by the clearance table. This measure
does not reduce the magnetic fields but helps reducing its effect on humans.
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2- By decreasing the current in a source. This is done by increasing the voltage. This
decrease in current results in reducing the magnetic fields.
3- Shielding the field source or the person that is close to it. This procedure consists
of adding between the power circuit and the right of way edge (ROW) lightlyinsulated overhead conductors. These conductors are cross-connected at each end
in order to form a loop. A voltage is induced by the magnetic field formed by this
loop which in return induces a current flow that creates a magnetic field that
cancels partially the transmission lines field. We can add a series capacitor in the
shield loop that helps increasing the shielding effect by canceling a part of the
loop reactance which results in an increase in the induced current [23].
4- By doing phase cancellation. Phase cancellation consists of having two equal
fields of opposite direction that cancel each others. This procedure is possible
because we have on the one hand a 60 Hz frequency and by that the fields are
reversing their direction 60 times per second and on the other at all times, the
hot and neutral lines are 180 degrees out of phase.
5- By implementing new design changes that targets mainly the geometry of the
conductor and the conductor height above the ground such as using one of the
following designs:
Compaction: this method can be achieved because the field is proportional

to the phase spacing. Compaction consists of reducing the phase distance
of power lines as well as increasing the ground clearance of the outer two
phases. This is done using interphase insulators. This results in reducing P
which results in a decrease in the magnetic field with the square of the
distance. The advantage is that it can be used for existing lines. The
disadvantage on the other hand is that it is not applicable to all line
designs. The structural loading, corona performance and also the line
tensioning should be studied before applying the method. The following
figure illustrates this method [26, 24].
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Figure 1: Midspan compaction of an existing line using interphase-insulators without line

structure changes [25]
Split phase line: we increase n which represents the subphases. This can
be done by the division of the phases of the power line. Phase splitting
lowers the magnetic fields with respect to the cube of the distance [24].
Note: It is effective to apply the compaction design and the phase- current splitting design
only when we have no net current and also when the currents are well balanced. The field
reducing resulting from the compaction has a factor of 2 to 3, while the field reducing
resulting from the phase-current splitting has a factor of 10.
The preceding two designs have some disadvantages. One of them is that the compaction
and splitting procedures are bound by the audible noise produced by the corona. Also in
the splitting method as we increase the number of phases, the cross section increases and
by that the effect of wind and ice loads on the transmission lines [26, 24].
We also have the following transmission lines structures:
H-frame
Delta structure which have different substructures such as:

-
Tall delta structure
Short delta structure
Vertical delta structure
Horizontal delta structure
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Flat structure
Double circuit/ split phase
Multiphase structure
Deceased Phase Spacing
Increased Voltage
Single circuit steel pole
The schemes of these designs are in the appendix.

These structures reduce the electric and magnetic fields of the transmission lines.
The difference between the strength of the magnetic and/ or the electric fields for each
structure is going to be given in the following tables. These tables vary according to the
rating of the current considered while measuring the fields and also the base case
considered when doing field reduction comparison for the different structures.
The following table gives the reduction factor that each design induces.
Table 1: Magnetic Field Reduction Coefficients (MFRC) and Relative Costs [24]
The following table gives the different magnetic fields value induced by some of the
stated structures. [25]
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Figure Construction
Type
1
2
3
4
H-Frame
Vertical Delta
Short Delta
Tall Delta
Magnetic Field (T)

Distance from Centreline (meter)
-13.716
4.63
1.33
1.26
1.07
-9.144
6.94
2.00
1.93
1.53
0
10.39
3.33
3.35
2.30
9.144
6.94
2.00
1.93
1.53
13.716
4.63
1.29
1.26
1.07
Table 2: Magnetic Fields for different construction types

We can notice from table 2 that the best type as for having the least magnetic field is the
Tall Delta.
Description
A. Best Case
230 kV
300 A
125 MW
Wooden H Frame
5.8 m spacing
B. Vertical Delta
C. Horizontal Delta
D. Decreased Voltage
115 kV
600 A
3.5 m spacing
E. Increased Voltage
500 kV
138 A
9.1 m spacing
steel lattice tower
F. Double Circuit/Split
Phase
150 A /conductor
steel pole
G. Multiphase
6-phase line
132 kV
150 A/conductor
steel structure
H. Singel Circuit Steel
Pole
Vertical configuration
Cost/Mile
(Thousands)
230 260
Magnetic Fields (mG)

under
40
200
59.6
29.7
1.6
Electric Fields (kV/,)

under
40
200
2.6
1.9
0.04
220 250
220 250
200 230
27
28.9
91.5
11
9.8
34.4
0.6
0.5
1.9
1.9
1.6
1
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.04
0.03
0.01
400 500
24.4
18.9
1.2
5.5
5.3
0.1
350 400
14.5
4.8
0.1
1.7
0.6
0.02
380 450
16.7
6.7
0.4
2.5
0.9
0.05
275 350
36.2
22.1
1.5
2.7
0.8
0.1
Table 3: Magnetic fields in different configurations [22]

From the previous table we can deduce that increasing the voltage in the transmission
lines results in a lower magnetic field and higher electric field while decreasing the
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voltage in the transmission lines results in a higher magnetic field and lower electric field
[22]. The double- circuit-/split-phase has the higher magnetic field reduction. The two
delta types stated in the table have similar magnetic fields. The split phase line is an
excellent method for reducing the magnetic field. Shielding and compaction method
are good methods for field reduction. [22]
As a conclusion we can find that the split-circuit configuration results in lower field than
the delta which also results in a lower field than the flat configuration. And that the
horizontal structures generate higher magnetic field than the vertical structure.
Clearance:
Because EMFs are present, the higher the voltage is, the greater distance between the
conductors and the surroundings such as people, traffic and other wires. This distance is
known as the clearance. For safety reasons many tables and ground regulations where set
to specify the clearance for transmission lines with different voltages. These
specifications vary from one source to another and fro one country to another. They also
depend on the design of the lines that supports the conductors.
The following table represents the National Electrical Safety Code Handbook on
clearances with respect to voltage for several areas.
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Voltage
Height of Wire
(meter)
0 750 V
8.2296
Clearance over railroads 751 V 22 kV

Clearance over roads,
streets, alleys,
nonresidential
driveways, parking lots,
and other areas subject
to truck traffic.
Clearances over
residential driveways,
commercial areas not
subject to truck traffic
Clearances over spaces
or ways accessible to
pedestrians only
Clearances along and

within rights-of-ways
8.5344
22 50 kV
8.8392
0 750 V
5.4864
751 V 22 kV
6.096
22 50 kV
6.4008
0 300 V
3.6576
751 V 22 kV
6.096
22 50 kV
6.4008
0 300 V
3.6576
301 750 V
4.572
751 V 22 kV
4.572
22 50 kV
4.8768
0 750 V
5.4864
751 V 22 kV
6.096
22 50 kV
6.4008
Table 4: Clearance from the National Electrical Safety Code Handbook [19]
The minimum vertical ground clearance can also be determined and considered in the
designs of transmission lines. The vertical ground clearance is measured from the lower
point of the conductor to the ground level. The following table gives the values of the
Minimum Vertical Ground Clearance for Electrical Safety Consideration.
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Voltage Level (kV)
Minimum Vertical Ground

Clearance (m)
400
7.6
132
6.7
66
6.1
33
6.1
11
6.1
Table 5: Minimum Vertical Ground Clearance for Electrical Safety Consideration [19]
As stated before, for safety reasons the EMF and by that the magnetic field that a person
is exposed to should be limited. The following table gives the clearance in function of the
voltage, the structure and also the resulting magnetic fields.
magnetic field in T at distance from
centerline
maximum 10 m 25 m 50 m 100 m
under line
400
kV
and
275
kV
largest lines
smaller lines
clearance 7.6
m
phasing U
load 4.7/4.7
kA
clearance 13
m
phasing T
load 0.4/0.6
kA
clearance 7.6
m
phasing U
load 2.4/2.4
kA
clearance 13
m
phasing T
load 0.4/0.6
kA
108.422
95.780 38.422 11.697 3.096
5.783
5.247
0.578
0.119
54.142
46.300 16.283 4.865
1.278
4.971
4.158
0.084
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2.194
1.557
0.400
132
kV
and
66
kV
33
kV
clearance 7.6
m
phasing U
load 3.5/3.5
typical design used kA
for new lines
clearance 13
m
phasing T
load 0.4/0.6
kA
clearance 7 m
phasing U
load 1.4/1.4
kA
largest lines
clearance 10
m
phasing U
load
0.13/0.13
clearance 7 m
phasing U
load 1.2/1.2
kA
smaller lines
clearance 10
m
phasing U
load
0.13/0.13 kA
clearance 7 m
single circuit
load 0.7 kA
smallest wood-pole
clearance 10
design
m
single circuit
load 0.1 kA
clearance 5.5
m
phasing U
Larger lines on steel
load 1/1 kA
pylons
clearance 8 m
phasing U
load 0.1 kA
smaller lines on
wood poles
clearance 5.5
81.942
72.818 22.103 8.148
2.145
5.604
4.938
1.979
0.514
0.106
30.445
20.532 5.553
1.528
0.392
1.848
1.359
0.468
0.138
0.036
24.585
17.217 4.587
1.247
0.318
1.731
1.317
0.451
0.132
0.034
12.347
12.347 0.738
0.192
0.048
1.764
0.385
0.099
0.027
0.007
25.686
10.742 2.274
0.594
0.150
1.556
0.822
0.214
0.058
0.015
14.748
2.961
0.541
0.138
0.035
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single circuit
load .5 kA
clearance 8 m
single circuit 1.325
0.471 0.103 0.027 0.007
load 0.1 kA
clearance 5.5
m
phasing U
9.456
7.664 1.490 0.364 0.090
Larger lines on steel load 0.5/0.5
kA
pylons
clearance 8 m
phasing U
1.004
0.942 0.274 0.071 0.018
11
load 0.1 kA
kV
clearance 5.5
m
3.744
0.668 0.124 0.032 0.008
single circuit
smaller lines on
load 0.2 kA
wood poles
clearance 8 m
single circuit 0.399
0.134 0.030 0.008 0.002
load 0.05 kA
clearance 5.5
m
single circuit
1.227
0.277 0.088 0.041 0.020
load 0.2 kA
net 0.01
400
kA@90
Wood pole
V
clearance 8 m
single circuit
0.099 0.041 0.020 0.010
load 0.05 kA 0.215
net 0.005
kA@90
Table 6: The clearance in function of voltage, structure and resulting magnetic fields [19]
The values obtained in this table were calculated using the EM2D computer program
done by John Swanson. T stands for transposed phases for 275 kV and 400 kV while U
stands for untransposed phases for 132 kV and below. All the fields are calculated at 1 m
above the ground level and the calculations ignore the zero-sequence current. The U
phasing gives the highest field. However, the T phasing give even higher fields but only
when it is close to the centerline at low clearance. 275 kV lines having the same
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constructions as the 400 kV lines the magnetic fields are in principle the same if the two
lines are built to the same minimum clearance.
Basics of Electromagnetic Field Theory Related to the

Power Lines:
Using applications of Maxwells equations, which contain within them most of the
electromagnetic field theory, we can get to specific equations that are specifically related
to the magnetic field generated by the power lines.
Some research papers base their studies on the multipole expansion of the magnetic
field to get to the approximate formulae specific to these fields. These formulae are
accurate when the distances from the line are considered large.
Magnetic field calculation using double complex numbers

Let us consider the following space arrangement of the semiconductors of a power line.
Figure 2: Space arrangement of the conductors of a power line [17]

Based on the electromagnetic field theory concepts (mostly Faraday and Maxwells
equations), we can calculate the magnetic flux density created by the conductor k as:
bk =
0ik
( ex Rk )
2 Rk2
Knowing that the magnetic permeability = 4 10 7

If we have several or n conductors, the equation of the magnetic flux density becomes:
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n
b = bk =
k =1
ik ( ex Rk )
Rk2
k =1
0
2
In this analysis, the vectors in the xy plane are written as complex numbers such that:
which leads us to get to the following equation for the magnetic flux density:
b = 2 Re j ( Be jt )
where
B=
i 0
2
Ik
R
k =1
The real and imaginary parts of the magnetic flux density can be written as:
BR =
i 0
2
I k ,r
R
k =1
Bi =
i 0
2
I k ,i
R
k =1
Since this analysis is based on the multipole expansion of the magnetic field, we can
arrive to the following translations of the magnetic flux density:
knowing that
Here, M is called the moment and both B and M represents the elliptical rotating fields.
is called the magnetic flux density order term.
For single-circuit lines,
considering:
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where
Therefore, we get to
To summarize, for the following three different configurations, the magnetic field can be
estimated as follows.
Figure 3: Flat, Vertical and Delta Configurations [17]

1
2
Is
3R 2 + s 2
For the flat arrangement we can estimate B = 0 4
. On the
2 R R 2 R 2 s 2 cos 2 + s 4
other hand, if we consider the vertical arrangement (mostly used in this paper because it
the most widely used in Lebanon), then we can estimate the magnetic field using the
1
2
Is
3R 2 + s 2
equation B = 0 4
. Finally, for the delta configuration, the
2 R R + 2 R 2 s 2 cos 2 + s 4
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magnetic field can be calculated using the equation
1
2
3 20 Is
R2 + s2
B=
6
. [17]
4 R 2 R 3 s 3 sin 3 + s 6
The configurations mentioned above are the most widely used; however, there are other
configurations that are not included in the above discussion, of which we can mention the
hexagon line. In the following, we are going to calculate the magnetic field in this
configuration.
First, the following drawing shows the hexagon line configuration:
Figure 4: The Hexagon Line [17]

The distance is calculated as:
The moment with order is calculated as:
And
Using the multipole expansion, we get:
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or
After replacement, we get
This analysis showed that it is efficient to use the double complex numbers method and
the multipole expansion to get the equations for the magnetic field.
Other techniques such as the efficient current simulation or solving a multi-objective
optimal power flow can be used to determine as well that magnetic fields in power lines.
Health Effects of Electromagnetic Fields from Power

Lines
Many studies have been conducted all through the past decades in order to find whether
there exists any relationship between the electromagnetic field emanating from power
lines and major impacts on health such as cancer, other diseases and effects of
pacemakers. This hypothesis was first proposed by a researcher in 1979 [5].
It has been proven throughout most of the studies published that no relationship exists
between chronic diseases and the electromagnetic field emanating from power lines.
In fact, a study conducted in June of the year 1999 by the NCR (National Research
Council) stated that it is very unlikely to have a causal relationship between the magnetic
fields and the risk of cancer induction. Also, in the same time the National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences declared that through experiments in labs, it was proven
that magnetic fields from power lines do not induce any biological changes or mutations.
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In addition to these studies, another experiment held in Canada showed the uncertainty of
having a causal relationship between the magnetic fields developed by the power lines as
well as that around the homes and the risk of having leukemia. We can also mention
other studies that support the same hypothesis such as the study held by the National
Academy of Science, which concluded, after revising a large number of preceding
studies, that its very unlikely to have a cause and effect relationship between the two
factors studied. In addition to these publications, another study that we can mention and
that supports the hypothesis stated above was published in April 1995 by the American
Physical Society. Finally, one of the largest studies that were held and which support the
mentioned hypothesis was held by the UKCCS (UK Childhood Cancer Study)
investigators. In this study, these investigators interviewed 3838 cases and 7629 controls
[3]. Throughout this study, the researchers investigated the intensity of the magnetic field
to which the children suffering from leukemia were exposed. The results found in this
study do not show any major association between the magnetic field due to electricity
supply and the risk for childhood leukemia, malignant brain tumors and other childhood
cancer [3]. Also, this study is consistent with others that show that the exposure to more
than 0.2 T does not increase the risk of suffering from childhood leukemia. However, it
still remains uncertain whether the exposure to higher that 0.4 T increases the risk or
not. As opposed to these studies that support the inexistence of a relationship between
magnetic fields and developing chronic diseases such as leukemia, in 1997, the National
Cancer Institute concluded that there is little evidence that shows that the proximity to
high-voltage power lines induces acute lymphoblastic leukemia [1]. Another study, which
is considered as one of the most recent and largest studies, and which also, proves the
possibility of having a relationship between childhood leukemia and the proximity to
power lines was held in England, more specifically in the Wales region. In this study
31000 cases of cancer diagnosis were counted relatively to the distance to 275 and 400
kV overhead power lines in addition to a small fraction of 132 kV lines. In this study,
the researchers measured the distance from the residences of children having leukemia,
central nervous system disease and other diagnosis to power lines. These distances were
divided into categories (less than 49 meters, between 50 and 99 meters, between 100 and
199 meters until we have greater than 600 meters). Next, the relative for each disease was
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calculated using conditional logistic regression taking as a reference the category of
distances greater than 600 meters. The relative risk is the incidence of cancer in a group
of exposed people divided by the incidence of cancer in a group of unexposed people
[8]. In order to check for the existence of an association between the disease and the
proximity to the overhead power lines, the relative risks were analyzed. If the relative risk
is, at any distance, less than one, then they could conclude that no association can be
made between the particular disease and the electromagnetic field. This study concluded
that we can have an association only between childhood leukemia and the proximity to
power lines; however they could not find any trend in this relationship. As a conclusion
in this study, we can say that there is still no proof of the existence of a causal
relationship between leukemia and electromagnetic field emanating from power lines [2].
Note that the studies were mostly focused on childhood leukemia as the disease that
could possibly be induced from living close to power lines, however, other types of
cancer can be studied as well leukemia as the following table suggests.
Type of Cancer
Number of Studies Median RR Range of RR's
childhood leukemia
20+
1.20
0.80-1.90
childhood brain cancer
10+
1.20
0.80-1.70
childhood lymphoma
1.80
0.80-4.00
all childhood cancer
1.30
0.90-1.60
adult leukemia
1.15
0.85-1.65
adult brain cancer
0.95
0.70-1.30
all adult cancer
1.10
0.80-1.35
Table 7: Relationship between Exposure to Magnetic Fields and Various Types of Cancer
[8]
Similarly to cancer, electromagnetic fields are suspected to cause damages with respect to
people having cardiac pacemakers. First, it is important to mention that the cardiac
pacemakers monitor the electric activity of the heart [6]. It has been proven that if the
pacemaker is subjected to a strong electric or magnetic field, then it can malfunction, be
- 23-

reprogrammed or be turned off completely [6], which has very harmful effects on
human health. Some research showed that high-voltage power lines could be harmful to
pacemakers and the safest distance to separate people having pacemakers and these
power lines should be of 7.62 meters (25 feet) [6]. On the other hand, some research
such as that conducted by the American College of Cardiology state that it is unlikely for
magnetic fields to have inference with the function of the cardiac pacemakers [7].
However, this is still not determined. Throughout an experiment conducted by the
mentioned college, three out of 245 people having cardiac pacemakers and exposed to
high-density magnetic fields had problems with the device. Therefore, the conclusion that
the researchers ended up with is that there exists a very low interference of the magnetic
with the cardiac pacemakers function [d, g]. Finally, we should mention that the Health
Physics Society, through its research stated that strong ELF could interfere with the
cardiac pacemakers [9].
Although we have mentioned that some researchers have set the value of 0.2 to 0.4 T (2
to 4 mG) as maximum allowable values for the magnetic that do not harm the human
health, it is the worth to mention that the World Health Organization (WHO) has set other
values. In fact, according to the WHO researchers the maximum allowable magnetic field
exposure is 100 T (1000 mG) [28].
To sum up, many researches are still taking place in order to find a causal relationship
between health and proximity to power lines; however, this association is still not found,
whether talking about cancer or about medical devices such as pacemakers.
Work Done in this Field

Many of what was published concerning the electromagnetic field emanating from power
lines was held by the EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute). This work is mainly
concerned with the means of reducing the magnetic field emanating from power lines of
115 to 500kV. This work is published in three handbooks. The first handbook discusses
several ways for reducing the exposure to magnetic fields such as shielding, changing
habits as well as changing the structure of the lines so as to have a lower magnetic field
emanating from them. In the second handbook, we find an evaluation of different new
designs that can help in reducing the magnetic fields from power lines. We also find in
this handbook tables that help engineers study the performance of specific line designs
- 24-

for power lines of 115 to 500 kV (as previously mentioned), taking into consideration the
different magnetic field reduction techniques and the variations in parameters (electrical
and mechanical characteristics, construction and maintenance criteria, costs,
configuration and aesthetics [10]). Note that the different magnetic field reduction
techniques, such as compaction, phase splitting and are mentioned in previous
discussions. In addition to these techniques, the EPRI Journal also talks about shielding,
or cancellation loops. In the handbooks of the EPRI Journal, in addition to the techniques
of the reducing the magnetic field due to power lines, we also find an implementation of
software that help find the performance of the power lines.
On the other hand, work related to the reduction or measurement of magnetic fields
emanating from power lines has also been conducted in a symposium for EMF
engineering, covering however, some common as well as other aspects of this topic. In
fact, this symposium focused on the guidelines for magnetic field measurement, the
personal and general exposure as well as the field management [11].
In this study, we find mentioned what is called the RAPID (Research and Public
Information Dissemination) Risk Assessment Program, which helped in further work on
the EMF effects through eight projects. These projects provided guidelines for the
measurement of the field source [11] as well as the environment-specific magnetic
field [11]. They also provided guidelines for the measurement of the personal exposure
to magnetic (such as how to plan and design a study). The fifth project of the RAPID is to
develop a database where the EMF measured information can be stored. Three databases
are already available on the internet. Another RAPID project was to conduct a survey that
gathers information about the personal exposure to electromagnetic fields for around a
thousand people [11] which lead to conclusions concerning the mean and standard
deviation (0.9 mG and 2.7 respectively), the activities that could increase or decrease the
personal exposure (work and going to bed respectively), gender and age differences as
well as sizes and mobility of residences differences [11]. The seventh project was focused
on the prediction of the personal exposure to the electromagnetic fields taking into
account the time and activity patterns [11]. Finally, the last project discussed and
evaluated the different techniques of reducing the magnetic field such as matching the
current-carrying conductors with the return conductors [11], reducing the distance
- 25-

between the opposing current pairs, splitting the currents (or phases), decreasing the
distance from the source and decreasing the currents. Most of these techniques were
thoroughly discussed earlier in our paper. To wrap everything about the RAPID Risk
Assessment Program up, we can conclude that this program focuses on implementing
technologies for the measurement and characterization of the magnetic field, gathering
information about the human exposure to these fields and the type of activities that could
lead to the increase of this exposure, implement techniques to manage these fields and
reduce their impact publish the information gathered.
The measurement of the magnetic field and implementation of new techniques that
enhance the reduction of the exposure to this field, when induced by the power lines,
have been the concern of many engineers for the past years; this lead to the publication of
many studies and development research in this area, such as the CAI, or the
Commonwealth Associates Inc. These associates work on the measurement of the
magnetic field under high voltage and distribution power lines [13]. Calculations are also
done by them to observe the changes in the magnetic field due to changes in the power
lines and the substations [13]. These changes, similarly to all what was mentioned in the
previous discussions, include the rearrangement of the phases in the power lines, provide
an equilibrium in the phase and circuit loadings, changing the structure of the line
designs, switching from single-phase to three-phase distribution, increasing the voltages
and finally using cancellation or shielding loops [13]. After studying all the parameters
that could determine whether the particular magnetic field reduction technique can be
implemented or not, the CAI also performs a cost analysis to check for the feasibility of
the EMF reduction technique due to cost considerations. Finally, the CAI reports all the
analysis done concerning the electromagnetic field considerations [13].
The Enertech Consultants also researched and worked on the different techniques of the
EMF mitigation or reduction. In their publications, these consultants discuss the general
ways of reducing the magnetic field and focus on the shielding technique. In this
research, we find different steps that are involved in the process of reducing the
electromagnetic field. This process starts by identifying the source of the magnetic field
[14] (in our report the power lines). Next, the Enertech develops computer programs that
can help test the various magnetic field reduction techniques and then choose the best,
- 26-

taking into account the different parameters involved among which we find the cost
factor. In the next step, they include the installation of the equipment needed for the
magnetic field reduction. Finally, the measurements are taken again to check if the
magnetic field reduction took place and was effective or not [14].
Other type of work and studies was conducted in the field of electromagnetic fields
emanating from power lines. Many software designs were implemented helping in the
calculations and estimation of the magnetic field depending on sets of parameters and
different equations such as Laplace/Poisson equations that provide boundary-condition
problems. One of the computer programs implemented was based on linear boundary and
domain element approach, which ends up with matrix equations [12] and determines
the electromagnetic field coefficients. This technique is called the Method of Windows
[12]. Using this method, the user can manage a large number of elements in the matrices
since it differs from all other techniques in the fact that it does not reduce the arrays into
manageable size elements [12] but rather it takes manageable size of array format
[12] and uses it to fill a multipaned window [12] so that each piece of the window is
formed of a manageable set of elements [12]. Using the finite-element and boundaryconditions techniques has been implemented and widely used in the calculation and
estimation of the electromagnetic fields induced from power lines, overhead and
underground; however, our main concern in this report is the magnetic field related to
overhead power lines. Other software designs are use the finite-element techniques are
being implemented in order to measure and calculate the magnetic field and its effects
using elementary parameters.
In this project a MagNet simulation is performed and a Matlab software is implemented
in order to estimate the magnetic field under power transmission lines. The results of both
these simulations are then compared to field measurements to prove their reliability.
Finally, these software programs are used to deduce tables for the minimum clearance
according to the current level.
- 27-
Measurements and Results:

Procedure
Since the study is concerned with the electromagnetic fields emanating from high-voltage
power lines, measurements of the magnetic field under different 220kV power
transmission lines in the country were taken. EDL provided us with the different
parameters relative to the two power lines Sour-Zahrani, and Zahrani-Saida, the main
parameters being the height of the conductors above ground, their material, their lengths,
the distances between the conductors, the distance between the two circuits and the
maximum current passing through the conductors. In order to get the exact values of the
current passing through these conductors at the specific instances, coordination with the
Sour and the Zahrani power plants was established. The different maps and tables
provided by EDL are found in the appendix.
The procedure of performing the measurements consisted of starting from the first pole,
and measuring at different specific distances, using a three-dimensional Gaussmeter, the
magnetic field. Note that we chose these distances because the maps that we were given
to us by the EDL provided the exact height of the conductors at these specific locations.
The next part of the field work was to stand directly under the line and take
measurements and moving perpendicularly to the line at specific distances.
Note that the two power lines differ in the fact the Zahrani Saida power line is a double
circuit power line whereas the Sour Zahrani can be considered as a single circuit power
line since one of the terns does not function.
Results
The following tables show the different heights from the lowest conductor to ground, the
different distances to pole #1 where we took the values of the magnetic field using the
Gaussmeter.
- 28-

Height (m)
26
24
21
21
24.5 28
30.4 25
Distance
0
40
80
120 160 240 280
320
Corresponding to
pole 1 (m)
Magnetic Field 8.6
9.9
8.1
6.8
6.3
4.6
4.3
5.7
Measured (mG)
Table 8: Zahrani-Saida Power Lines Magnetic Fields under 220kV, 311.3A
26.6
360
31.7
392.4
4.4
In order to perform our MagNet and Matlab simulations, we used the information relative
to the three heights 26m, 21m and 31.7m.
Height (m)
25.7 22.2 19
18
17
19.7 18.5
Distance
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
Corresponding to
pole 1 (m)
Magnetic Field 4.4
6.3
9.7
9.1
10.1 9
7.6
Measured (mG)
Table 9: Sour-Zahrani Power Lines Magnetic Fields under 220kV
22.2
280
27.2
320
31.7
347
5.4
3.6
For our simulation, we used the information relative to the three heights 22.2m, 17m and
31.7m.
Distance from middle (m)
Magnetic field (mG)
10
15
20
9.7 8.1 6.4 5.1
Table 10: Magnetic Field away from the Sour-Zahrani Line (I=210 A)
Noting that, in Sour Zahrani we were able to get the values of different power
components passing by each of the 3 phases R, S, and T:
I
(A) (KV)
(MW)
(MVAR) cos
214.1 218.2 24.2
12
0.88
208.6 218.7 23.3
12.3
0.88
217.5
13.3
0.88
217
23.5
Table 11: Actual Load for Sour-Zahrani
- 29-
Finite-Element Analysis
The finite-element method is a technique which provides solutions to differential
equations. The main concept behind this technique is the division of a complicated
domain, where the differential equations are difficult to solve into smaller, less
complicated sub-domains. After solving the problem in each sub-region, all the solutions
found are then assembled [27]. Using the MagNet software, which is an application of the
finite-element method, we performed our simulation considering one conductor as well as
three conductors in the vertical configuration.
In the process of modeling the power lines, we start by having a scheme of the
conductors, as they are spaced in the case studied. This is done by drawing a rectangle,
our environment as well as three circles inside this rectangle; these circles are a
representation of the three conductors. Using the data provided to us by EDL and the
power plants mentioned earlier, we set the distances between the conductors, the crosssection of the conductors and the height from the ground to the first conductor
(clearance). Next, we provide the material type of the model components setting Air for
the gaps and Aluminum for the conductors. Finally, we consider the conductor as a
current-carrying coil and thus specify the value of the current passing through it.
Knowing that the currents in three-phase systems are sinusoidal and that in balanced
systems (as we assumed our system to be) the phase angle difference between the three
conductors is 120, we performed our simulation at different instances.
The following are the values of the currents at the different instances considered:
I1=150.897, I2=-0, I3= - 150.897
I1= 150.897, I2=150.897, I3= -301.793
I1= 0, I2=301.793, I3= -301.793
I1= 298.84, I2=-185.89, I3= -112.95
I1= 286.4726, I2=-225.452, I3= -61.0211
I1= 289.19, I2=-219.33, I3= -69.859
I1= 288.3139, I2=-221.394, I3= -66.9197
I1= 287.41, I2=-223.43, I3= -63.974
I1= 279.13, I2=-238.93, I3= -40.199
I1= 150.1635, I2=-301.792, I3= 150.6284
- 30-

I1= 271.7486, I2=-249.557, I3= -22.1915
I1= 269.0691, I2=-252.901, I3= -16.168
I1= 267.6889, I2=-254.535, I3= -13.1536
I1= 266.2819, I2=-256.144, I3= -10.138
We performed the simulation using these values and by trial and error we found the
specific magnetic field corresponding to the desired height.
At the end, and in order to perform the simulation, the option Solve is chosen, taking
into account only the magnetic field (B-Smoothed). Finally, to get the values of the
different magnetic field, we used the option probe taking the specific distances that we
had in the maps.
We then obtained the graphs of the magnetic flux shown in figure 5 respectively:
Figure 5: Typical Flux Lines for Three Conductors and Single Conductor Configuration
As we can see from the graphs obtained by the MagNet simulation and that are shown in
the preceding figure, the magnetic fields emitted, as defined by their property, are
concentric. The figure representing the 3 conductors shows the cancellation between the
magnetic fields emitted by each conductor at a specific instance. This results in obtaining
two sets of concentric fields instead of three.
- 31-
Calculation of the Magnetic Field using Matlab Software

The equations of the magnetic field described previously were implemented using
Matlab. The data provided by EDL, during the time the measurements were performed,
were used to solve the equations in order to obtain the magnetic field emanating from the
specific configuration conductors.
The values obtained using the Matlab program are found in Table 12.
Comparison between Field Obtained and Simulated

Results
The values obtained from the field measurements, the MagNet software as well as the
Matlab software are presented in Table 13.
Height (m)
31.7 22.3
Magnetic Field Obtained from Field Work in Sour-Zahrani (mG)
Simulated Magnetic Field (mG)

Magnetic Field Obtained Using the Software (mG)
3.6
6.3
17
10.1
3.57 6.14 10.22

3.58 6.45
9.93
Table 12: Comparison between Field Obtained and Simulated Results for the three
conductors vertical configuration
As we can notice from Table 5, the values of the magnetic fields obtained are very close,
which shows the accuracy and reliability of the software designs. Therefore, these
designs can be used in order to obtain the minimum clearance corresponding to different
current levels so that the magnetic fields are always equal to 3 mG, which, according to
different studies, is a value that does not harm the human being as stated before.
- 32-
Guidelines for Minimum Clearance

Current
Anticipated field
Minimum Clearance for
Minimum Clearance for 3
level (A)
(mG)
one conductor (m)
conductors (m)
100
29.01
6.55
150
35.58
8.92
200
39.88
10.93
250
44.51
12.70
300
47.17
14.30
Table 13: Guidelines for minimum clearance corresponding to different current levels
using a single conductor and a three-phase vertical configuration power lines
The table above presents the minimum allowable clearance of the different configuration
of overhead transmission lines, taking a limit of 3 mG for the allowable magnetic field as
previously defined. We can conclude from this table that the clearance for a single
conductor should be much greater than that of a three phase vertical configuration. This
could be explained by the fact that for the three conductors, the magnetic fields emitted
by each conductor cancel each others to a certain extent and thus reduce the total
magnetic field.
However, the currents studied in this paper cannot be considered as the maximum that
could flow in the conductors. Therefore, we studied the worst case scenario, which occurs
during the time this maximum current flows in the conductors.
As we previously mentioned World Health Organization (WHO) has set a much higher
limit for the maximum allowable magnetic field; hence, we used the standards of the
minimum clearance set by this organization and calculated using the Matlab software the
magnetic field corresponding to the specific clearances at the rated voltages found in
Lebanon, using values of the maximum currents that can pass through the conductors.
The results are found in table 15.
Note that the values of the maximum currents were provided to us by EDL through tables
that can are present in the appendix.
- 33-
Rated
Voltage
Clearance
(m)
Maximum
Current
Single conductor
220 kV
4.5
150 kV
66 kV
3.5
550 A
612 A
680 A
880 A
1760 A
480 A
550 A
1100 A
75 A
120 A
221 A
272 A
343 A
372 A
433 A
550 A
570 A
700 A
244.44
272
302.22
391.11
782.22
240
275
550
50
80
147.33
181.33
228.67
248
288.67
366.67
380
466.67
Magnetic Field (mG)

3 phase vertical configuration
s = 4.55 s = 2.47
s = 1.06
s = 0.76
m
m
m
m
86.65
87.81
96.42
97.71
107.13
108.56
138.64
140.49
277.27
280.99
66.55
76.25
152.50
10.62
16.99
31.28
38.50
48.55
52.66
61.30
77.86
80.69
99.09
Table 15: Values of the Magnetic Field using WHO Standards and Maximum Currents
It is important to note that for a specific rated voltage we do not have one value for the
maximum current that can flow in the conductors because the tables provided to us by
EDL include all the power transmission lines in Lebanon that have 220 kV, 150 kV and
66 kV as rated voltages and each of these lines has a different value of the maximum
current that can flow. Therefore we categorized these current values and studied each
case separately. In addition to that, the 220 kV lines may have phase spacing equal to 4.5
m or 2.47 m, which lead us to calculate the magnetic field in both cases.
Mitigation Options
We have already mentioned the different techniques of reducing the magnetic fields. One
of these mitigation techniques is the phase cancellation approach.
We can compare the values of the magnetic field obtained using the MagNet software for
the single conductor configuration and the three conductors configuration. The values
- 34-

obtained respectively were: 14.83 mG and 4.59 mG. These results prove one of the stated
methods used for reducing the magnetic field which is the phase cancellation approach.
Conclusion
This final year project starts with a research on the electromagnetic fields and the
different mitigation techniques. It also discusses the different equations that allow us to
calculate the magnetic fields as well as the health effects of the emf.
Values of the magnetic field are obtained through field work measurements as well as
finite-element method simulation (using MagNet and Matlab softwares), for a single
conductor, three conductors in different configurations as well as for a double typical
circuit. The closeness between the results shows the reliability of the software programs.
The work is concluded by a set of guidelines related to power line clearances, taking into
account the current level.
- 35-
References
[1] PNM Team. Electric and Magnetic Fields. PNM (www.pnm.com)
[2] Draper G. (June 2005) Childhood cancer in relation to distance from high voltage
power lines in England and Wales: a case-control study. BMJ Volume 330. p 1 5.
[3] UKCCS. (December 1999) Exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields and the risk
of childhood cancer. The Lancet Volume 354. p 1925 1931.
[4] Trigano, A. (March 2005) Clinical study of interference with cardiac pacemakers by a
magnetic field at power lines frequencies. Publimed.
[5] Health concerns of power frequency electric and magnetic fields. BC Center for
Disease Control.
[6] Rodgers, E. (July 2005) How do I avoid electrical interference with my pacemaker?
[7] (March 2005) Pacemakers not usually affected by power lines. Journal of the
American College of Cardiology.
[8] Moulder, J. (July 2005) Electromagnetic fields and human health. Medical College of
Wisconsin.
[9] Classic, K. (February 2005) Extremely low frequency radiation / power lines. Health
Physics Society.
[10] Lordan,R. (July-August 1996) Handbooks for reducing transmission line fields.
EPRI Journal.
[11] Gailey, P. (April 1998) Symposium: introduction and context. EMF Engineering
Review Symposium. P 1-1 1-8
[12] Perambur, S. (January 1991) PC applications measure EMFs induced by power
lines. IEEE Computer Applications in Power. P 4346
[13] Shafer, D. {2004} Evaluation of electric and magnetic fields {EMF}. Systems
Studies and TRANSMISSION 2000. p 3
[14] EMF mitigation and shielding. Enertech Consultants.
[15] Olsen, R. (July 1995) Development and validation of software for predicting ELF
magnetic fields near power lines. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Volume 10, no
3. p 1525 1534
- 36-

[17] Filippopoulos, G. Accurate formulae of power line magnetic fields. Department of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras, Greece. P 83 94
[18] Abdel Salam, M.(1999) Calculation of magnetic fields from electric power
transmission lines. Electric Power Systems Research 49. P 99 105
[19] (January 2005) Tables of calculated magnetic fields produced by overhead lines in
operation in the UK. Electric and Magnetic Fields.
(www.emfs.info/Source_mag_fld_table.asp)
[20] Azzuhri, S. (2004) Power transmission line magnetic fields: a survey on 120 kV
overhead power transmission lines in Malaysia. University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. P
421 424
[21] (March 2005) Group public position statement electric and magnetic fields. National
Grid. P 1 3
[22] (1993) EMF reduction and mitigation research. EMF-Link.
[23] Walling, R. (January 1993) Series-capacitor compensated shield scheme for
enhanced mitigation of transmission line magnetic fields. IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery Volume 8 No 1. P 461 468
[24] Rashkes, V. (April 1998) Magnetic field reduction methods: efficiency and cost.
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery Volume 13 No 2. P 552 559
[25] Brewer, H. (January 1993) EMF task force. ESEERCO. P 1 4
[26] Johnson, G. Field-management technologies. Power Research Engineering.
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[27]Cook R.D, Malkus D.S, and Plesha M. E., Concepts and Applications of Finite
Element Analysis, 3rd Ed., John
[28] http://www.who.int/peh-emf/about/WhatisEMF/en/index4.html
- 37-
Appendix
I- Electric and Magnetic Fields:
[26]
II- Structures of different configurations:
The following table displays the magnetic field strength of each construction type.
Figure 1: H-Frame design [25]
Figure 2: Vertical Delta structure [25]
- 38-
Figure 3: Short Delta Structure [25]
Figure 4: Tall Delta Structure [25]
Figure 5: Different transmission lines configurations [22]
- 39-

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Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

Faculty of Engineering and Architecture

Electromagnetic Field from Power Lines

Abu Izzeddin Salma

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

The distance between the conductors and ground.

The transmission centre line tangential distance.

The point of measurement elevation with respect to ground.

The line voltage (the actual not the nominal).

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

Compaction: this method can be achieved because the field is proportional

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

Figure 1: Midspan compaction of an existing line using interphase-insulators without line

Delta structure which have different substructures such as:

Tall delta structure

Short delta structure

Vertical delta structure

Horizontal delta structure

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

Double circuit/ split phase

Deceased Phase Spacing

Single circuit steel pole

The schemes of these designs are in the appendix.

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

Magnetic Field (T)

Table 2: Magnetic Fields for different construction types

Magnetic Fields (mG)

Electric Fields (kV/,)

Table 3: Magnetic fields in different configurations [22]

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

Clearance over railroads 751 V 22 kV

Clearances along and

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

Minimum Vertical Ground

95.780 38.422 11.697 3.096

46.300 16.283 4.865

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

72.818 22.103 8.148

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

Basics of Electromagnetic Field Theory Related to the

Magnetic field calculation using double complex numbers

Figure 2: Space arrangement of the conductors of a power line [17]

Knowing that the magnetic permeability = 4 10 7

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

Figure 3: Flat, Vertical and Delta Configurations [17]

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

Figure 4: The Hexagon Line [17]

The moment with order is calculated as:

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

After replacement, we get

Health Effects of Electromagnetic Fields from Power

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

Electromagnetic Fields from Power Lines

Number of Studies Median RR Range of RR's

childhood brain cancer