Palita Wongsriyanon

Patcharapran Siripaipran
Group 1105
June 3, 2016
Blood Testing Experiment
Abstract
This blood testing experiment is executing to evaluate the unknown testers blood type.
In this experiment, the instructor punctures the testers finger tip and use four drops of blood to
observe the reaction of the different antibodies, such as antibody-A, antibody-B, and
antibody-AB. The coagulation that occur in the particular slide can determine the antigen in the
blood. In this case, the coagulation of the blood is obviously shown in antibody-A, and slightly
in antibody-AB. Correspondingly, the absence of coagulation in antibody-B and control
emphasize that the unknown blood from the experimenter is blood type A.

Introduction
Allele is the alternative form of gene that can determine the phenotypic traits. In the
organisms, there are more than one trait that can be determine from one allele. Likewise,
humans blood type can be determine by I Aand I B , which called Multiple Alleic Trait. However,
it might sound similar to polygenic inheritance, but the definition is slightly different. Polygenic
inheritance is the characteristic that can be determine by more than one locus like the height. For
humans blood type, Karl Landsteiner, Austrian biologist, discovered that a person can has only
2 alleles, which are either antigen A (I A) and/or B (I B) .

[2]

As an illustration, there are

specialized glycoprotein on the plasma membrane of the particular blood type called antigens.
After that, if they are any unknown antigen that the body is not familiar with, they will sent the
antibodies to attach to that unknown one to give the signal to the immune system. Additionally,
this can cause the coagulation because antibodies will bind to the unknown antigen and cause the
precipitate in your blood system.

[4]

In detail, human bodies will have both antigens and

antibodies, due to innate immune system.The type of the antigens will determine your blood
type, which naturally different from antibodies. Correspondingly, blood type A can either have
I AI A or I Aand i as same as blood type B. While blood type AB is determined by I A I B . By the
same token, blood type O has neither I A nor I B , but demonstrate by ii. For instance, if a person
has blood type A their blood would contain antigen A with antibody-B and vice versa.

[1]

The purpose of this experiment is to observe the blood types of the particular person.
Moreover, from the result that shown in the experiment can lead to the prediction of the
genotypes of their parents.
Materials
-

Skewer

Cotton ball

2 Microscope Slides

Antibodies- A,-B,-AB

Marker

Lancets

Lancets Device

Ethanol

Procedure
1. Make two circles on each slide.
2. Label A, B, C, and AB on the slides.
3. Ms. Sophie will use the lancet to puncture the tip of the experimenters finger
4. Drop the blood in each circle on the back side of slide.
5. Drop the antibody which is match with the labelled circle, and do not let the tip of
dropper touch the blood.
6. Use the skewer to mix the blood.
7. Wait about 10 seconds for the result.
8. Record the result in the table as shown in the result below.

Result:
State: Coagulation/No coagulation
Control (c)

No coagulation

Anti-A

Coagulation

Anti-B

No coagulation

Anti-AB

Slightly coagulation

Table 1: Data shows the coagulation after dropped the antibodies.

Figure 1: Blood that use in this experiment.

Figure 1: Blood with antibodies-A

Figure 2: Blood with antibodies-AB

Figure 3: Blood sample

Figure 4: Blood with antibodies-B

Discussion
Punnett Square

IA

IB

IAi

IBi

IAi

IBi

Table 1: Punnett square shown the possible genotype of I AI B from testers parent
The probability of IA is 12 and the probability of IB is 12 . Therefore, punnett square above
can demonstrate that the blood type that these parents children can have are only A and B. They
cannot have the offspring with AB and O. For this circumstance, AB cannot occur refer to the
lesson we learn. The offspring alleles must have one from mother and another from father.
Therefore, in this case father only trait i, so I AI B cannot form.

[3]

Also, the case of homozygous

recessive or type O, because mother does not have the recessive gene.

From the testers blood, we perceive that mothers blood type is AB while fathers blood
type is O. In general blood type O, which does not have any antigen, but antibodies A and B. On
the other hand, blood type AB has both antigen A and B with no antibody. When they give birth
to the child, the blood type that the child could has is either A or B. Accordingly, the punnett
square above shows the child will get one allele from mother and another from father. In this
case, fathers blood type is homozygous recessive, so it could only pass on the trait i while
mother could either give allele with antigen A or antigen B. If the child receives antigen A then
she will have blood type A and vice versa. Furthermore, from the result in this experiment we
can obviously observe that in the circle with antibody A is coagulated. In brief, we can conclude
that this person has blood type A according to Karl Landsteiners blood type test method. In
detail, we also be able to observe some of the coagulation in antibody AB too; hence, antibody
AB also contain antibody A, which will attach to antigen A in the testers blood type.

[1]

To enumerate, the offsprings of this couple of parent also has the probability of blood
type A and B has the ratio of 1:1. However, all of the other two siblings of the representative
have blood type A. In spite of the fact that ratio of A to B is 1 to 1, the blood type in this family
do not prove that Karl Landsteiners blood type test method is not precise. Because the number
of the children in this family is not enough to demonstrate the probability.
In particular, blood type O does not contain any antigen. Therefore, it is also called
Universal Donor, which can give to all other blood type. However, AB also called as the
Universal recipient. This is because they can have both antigen A, antigen B, and no antigen
also accepted. The information above is important to perceive because some blood types cannot
give to the others. As it has been noted that a person with antigen A will has antibody B and vice

versa, if blood type B is given to the blood type A will cause a huge problem because antigen A
in that particular person will coagulated with antibody A in the blood given. Furthermore, that
person would have blood clot inside their blood vessel and lead to the death.

Conclusion
Testers blood type is A ,and the possible genotype is I Ai .

[2]

References
1. "Blood Group Serology" (PDF). World Health Organization.
http://www.who.int/bloodsafety/transfusion_services/Module3.pdf
2. Genetic Science Learning Center (2014). Genes and Blood Type. Learn.Genetics.
Retrieved June 16, 2016, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/inheritance/blood/
3. Reece, J. B., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., & Jackson, R. B.
(2012). Campbell biology (10th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
4. Zmijewski CM, Bellanti JA. Antigen-antibody interactions. Bellanti JA ed. Immunology III.
Tokyo: Igaku-Shoin/ Saunders, 1985: 160-175.