Acetyl L Carnitine

Acetyl-L-Carnitine - Nootropics Expert
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Acetyl-L-Carnitine may reverse age-related cognitive decline, and

improve memory.
Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR, ALC or LAC) is a synthesized version
of L-Carnitine. Which is a derivative of the amino acids lysine and
methionine.
ALCAR is more bioavailable than L-Carnitine. It easily crosses the
blood-brain barrier. And delivers L-Carnitine across cell membranes
(which it would not be able to cross on its own).
L-Carnitine is naturally made in your liver and kidneys. And then
transported to other tissues including your brain and heart.
ALCAR helps:
Brain Energy Metabolism. ALCAR helps transport of fatty
acids into mitochondria where theyre needed for energy
metabolism. Fueling your cells power plants can boost physical
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and mental energy.

Neurotransmitters. ALCAR is a necessary ingredient for
acetylcholine formation. Which boosts memory, mental
alertness, and uid thought.
Brain Optimization. The antioxidant properties of AcetylL-Carnitine provides neuroprotective qualities, boosts BrainDerived Nerve Growth Factor (BDNF), and promotes cerebral
blood circulation.
Overview
L-Carnitine is an amino acid thats synthesized in your body. You
also get it from red meat and dairy.
L-Carnitine is considered a conditionally essential nutrient

because when your body uses it faster than it can produce it, you
need supplemental L-Carnitine either from food or a supplement.
L-Carnitine is used throughout your body. Here were talking about
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the Acetyl-L-Carnitine form of L-Carnitine because of its aects on

brain health and chemistry.
L-Carnitine vs. Acetyl-L-Carnitine: Whats the

Dierence?
L-Carnitine and Acetyl-L-Carnitine are often referred to as Carnitine.
But each are structurally dierent, and each has its advantages.
L-Carnitine: Provides energy for the mitochondria of your cells, but
is not capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier. Supplemental
L-Carnitine is dicult for your body to absorb; only 18% of it
reaches your bloodstream.
L-Carnitine is favored by athletes and dieters who want Carnitines
fat-metabolizing benets. But are not seeking any brain benets.
L-Carnitine
Acetyl-L-Carnitine: Is easier to absorb and used by your body than

L-Carnitine. One study showed using 2 grams daily for 50 days
boosted blood ALCAR levels by 43%.[i]
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Acetyl-L-Carnitine
ALCAR does everything that L-Carnitine does, but can also cross
the blood-brain barrier. In another study, researchers found that
ALCAR protects brain cells from oxidative stress, while L-Carnitine
does not.[ii]
How does Acetyl-L-Carnitine Work in the Brain?

Acetyl-L-Carnitine boosts brain health and function in several ways.
But two in particular stand out.
1. ALCAR boosts acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter tied to
memory and overall brain function.Acetyl-L-Carnitine is a
precursor to acetylcholine in the presence of Coenzyme-A.
ALCAR donates a methyl group to make acetylcholine.[iii]
Alzheimers-diseased brains show a 25% to 40% reduction in
carnitine acetyltransferase, a brain enzyme that works with
L-Carnitine & Acetyl-L-Carnitine.
This brain enzyme decline led researchers to link low ALCAR with
low acetylcholine, and Alzheimers onset. They went on to suggest
ALCAR as a viable therapy for brain regeneration.[iv]
2. ALCAR promotes brain energy by fueling your brain cells
mitochondria.[v]
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ALCAR works as a shuttle transport for fatty acids through cell

membranes. Right to the cell powerplant mitochondria.[vi]
As ALCAR shuttles fatty acids into mitochondria, it provides the
fuel that is burned for energy.
As ALCAR shuttles fatty acids out of mitochondria, it ushes out
toxic byproducts.
ALCAR maintains mitochondria in nearly every cell of your body.

Your brain consumes at least 20% of your bodys energy. And
generates a lot of toxic byproducts. So ALCAR is particularly
important for a healthy brain.
How things go bad:

As we get older, our brain chemistry and energy metabolism
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changes.[vii]
Nerve growth factor in the brain declines
Acetyl-L-Carnitine levels decline
Acetylcholine levels decline
Mitochondria loses eciency
All of these age-related changes are contributing factors to the
neurodegenerative diseases of aging, including Alzheimers and
dementia.
ALCAR to the rescue.

Research from the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State
University shows that Acetyl-L-Carnitine will:[viii]
Restore ecient mitochondrial energy production
Replenish age-related changes to mitochondrial structure
Replenish ALCAR and acetylcholine levels in the brain and body
ALCARs has the ability to boost acetylcholine and rejuvenate brain
cells (including mitochondria). This has been proven to benet
those with age-related brain diseases like Alzheimers and major
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depression.[ix]
How does Acetyl-L-Carnitine feel?

You may not feel ALCAR unless youre elderly or have Erectile
Dysfunction. Within those specic groups, Acetyl-L-Carnitine helps
with memory, mood, mental performance and the ability to get and
maintain an erection.
ALCARs brain support and its ability to fuel the mitochondria in

your brain cells should boost cognition in all age and gender
groups.
As a nootropic, ALCAR user reviews report a boost in energy and
quick thinking.
The Research
In one study, researchers showed that ALCAR may have positive
eects for depression and dementia.[x]
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Another study out of Italy; researchers showed that AcetylL-Carnitine stimulated the growth of new neurites. More of these
minute projections from nerve cell bodies meant increased
signaling between cells throughout the central nervous system
(brain and spinal cord).[xi]
ALCAR helps with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
A gold-standard double-blind, randomized controlled trial on 1,204
people showed signicant eect on attention, mental performance,
memory and higher mental functions.[xii]
In this study ALCAR seemed to ward o further brain deterioration.
And could be considered as therapy for brain degeneration.
Acetyl-L-Carnitine slows rate of cognitive decline
130 Alzheimers patients were given ALCAR or a placebo daily for a
year. They were tested across 14 points of cognitive performance.
This research showed a slower decline in cognitive performance
with the ALCAR group compared to the placebo group.[xiii]
ALCAR eective for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
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Acetyl-L-Carnitine has been shown to improve fatigue in patients

with chronic fatigue syndrome.
In a randomized, double-blind, crossover study; 36 people were
treated for 3 months with either amantadine (used to treat Chronic
Fatigue), or 1 gram of ALCAR twice daily.
The results of the study showed that ALCAR was better tolerated
and more eective than the pharmaceutical for fatigue.[xiv]
Acetyl-L-Carnitine protects from oxidative damage of Ecstasy
(MDMA)
Research has shown ALCAR to be eective in protecting your
mitochondria from oxidative stress. But these guys took it a step
further.
Male rats were given Acetyl-L-Carnitine before a dose of Ecstasy
(MDMA). ALCAR pretreatment exerts eective neuroprotection
against MDMA-induced neurotoxicity at the mitochondrial level,
said the researchers.[xv]
Keep that in mind before your next party.
ALCAR for Erectile Dysfunction?
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In this study, 120 patients were split into 3 groups. Group 1 was
given 160 mg of testosterone per day. The 2nd group was given 2
grams of Propionyl-L-Carnitine plus 2 grams of Acetyl-L-Carnitine
per day. And the 3rd group a placebo.
Did you know that theres an International Index of Erectile
Function?
Turns out the Propionyl-L-Carnitine/Acetyl-L-Carnitine stack was
better than testosterone for erectile dysfunction. Without the side
eects of an enlarged prostate, better organisms, more sexual
desire and improved mood.[xvi]
Propionyl-L-Carnitine
Dosage Notes
Acetyl-L-Carnitine suggested dosage for cognitive benets is 1
4 grams per day.
For improved mood and elimination of chronic fatigue, 1 3
grams of ALCAR per day.
For age-related memory concerns, 1 2 grams of ALCAR per
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day.
Side Eects
Acetyl-L-Carnitine is produced naturally in your body. So is
considered well-tolerated and safe.
Side eects are rare but can include nausea, vomiting, increased
agitation, weight loss, and restlessness.
You can also see an increase in seizure frequency if you have any
kind of seizure disorder.
Available Forms
Acetyl-L-Carnitine: L-Carnitine with an extra acetyl group. This
version is more bioavailable and easily crosses the blood-brain
barrier.
L-Carnitine: This is the standard form of carnitine found in food.
Lipo-Carn: A proprietary blend of Alpha-Lipoic Acid and
Acetyl-L-Carnitine. Studies show this combination is a powerful
anti-aging duo.
Together, these two help combat diabetes, boost energy
production, maintain proper cognitive function, protects the body
from radiation and chemical toxins and helps immunity.[xvii]
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Propionyl-L-Carnitine: L-Carnitine combined with propionic

acid. This form is noted for its antioxidant activity, and is used for
heart health applications. Also useful for erectile dysfunction.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation

Acetyl-L-Carnitine 500 1,500 mg per day
We recommend using Acetyl-L-Carnitine as a nootropic

supplement.
Your body does synthesize some ALCAR on its own. And from the
food you eat. But most Acetyl-L-Carnitine comes from red meat.
And unless you eat a lot of great quality grass-fed beef or mutton
ALCAR is especially helpful for those suering from age-related
cognitive decline. Studies show it helps stop or reverse brain
degeneration with Alzheimers Disease, and depressive disorders.
Particularly in the early stages of the disease.
We suggest starting with a dose of 500 mg daily. ALCAR is a great
compliment to a stack including Piracetam. Add a choline source
(Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline) at a ratio of 1:4. 1 gram of Alpha GPC
to 4 grams of Piracetam. Take enough choline to eliminate a
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racetam-induced headache. Then add 500 mg of ALCAR.

Some have found ALCAR stacked with Coenzyme Q-10 has a
profound eect on everything from mood to bipolar disorder.
Especially combined with Alpha-Lipoic Acid.
Age-related cognitive disorders like Alzheimers may want to up the
dose to 1,500 mg per day.
References
[i] Rebouche C.J. Kinetics, pharmacokinetics, and regulation of
L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine metabolism. Annals of the New
York Academy of Sciences 2004 Nov;1033:30-41. (source)
[ii] Liu J., Head E., Kuratsune H., Cotman C.W., Ames B.N.
Comparison of the eects of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine on
carnitine levels, ambulatory activity, and oxidative stress biomarkers
in the brain of old rats. Annals of the New York Academy of
Sciences 2004 Nov;1033:117-31. (source)
[iii] White H.L., Scates P.W. Acetyl-L-carnitine as a precursor of
acetylcholine. Neurochemical Research 1990 Jun;15(6):597-601.
(source)
[iv] Kalaria R.N., Harik S.I. Carnitine acetyltransferase activity in
the human brain and its microvessels is decreased in Alzheimers
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disease. Annals of Neurology 1992 Oct;32(4):583-6. (source)

[v] Berg J.M., Tymoczko J.L., Stryer L. Biochemistry. 5th edition.
New York: W H Freeman; 2002. (source)
[vi] Berg J.M., Tymoczko J.L., Stryer L. Biochemistry. 5th edition.
New York: W H Freeman; 2002. (source)
[vii] Costell M., OConnor J.E., Grisola S. Age-dependent
decrease of carnitine content in muscle of mice and humans.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1989 Jun
30;161(3):1135-43. (source)
[viii] Gomez L.A., Heath S.D., Hagen T.M. Acetyl-L-carnitine
supplementation reverses the age-related decline in carnitine
palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) activity in interbrillar mitochondria
without changing the L-carnitine content in the rat heart Mechanics
of Aging Development 2012 Feb-Mar; 133(0): 99106. (source)
[ix] Pettegrew J.W., Levine J., McClure R.J. Acetyl-L-carnitine
physical-chemical, metabolic, and therapeutic properties: relevance
for its mode of action in Alzheimers disease and geriatric
depression. Molecular Psychiatry 2000 Nov;5(6):616-32. (source)
[x] Ferrari F., Gorini A., Villa R.F. Functional proteomics of synaptic
plasma membrane ATP-ases of rat hippocampus: eect of
l-acetylcarnitine and relationships with Dementia and Depression
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pathophysiology. European Journal of Pharmacology 2015 Jun

5;756:67-74. (source)
[xi] Taglialatela G., Navarra D., Olivi A., Ramacci M.T.,
Werrbach-Perez K., Perez-Polo J.R., Angelucci L. Neurite
outgrowth in PC12 cells stimulated by acetyl-L-carnitine arginine
amide. Neurochemical Research 1995 Jan;20(1):1-9. (source)
[xii] Montgomery S.A., Thal L.J., Amrein R. Meta-analysis of
double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetylL-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive
impairment and mild Alzheimers disease International Clinical
Psychopharmacology 2003 Mar;18(2):61-71. (source)
[xiii] Spagnoli A. et. Al. Long-term acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in
Alzheimers disease. Neurology. 1991 Nov;41(11):1726-32.
(source)
[xiv] Tomassini V., Pozzilli C., Onesti E., Pasqualetti P., Marinelli F.,
Pisani A., Fieschi C. Comparison of the eects of acetyl L-carnitine
and amantadine for the treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis:
results of a pilot, randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Journal
of Neurological Science 2004 Mar 15;218(1-2):103-8. (source)
[xv] Alves E. et. Al Acetyl-l-carnitine provides eective in vivo
neuroprotection over 3,4-methylenedioximethamphetamine-induced
mitochondrial neurotoxicity in the adolescent rat brain Cellular
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Neuroscience Volume 158, Issue 2, 23 January 2009, Pages

514523 (source)
[xvi] Cavallini G., Caracciolo S., Vitali G., Modenini F., Biagiotti G.
Carnitine versus androgen administration in the treatment of sexual
dysfunction, depressed mood, and fatigue associated with male
aging. Urology 2004 Apr;63(4):641-6. (source)
[xvii] Liu J., Head E., Gharib A.M., Yuan W., Ingersoll R.T., Hagen
T.M., Cotman C.W., Ames B.N. Memory loss in old rats is
associated with brain mitochondrial decay and RNA/DNA oxidation:
partial reversal by feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and/or R-alpha -lipoic
acid. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America 2002 Feb 19;99(4):2356-61. (source)
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