09

FUNDAMENTALS OF
THERMAL RADIATION

ChE 133: Heat and Mass Transfer Equipment Design

RADIATION
CONDUCTION?
CONVECTION?
RADIATION

RADIATION
Radiation mechanism:

Reception and Emission:

PARTICLE THEORY
Transmission: WAVE THEORY

NO medium is needed!

THERMAL RADIATION
THERMAL RADIATION
10-4 m

10-7 m

THERMAL RADIATION

EM radiation generated by the thermal

motion of charged particles in matter

Wavelength range: 10-7 to 10-4 m

All bodies that has a T > 0 K constantly

emits (and absorbs) radiation.

Higher T, higher is the amount of energy

emitted

RECEPTION

++ =1

RECEPTION

RECEPTION
Glass

BLACKBODY
A body that absorbs all radiation incident upon
it and reflects or transmits none.

++ =1
It is just a theoretical concept!

Note: The surface need not necessarily be black!

BLACKBODY

EMISSION
Emission
Emissive Power, E

Radiation may
consist of different
wavelengths

EMISSION
Any body emits energy within a range of
wavelengths
Monochromatic Single wavelength
Thermal radiation 10-7 to 10-4 m
=

= [/2 ]

EMISSION
For a blackbody,

= 4

() =
0

Where:

= 5.670 10
2 4
= ()
8

PLANCKS LAW
But sometimes, we are more interested to the
amount of radiation energy emitted

, =

Where:
1 = 22 = 3. 74171 108

4
2

2 =
= 1.43878 104

( )

WIENS DISPLACEMENT LAW

= 2897.8

REAL BODIES
Emissivity,
It is the ratio of the radiation emitted by
the surface at a given temperature to
the radiation emitted by a blackbody at
that temperature

Note: is not constant for all wavelengths

REAL BODIES
Emissivity,

REAL BODIES
Emissivity,

=
=

0
4

GREY BODIES
Bodies whose surfaces present a constant
emissivity for any wavelength and
temperature.

=
=

=
= !

0
4

GREY BODIES

GREY BODIES

KIRCHOFFS LAW

RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER

So far, we have dealt with the ff:

All the radiation emitted strikes

the receiver
None of the emitted radiation
returns to the emitter

RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER

Radiation heat transfer between
surfaces depends on the orientation
of the surfaces relative to each other
as well as their radiation properties
and temperature

VIEW FACTORS (Fij)

Fij = fraction of the radiation leaving
the surface I that strikes the surface j
directly.
Purely geometric quantity and is
independent of the surface properties
and temperature
Sometimes called shape factor,
angle factor, configuration factor

VIEW FACTORS (Fij)

VIEW FACTORS (Fij)

0 1

VIEW FACTORS (Fii)

VIEW FACTORS (Fij)

Fij is equal to 1 if surface j

completely surrounds surface i.

VIEW FACTORS (Fij)

VIEW FACTORS (Fij)

VIEW FACTORS (Fij)

VIEW FACTORS (Fij)

VIEW FACTORS (Fij)

VIEW FACTOR RELATIONS

12

21

1
=
1
1
=
2

1 2

1 2

cos 1 cos 2
1 2
2

cos 1 cos 2
1 2
2

1. RECIPROCITY RULE:

12 1 = 212

VIEW FACTOR RELATIONS

1

2. SUMMATION RULE:

= 11 + 12 + 13 + 14 = 1
=1

VIEW FACTOR RELATIONS

3. SUPERPOSITION RULE:
The view factor from
surface i to surface j
is equal to the sum
of the view factors
from surface i to the
parts of surface j .

VIEW FACTOR RELATIONS

4. SYMMETRY RULE:
If the surfaces j and k are symmetric about the
surface i, then:

EXAMPLE 1
Determine the view
factors F13 and F23
between the
rectangular surfaces
shown.

EXAMPLE 1

EXAMPLE 2
Determine the fraction
of the radiation that
strikes the red surface

Ans: F1->ring= 0.15

EXAMPLE 2

QUIZ 1
DERIVE:

Hint: Use an imaginary surface 3.

HEAT TRANSFER
1. BETWEEN BLACKBODIES:

EXAMPLE 3
A dryer is shaped like a long semicylindrical duct of diameter 2 m. The base
of the dryer is occupied with water-soaked
materials that are to be dried. The dome of
the dryer has a constant temperature of
1000 K, while the materials at the base are
at 368 K. Both surfaces can be
approximated as blackbody. Determine the
length of the dryer so that the materials
are dried at a rate of 0.1 kg/s.

HEAT TRANSFER
1. BETWEEN BLACKBODIES:
For an enclosure with N black surfaces

HEAT TRANSFER
2. DIFFUSE, GRAY SURFACES:

Radiosity (J) represents the sum of the

radiation emitted and reflected by a surface.

HEAT TRANSFER
2. DIFFUSE, GRAY SURFACES:
For surface i that is opaque and gray,

++ =1

HEAT TRANSFER
2. DIFFUSE, GRAY SURFACES:
Hence, the net radiation heat transfer to
or from a surface is:

HEAT TRANSFER
2. DIFFUSE, GRAY SURFACES:
Hence, the net radiation heat transfer to
or from a surface is:

=
1

Surface resistance

HEAT TRANSFER
2. DIFFUSE, GRAY SURFACES:
The net radiation between two surfaces:

=
1

Space resistance

HEAT TRANSFER
2. DIFFUSE, GRAY SURFACES:

1 2
12 =
1 1
1
1 2
+
+
11
112
22

HEAT TRANSFER

HEAT TRANSFER

RADIATION ANALYSIS
1. DIRECT METHOD
Specified net heat transfer rate
Qi Ai Fij J i J j
N

j 1

Specified surface temperature

Ti J i
4

1 i

F J
N

j 1

ij

Jj

RADIATION ANALYSIS
2. NETWORK METHOD
Developed by
Oppenheim in 1956
Use of electric analogy
The algebraic sum of the
currents at each node must
equal to zero.

EXAMPLE 4
A cylindrical furnace has a dimension of ro =
H = 1 m. The top surface and the base have
emissivities 0.8 and 0.4, respectively, and
are maintained at uniform temperatures 700
K and 500 K. The side surface closely
approximates a blackbody and is maintained
at a temperature 400 K. Determine the net
rate of radiation heat transfer at each
surface during steady state operation.

EXAMPLE 4

QUIZ 2
A furnace is shaped like a long equilateral triangular
duct. The base has an emissivity of 0.7 and is
maintained at a uniform temperature of 600 K. The
heated left-side surface closely approximates a
blackbody at 1000 K. The right-side surface is well
insulated. Determine the rate at which heat must be
applied to the heated side externally per unit length of
the duct in order to maintain these operating
conditions.
Assuming the duct is very long, end effects are
negligible.

RADIATION SHIELD
Highly reflective (low emissivity) thin
plates or shells inserted between two
surfaces to reduce radiation heat transfer
The lower the emissivity of the shield, the
higher the resistance.

RADIATION SHIELD

GAS RADIATION
Non-participating media
Vacuum
Air at normal T and P
Symmetric diatomic molecules (ex. N2, O2),
except at higher T (due to ionization)
Participating media
Asymmetric molecules and hydrocarbons
CO2, H2O, CO, SO2 and HC
Absorb at moderate T
Absorb and emit at high T

QUESTIONS?