TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER CONTENT
PROJECT TITLE
VERIFICATION FORM
STUDENTS DECLARATION
SUPERVISORS DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENT
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
LIST OF APPENDICES
I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Project
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Objectives
1.4 Scope of Project
1.5 Problem Statement
1.6 Methodology
II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Literature Review Overview
2.2 Ultrasonic Sensor System for Collision Avoidance
2.3 Object Recognition Using Ultrasonic Sensor
2.4 Ultrasonic Sensor Having Piezoelectric and Acoustic
Matching Member
2.5 Ultrasonic Sensor on Vehicle
2.6 Ultrasonic Sensor as Collision Avoidance in Different
Beam Width

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III METHODOLOGY
3.1 Method 19
3.2 Theory on Devices
3.2.1 PIC16F873 Microcontroller
3.2.1.1 Microcontroller Core Features
3.2.1.2 Peripheral Features
3.2.1.3 Program Memory Organization
3.2.1.4 Data EEPROM and FLASH Program Memory
3.2.1.5 Timer 26
3.2.1.6 Analog to Digital Converter (A/D) 27
3.2.2 Receiver Unit 28
3.2.3 Transmitter Circuit 29
3.2.4 Resonator 30
3.2.5 7 Segment Display Circuit 31
3.2.6 Detection Circuit 33
3.2.7 Signal Holding Circuit 34
3.2.8 Power Supply Circuit 35
3.3 Project Activities 36
IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Result Overview 38
4.2 Result 38
4.3 Non Technical Flow Chart 39
4.4 Circuit Explanation 42
4.5 Discussion 49
V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 52
5.2 Recommendation 53
REFERENCES 54